and then returned; and that night Stoneman concentrated his command at Glade Springs. At daybreak of the 20th Stoneman advanced on Saltville in two columns, Burbridge to enter the place on the north, Gillem on the south. Gillem arrived first and waited for Burbridge, who was not in position, and night coming on and nothing yet accomplished, Col. Stacy, with the 13th Tennessee cavalry, was ordered to make a detour to the left and dash into the town. Stacy carried out his orders to the letter. He dashed into the town, set part of his regiment to work in burning it and with the remainder charged the fortifications, held by 400 men under Col. Preston, went over them, dispersing Preston's men, and capturing two guns and a number of prisoners without the loss of a man. Stoneman says the charge "was a signal for a general stampede of the enemy, and by 11 o'clock in the night all the works were evacuated and in the possession of Col. Stacy, and the town of Saltville was in flames." All day and night of the 21st was devoted to the destruction of the salt-works and all the machinery, and on the 22d Stoneman began his return march, Burbridge going by way of Big Sandy to Kentucky, and Gillem to Knoxville by Poor Valley and the west side of Holston River. Stoneman reports that he captured 34 officers and 845 men, 19 guns, 3,000 horses and mules, great quantities of ammunition, and from 50,000 to 100,000 bushels of salt, and that he destroyed the towns of Bristol, Abingdon, Wytheville, and Saltville, 13 railroad trains, with engines attached, several trains without engines, all the depots of supplies in Southwest Virginia, and railroad depots, foundries, mills, storehouses, turnpike and railroad bridges, but that the greatest loss inflicted was the destruction of the lead-works 17 miles from Wytheville and the salt-works at Saltville. A Confederate writer says: "The damage inflicted upon Southwest Virginia by this Federal raid, in the destruction of railway and turnpike bridges, railway stations, and warehouses, ironworks, woolen mills, lead-works, and army supplies of all kinds was very injurious to the Confederacy, greatly crippling its defensive power in that region, and was also a serious blow to the Army of Northern Virginia by depriving it of supplies from that great storehouse of agricultural wealth." Consult: Official Records, Vol. XLV.; Van Horne, 'History of the Army of the Cumberland,' Vol. II.

E. A. CARMAN.

Stoneman's Raid in East Tennessee, Southwest Virginia and Western North Carolina. Early in February 1865, Gen. Grant directed Gen. Thomas to send an expedition under Gen. Stoneman from East Tennessee to penetrate North Carolina and well down to Columbia, S. C., to destroy the enemy's railroads and military resources in that section and visit a portion of the State beyond the control or reach of Sherman's column, which had started on its march northward from Savannah. On the 27th Grant wrote that Stoneman was to repeat the raid of the previous fall, destroying the railroad as far toward Lynchburg as he could. As the movement was merely for the purpose of destruction, Stoneman was to avoid any heavy engagement. Stoneman's force, which was concentrated at Mossy Creek, East

