had been checked and thrown back, and the two brigades were sent to Polk, who was still assailing Rosecrans' left. The two brigades, the right of their line resting on Stone River, went forward, relieved part of Cheatham's, and became hotly engaged, but were driven back with great slaughter, some regiments losing more than half their men. As they were falling back Breckinridge came up with the brigades of Preston and Palmer, which were sent forward and speedily repulsed. Cannonading continueu until nightfall, when, exhausted by a conflict of full ten hours' duration, rarely surpassed for its continued intensity and the heavy losses sustained, both armies sank to rest.

While Bragg's infantry and artillery were breaking the Union lines and forcing them back, his cavalry under Gen. Wharton, with part of McCown's infantry were engaged on Rosecrans' right and rear, inflicting losses in killed and wounded, capturing guns and wagons, and taking nearly 2,000 prisoners.

Rosecran's losses during the day had been appalling, and when night came he was in some doubt whether to remain on the field. He says: "After a careful examination and free consultation with corps commanders, followed by a personal examination of the ground in rear as far as Overall's Creek, it was determined to await the enemy's attack in that position, to send for the provision train, and order up fresh supplies of ammunition, on the arrival of which, should the enemy not attack, offensive operations were to be resumed." There was a readjustment of the line, the left was drawn back, though still resting on Stone River, and the right and centre grasped more firmly the Nashville road. On the morning of Jan. 1863 Bragg began to demonstrate with infantry and artillery, and again Wheeler's and Wharton's two brigades of cavalry sought the rear of the Union line. They attacked a large train near La Vergne, capturing part of it and a piece of artillery, and informed Bragg that heavy trains were moving toward Nashville, some loaded, and all the ambulances filled with wounded. Early in the morning Van Cleve's division, commanded by Col. S. Beatty, supported by Grose's brigade, was thrown across the river from the left, and formed line on a hill in front of Breckinridge, who had resumed his position on that side, on Bragg's right. During the morning of the 2d there was quiet along the lines except on Rosecrans' left, where there was some shelling, but there were indications_that Bragg was meditating an attack upon Rosecrans' left, and preparations were made to meet it, Davis' division being ordered from the right to the left and some changes made on that flank. From his headquarters west of the river Bragg had seen that Polk's line could be enfiladed by artillery placed on the hill occupied by the right of Van Cleve's division, and after noon Breckinridge was ordered to take the hill and Occupy it with his artillery. The two brigades that yet remained west of Stone River were returned to Breckinridge, and he was reinforced by 2,000 of Wharton's and Pegram's cavalry and some artillery. Breckinridge formed his division in two lines, two brigades in each, with two batteries of artillery in rear. He had, excluding the cavalry, which came too late to take an active part, about 4,500 men. The distance

to be traversed was about 1,600 yards. At 4 P.M. the signal-gun was fired, and the four brigades advanced to the attack. After a severe fight the two right brigades of Van Cleve's division were broken and driven from the hill and toward the river. Bragg's order had been fully obeyed, but the Confederates, exultant with success, did not stop at the hill, but pursued the broken Union fragments, and as they neared the river a few of them crossed it. Major John Mendenhall, who had hurriedly massed 58 guns on a commanding position on the west bank of the river, opened fire with all the guns upon the somewhat massed column, the infantry added their fire, and Breckinridge's attack was repulsed. That part of Van Cleve's line that had not