Tennessee, 22 March, consisted of the cavalry division of Gen. A. C. Gillem, three brigades of three regiments each, under Cols. W. J. Palmer, S. B. Brown, and I. K. Miller, numbering about 6,000 men. It had now become known that Sherman had captured Columbia, S. C., and there were rumors that Lee's army would evacuate Petersburg and Richmond, with the possible intention of moving by way of Lynchburg to Knoxville; and Stoneman was therefore directed to move toward Lynchburg, give his first attention to the destruction of the railroad, and then sweep through western North Carolina. On the 24th Stoneman moved to Morristown, and sent Miller's brigade to cut off a Confederate force between Jonesboro and Carter's Station, but the force escaped, and on the 26th Miller rejoined Stoneman, who had advanced to Jonesboro. All incumbrances were thrown aside, and with but four guns, and two ambulances to accompany the column, Stoneman left Jonesboro on the 26th and, crossing Iron Mountain, arrived at Boone, N. C., on the 28th, where he captured a body of homeguards, and the column was divided marching by two different routes across the Blue Ridge and through Wilkesboro, Jacksonville, and Mt. Airy, N. C., and Hillsville, Wytheville, Christianburg, and Salem, Va., to within four miles of Lynchburg, destroying bridges and railroad track, capturing trains and prisoners, and causing the Confederates to abandon many guns. This was accomplished by 6 April, at which time Stoneman had possession of 90 miles of the Virginia Central Railroad, from Wytheville nearly to Lynchburg. The bridges over Roanoke and New rivers were destroyed, and on the 9th the entire command arrived at Danbury, N. C. Next day at Germantown, beyond Danbury, Palmer was detached and ordered to Salem, N. C., where he destroyed the extensive factories which were supplying the Confederate armies with clothing, then destroyed the railroad south of Greensboro, and also a part of it between that place and Danville, Va. The main column moved toward Salisbury, dispersing small bodies of the enemy, and bivouacking on the night of the 11th 12 miles north of that place. At midnight the march was resumed, and the South Yadkin River crossed, and at daybreak the Confederate pickets were driven in and across Grant's Creek two miles from Salisbury. The bridge across the creek was defended by 18 guns, under command of Col. J. C. Pemberton (formerly a lieutenant-general) and about 3,000 men, commanded by Gen. Gardener. The flooring of the bridge had been taken up. Detachments were sent up and down the stream to cross and come in on the Confederate rear; and time being given for this, a charge was made on the bridge, the men went over on the stringers, and the Confederates were totally routed and pursued through Salisbury, Stoneman cap turing the 18 guns, 1,364 prisoners, 10,000 stand of arms, and some wagons. At Salisbury an immense amount of public property was destroyed, and the railroad was wrecked for several miles south of the place. Having raided over 500 miles, destroying railroads, and capturing horses enough to refit his entire cominand, Stoneman concluded to take the prisoners and the captured artillery not destroyed to East Tennessee. He withdrew from Salisbury, on

the 13th, and reached Lenoir on the 15th, where he turned over the command to Gen. Gillem and, with a strong escort, conducted the artillery and prisoners to Tennessee. His instructions to Gillem were to scout on the east side of the Blue Ridge; to put Palmer's brigade at Lincolnton to scout down the Catawba; Brown at Morgantown, to connect with Palmer on the Catawba; and Miller, at Asheville, to open communication through to Greeneville, Tenn. When Gillem, with the two brigades of Brown and Miller, reached the Catawba, 21⁄2 miles from Morgantown, the bridge was found to be torn up, the ford blockaded, and the passage of the river disputed by Gen. McCown with about 300 men and one gun. A flanking force was sent up the stream about two miles, crossed, and gained McCown's rear; the force in front attacked with artillery; and the infantry, crossing on the sleepers of the bridge, charged McCown and routed him, killing some of his men, and capturing his gun and about 50 prisoners. On the 19th Gillem moved toward Asheville, by way of Swannanoa Gap, reaching the gap on the 20th, which was found to be blockaded and defended by about 500 men with four guns. Leaving Miller to feint in front, Gillem, with the rest of his force, on the 21st, moved to Rutherford, 40 miles south of Swannanoa Gap, and at sundown on the 22d had passed the Blue Ridge at Howard's Gap, with but slight resistance and was in the enemy's rear. At daylight of the 23d his advance entered Hendersonville, where it was learned that the Confederates had retreated through the place. Pursuit was given and 70 men and four guns captured. The entire column then moved on Asheville, and at 3 P.M., when near the town, was met by a flag of truce, with a communication from Gen. Martin, stating that he had received official notice of a truce between Gens. Sherman and J. E. Johnston, and proposing a meeting next morning. At II P.M. an order was received from Sherman directing the command to move to Durham Station or Hillsboro. Being convinced that Sherman had given the order in the belief that the division was at or near Salisbury, and as it would have required a march of about 200 miles to reach Durham Station, and was but 60 to his base at Greeneville, Tenn., Gillem determined to march to the latter place, and so informed Gen. Martin, when he met him next morning, of whom he requested rations to make the march, and thus relieve him of the necessity of subsisting on the country, already impoverished. Martin furnished the rations, and on the 25th Gillem set his brigades in motion for East Tennessee. The raid was one of the most successful and destructive of the war. Gillem and Stoneman report the capture of 25 guns taken in action, and 21 that the Confederates were forced to abandon in southwestern Virginia; about 6,000 prisoners, and 17 battle-flags. Consult 'Official Records,' Vol. XLIX.; Van Horne, History of the Army of the Cumberland, Vol. II.

E. A. CAPMAN.

Stoneman's Virginia Raid. When Gen. Hooker initiated the campaign finally resulting in the battle of Chancellorsville (q.v.), he ordered Gen. Stoneman, commanding the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac, about 10,000 men and four batteries, to move quietly and

rapidly up the left bank of the Rappahannock, on 13 April 1863, cross the river above the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, disperse Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry brigade at Culpeper Court House, push on to Gordonsville, and from there strike the Fredericksburg and Richmond Railroad at Saxton's Junction, destroying it with all its bridges and telegraph lines, thus severing Gen. Lee's communications with Richmond. He was also directed to harass Lee's retreating troops that Hooker expected to defeat near Fredericksburg. Heavy rains delayed both Hooker's plans and Stoneman's movement, and after Stoneman had crossed one brigade at Freeman's Ford the Rappahannock rose so rapidly and high that the brigade was recalled and crossed to the left bank of the river by swimming the horses. Stoneman now waited two weeks for Hooker's initiative and better weather. On 29 April, under modified orders to cross the river between Kelly's and Rappahannock Fords, and to send one column in the direction of Raccoon Ford and Louisa Court House, Stoneman again crossed the river, with the main body, at Kelly's Ford, Gen. Averell, with three brigades and a battery, crossing at Rappahannock Station, under instructions to push on through Culpeper Court House to Gordonsville and keep the enemy employed in that direction, while detachments from the main body were destroying the railroads north from Richmond. Stoneman had in all six brigades of cavalry, numbering about 8,000 men, with two batteries. Averell was dilatory in his movement, but soon ran against a regiment of Gen. W. H. F. Lee's brigade, driving it through Culpeper Court House and beyond the Rapidan, where on the morning of 2 May he received a message from Hooker that he did not understand what he was doing at Rapidan Station, and ordering him to rejoin the army at United States Ford. Averell immediately returned, and was relieved from command because he had failed to regard the instructions given him, and had contented himself with marching but 28 miles in three days with but an insignificant force opposing him.

With picked men and horses, in light marching order, not a wagon accompanying him, Stoneman pushed forward, with three brigades of 4,300 men and a battery of six guns; Gen. Buford's regular brigade was sent to the left in detachments and, after skirmishing with small bodies of Confederate cavalry, reached the Rapidan at Raccoon Ford on the night of the 30th; Stoneman followed, the ford was crossed on the morning of 1 May, and at two o'clock on the morning of the 2d, after some opposition, and after marching through Orange Court House, Gregg's division of two brigades struck the Vira mile from ginia Central Railroad about Louisa Court House and destroyed much of the his regiment, dashed into Louisa Court House, railroad, and at daybreak Col. Kilpatrick, with captured some supplies, and toward evening, being attacked by some of W. H. F. Lee's cavalry, withdrew to Thompson's Cross-Roads, joined his division, which during the day had marched by way of Yanceyville, and concentrated at the Cross-roads after night. Here during the night Stoneman gave orders for operations upon Lee's communications by separate parties led respectively by Gen. D. Mc. M. Gregg, Col. P. Wyndham, Col. Kilpatrick, and

and

Lieut.-Co. Hasbrouck Davis. At midnight, with a bright moon, the various detachments started, and all were on the road before 3 A.M. of the 3d.

Wyndham, with two regiments of about 400 men, pushed southward to Columbia on James River, at its junction with the Rivanna, driving before him a squadron of cavalry, and on the morning of the 3d he destroyed some canalboats, bridges, and a large quantity of supplies and medical stores, and attempted to destroy the stone aqueduct, by which the water of the canal was carried over the Rivanna; but hearing of the approach of W. H. F. Lee, he withdrew and rejoined Stoneman the same day, having marched 50 miles in 16 hours. He brought in 140 horses and mules, and was followed by Lee nearly to camp.

Kilpatrick marched, with one regiment, reached Hungary Station, on the Fredericksburg Railroad, at daylight of the 4th; destroyed the depot and part of the road, crossed to the Brook road, and went within two miles of Richmond, driving back a battery and some cavalry, and capturing about a dozen men within the fortifications of the city. Then he struck the railroad at Meadow bridge, over the Chickahominy, burned the bridge, ran a train of cars into the river, captured more prisoners and 60 wagons, crossed the Pamunkey and Mattapony next day, swept through the country without opposition, though closely pursued by cavalry, and reached Gloucester Point on York River on the morning of the 7th, with a loss of 38 men. He reported that he captured and paroled over 300 men.

Lieut.-Col. Davis, with one regiment, moved along the banks of the South Anna to the Fredericksburg Railroad at Ashland, scattered a few cavalry bodies, captured an ambulance train with about 250 wounded from the field of Chancellorsville, whom he paroled, destroyed the road and other property in the vicinity, and pushed on to Hanover Station on the Virginia Central Railroad, burned the depot and other property, marched to Hanover Court House, and then to within seven miles of Richmond, when he changed direction to the left and started down the Peninsula for Williamsburg. At Tunstall's Station, near White House, he met and had an engagement with Confederate cavalry, infantry, and artillery and, being repulsed in an attempt to break through, withdrew, moved to the left, crossed the Pamunkey and Mattapony, and reached Gloucester Point, after a march of over 200 miles, with a loss of 35 officers and men.

Gregg and Buford meanwhile had been raiding in the neighborhood of the South Anna, closely watched by Wade Hampton and W. H. F. Lee. Buford's brigade was broken into detachments, and on the 4th one of these, under command of Captain James E. Harrison, 5th U. S. cavalry, was attacked at Flemming's Cross-Roads, by 800 men, under command of W. H. F. Lee. Harrison had less than 100 men, and after a hand-to-hand fight of about five minutes he retreated to Yanceyville with a loss of five killed and wounded, and two officers and 31 men captured. Lee fell back to Gordonsville, hearing by telegraph from Richmond that the enemy were everywhere. The whole of Stoneman's command, excepting the forces under Kilpatrick and Davis, was concentrated on the 5th at Yanceysville, on the South Anna. Stoneman

says: "The six days having now expired, during which we were assured by the commanding general he would certainly communicate with us, and no communication having been received, no retreating enemy having been seen nor heard of, and no information as to the condition of things in the vicinity of Fredericksburg, except vague rumors of our defeat and capture, having been attained; supplies for man and beast becoming scarce; having accomplished all that we were sent to perform, and having come to the conclusion that Cols. Kilpatrick and Davis, with their commands, had gone in the direction of Yorktown, I determined to make the best of our way back to the Army of the Potomac."

Knowing that the cavalry brigades of Lee and Wade Hampton were to the west of him, and that the withdrawal of Averell had exposed his flank and rear to an attack from them, he determined to send Gen. Buford, with 650 men and picked horses, to threaten Gordonsville, and another force, under Capt. Rodenbough, in the direction of Bowling Green to threaten the enemy's communications and, under cover of night, with the main body, take the middle road through Tolersville, and crossing the North Anna near the Victoria Iron Works march to Orange Springs, where all were to rendezvous next day. Everything worked favorably. Buford marched to within two miles of Gordonsville, where he found infantry and artillery in position, awaiting his arrival, upon which he turned north, marched until nearly daylight, and halted on the north side of the North Anna, near Orange Springs, where at noon of the 6th he was joined by Stoneman, who_had made a night march in a heavy storm. From Orange Springs Stoneman continued his march to Raccoon Ford, on the Rapidan, thence to Kelly's Ford, on the Rappahannock, which was crossed at daylight of the 8th by swimming the horses, and then to Bealeton.

The result of the raid was the capture of over 500 men and 460 horses and mules and the destruction of nearly 20 bridges and culverts, three trains of railroad cars, 122 wagons, several canal-boats, and a large amount of army supplies. The railroads had been cut in seven places, but these breaks, which Gen. Lee considered as of small consequence, were soon repaired. As the chief object of the raid was the effectual destruction of Lee's communications with Richmond, which was not accomplished, it was considered a failure. The Union loss was 5 killed, 21 wounded, and 163 missing. About 1,000 horses were broken down and abandoned, some being killed. There are no trustworthy records of Confederate losses in killed and wounded. Consult: Official Records,' Vol. XXV.; the Century Company's 'Battles and Leaders of the Civil War,' Vol. III.

E. A. CARMAN.

Stones, Standing, or Stone Circles, are found in numbers throughout Great Britain, to a less extent in Norway and Sweden, and a few in France and northern India. The typical stone circle of Scotland, England, and Ireland consists of rough, unhewed stone set up at comparatively equal distances in the form of a circle. These circles vary in size from a diameter of 20 feet to more than 100 feet, and are composed of stones of heights ranging from less than 6

feet to 19 feet, and of varying thicknesses. The stones are set up at distances of from five feet to six yards apart and the site of the circle is usually a level plain, although the gentle slope of a hill has sometimes been used. The stones used are often in the form of huge loaf-shaped boulders set up on end and wedged in with smaller rocks at their bases; sometimes the standing stones are set into a slight excavation in the soil. In a number of the stone circles found in Scotland the space between two of the upright pillars, usually the two at the southwest side of the circle, is filled by a large flat rock set up on edge and extending from pillar to pillar. The location of this distinguishing feature at the southwest seems coincident with the general plan of structure and location of the supposed altar stone in the structure of Stonehenge (q.v.). Some of the stone circles contain a second smaller circle within them, which circle is often composed of stones larger than those in the outside circle; and some of the examples show a ditch around the circle of pillar stones, or else an earth wall. In either case whether it is ditch or wall, the entrance over or through it is invariably to the northeast. The ditches are in some instances as wide as 30 feet with a depth of six feet; the walls rarely exceed five or six feet in height, and the entrances over the ditches are usually half as wide as the ditch proper. In one notable instance, that of a small circle of large stones near the Great Circle of Stennis, in Orkney, Scotland, both the ditch and the rampart occur, the latter within the former, and the entire interior area of the circle is raised about three feet higher than the surrounding level.

Besides the circles of standing stones and great boulders, there are also found in the same territory and in Algeria, Syria, and northern Arabia, continuous circles of smaller stones bedded in the ground or resting on the surface. Explorations of the interior area of these circles has established the fact that they were used for burying grounds, and from the nature of the contents, the burial urns, and the implements found beside the graves, Sir John Lubbock has concluded that they belong to the Bronze Age. (See STONEHENGE.) But it is to the circles of standing stones that the chief interest attaches and while it has never been proven that these areas were intended for burying grounds there seems to be sufficient reason for belief that they were connected with the burial rites of the people who erected them. This theory is borne out by the presence of burial mounds or barrows (known as cairns in Scotland and Ireland) in close proximity to all the larger circles. Indeed in some cases the cairns were surrounded by the circle of stones; as is seen in the great chambered cairn of New Grange in Ireland, and in the smaller ones of Clava, near Inverness. Although it is more often the case, the contents of the cairns, particularly of the larger ones, do not always show interments of the Bronze Age. In this latter case there is no incinerary urn containing the deposits or over them, and the remains show that there has been no cremation. In like manner many of the stone circles, indeed the great majority of them, show no evidence of tool-work in their building, while the imposts of the outer circle and outer ellipse of Stonehenge give conclusive proof of it.

As a rule the cairns which covered the cremation interments of the Bronze Age are smaller than those of the preceding period, and the custom of placing the burnt bones in a cavity in the soil, covered only by an inverted urn of clay, dispensed with the cairn altogether, while it retained the circle of standing stones as a visible mark or fence of the grave ground. In about 20 instances in which there has been systematic excavation of stone circles in Scotland the examination of the interior space has disclosed burials of the Bronze Age mostly after cremation but occasionally unburnt. The cremated remains were deposited with cinerary urns placed either in an inverted position over the burnt bones or upright and containing the burnt bones, at the bottom of a shallow pit excavated in the subsoil. These cinerary urns exhibit the forms and ornamentation characteristic of the age of bronze. Sometimes the burials have been placed in cists of unhewn slabs of stone, covered by small cairns of loose stones, underneath the surface level; at other times the burnt bones of many burials have been found placed in shallow cavities excavated in the soil of the interior area of the circle near the bases of the upright stones. It seems from these circumstances that the common variety of stone circles, as found in Scotland, are cemeteries of the Bronze Age, and while, on the one hand, the difference in the size of the circles of Avebury and Stennis and in the structure and size of Stonehenge, may point to a difference in purpose and use, on the other hand, the great size of the circle surrounding the chambered cairn at New Grange and the objects uncovered by the repair excavations at Stonehenge in 1901, seem to show that a great circle also was associated with a sepulchre.

The largest of the Scotch stone circles is that of Stennis, in Orkney. It has a circumference of 340 feet, enclosing an area of 21⁄2 acres, and is surrounded by a ditch 30 feet wide. It originally consisted of about 60 pillars, set about 17 feet apart, of an average height of about 13 feet. Of these 13 still stand and 10, though prostrate, are intact. The largest stone circle in England is that of Avebury, in Wiltshire, which consisted of a large outer circle of probably 1,000 stones of from 15 to 17 feet in height and 40 feet in circumference; this circle was about 1,000 feet in diameter and contained two smaller circles of 350 and 325 feet in diameter respectively. The inner circles each consisted of a double row of stones, a stone pillar 20 feet high occupied the centre of one, and a bowing-stone, or cromlech, that of the other. Surrounding the whole were a broad ditch and a high earth-wall, traversed by an avenue of approach which led toward the southeast for over 1,400 yards. This structure and Stonehenge are considered the most remarkable examples found in England of monuments of megalithic stones (q.v.). In Norway and Sweden the few stone circles systematically explored have been found to be burial places of the Iron Age. They are usually simple circles composed of 8 to 13 stones; occasionally there are two concentric circles, one within the other, the inner circle being sometimes composed of small stones set close together in a ring. Sometimes there is a single pillar stone in the centre of the circle. As a rule they are not remarkable either for the size

of the circles themselves or for the massiveness of the stones of which they are composed. Circles of standing stones are rare to the south of the Baltic. See bibliography under STONEHENGE. Consult also Dawkins, Early Man in Britain' (1880).

Stoneware is that kind of earthen ware (see CERAMICS) which is impervious to water and non-absorbent, almost non-porous, the whole substance of the paste being very silicious, either from the original nature of the clay or from a mixture with the clay of some natural silex such as flint. A simple test is that a broken fragment, if put to the tongue, will not seem to cling to its surface; whereas a broken flowerpot will cling tenaciously, this being caused by the rapid absorption of moisture by the porous substance. It is for this reason that stoneware is used for ink bottles, vinegar jugs, and all such common purposes, and also for larger and more decorative vessels in countries and in times where it is customary to use earthenware vessels instead of glass or metal at least to a great extent. Thus in the Rhine towns and northwestern Germany during the 14th and following centuries a very elaborate series of cans, jugs, and flagons of all sizes from a pint to three or four gallons, were made and decorated by simple impressions from metal or wooden dies impressed upon the surface before firing; the pattern being afterward more or less emphasized by a thin glazing of blue applied in parts. The glaze of stoneware in the usual sense is no more a separate substance than that of Greek vases; it is a mere modifying of the surface generally by some vaporized ingredient which is absorbed during the actual process of firing. Thus the most common glaze, called salt-glaze, is generally understood to be produced by throwing into the furnace rough salt, which is vaporized and leaves the soda in its composition on the surface of the stoneware in the form of a slight, glassy film. The stoneware would not need this to be sufficiently resistant against water, wine or the like, but some acids would attack the stoneware, against which the glaze is a sufficient protection.

These decorative wares have been known to the collectors, and in museums and in treatises on Ceramics under the general name of grés de Flandre, as if they were of Flemish make, but this term is now replaced by such terms Cologne Ware, German Stoneware, and the like. In modern times stoneware has not been generally used for decorative purposes; but recent experiments in the national manufactory of porcelain at Sèvres in France have led to the invention or adoption of many brilliant colored enamels which can be applied to stoneware without in the least diminishing its value as a durable and weatherproof material; and in this way a whole class of architectural ceramic wares has been made practicable. Magnificent specimens of even to the extent of huge friezes containing many figures, were on exhibition at Paris in 1900; and any future attempts at decorative architecture will have to include the consideration of these new means of brilliant adornment in color and in form.

these wares

RUSSELL STURGIS.

Stonington, sto'ning-tón, Conn., town, port of entry, New London County; on Long Island Sound, and on the New York, New

Haven & Hartford Railroad; about 10 miles east of New London and 40 miles southwest of Providence, R. I. It comprises the borough of Stonington and the villages of Mystic, Old Mystic, and Pawcatuck. There is a good harbor and regular steamer connection with Boston and New York. The chief manufacturing establishments are cotton and woolen mills, iron and brass works, boiler works, printing presses, spool factories, machine shops manufacturing silk and cotton machinery. The products of other manufacturing establishments are silk and cotton thread, velvet, paper cutters, and novelties. The government census of 1900 gives the number of manufacturing establishments, 118; the amount of capital invested, $3.733.679; the number of wage earners, 1,967; the annual wages, $902,740; the annual amount paid for material, $344,536; and the value of the products, $3,231,423. The educational institutions are an English and classical institute, a high school, public elementary schools, private schools, and a public library. The national bank has a capital of $200,000. Pop. (1890) 7,184; (1900) 8,540; (1910) 9,154.

Stony Point, N. Y., town in Rockland County, on the west bank of the Hudson, and on the New Jersey & N. Y., the New York, north of New York city. At this point is the O. & W., and the West Shore R.R.'s; 40 miles rocky promontory from which the town derives its name, which was strongly fortified during the Revolutionary War by the British. In 1779 the Americans had begun to fortify the place, but Clinton, who then completed the fortifications. were forced to abandon it by the British under The only land approach was across a marsh which was covered by water at high tide, and picket stations. Washington had determined on was defended by a double line of abatis and a recapture of Stony Point, and for this purpose organized a body of picked troops known as the Corps of Light Infantry and placed Gen. Anthony Wayne (popularly called "Mad Anthony") in command. Wayne carefully reconnoitered the place and decided for a night attack and surprise, which was carefully planned by Washington. In accordance with this plan, Wayne brought his men as near Stony Point as possible, and by 8 P.M., 15 July, camped about a mile from the fort. Here he divided his force into columns, and about 11:30 commenced the march against the fort; when the marsh was reached, one column under Wayne turned to the south to cross the marsh, the other to the north. By the time the Americans had crossed the morass, the British were thoroughly aroused, and opened fire upon both columns. The Americans did not fire but charged with the bayonet so impetuously that the enemy were quickly driven from the outer and inner abatis into the fort, where they were obliged to surrender; the two American columns reached the fort almost at the same time. Wayne was wounded in the head during the charge, and was carried into the fort, but the wound proved slight. The whole British garrison of over 540 were taken prisoners; the Americans lost only 15 killed, the British 63. The Americans were not able to hold the place, but destroyed the fortifications, and it was reoccupied for a time by the British who, however, abandoned it in October. The immediate effect of the victory was to encourage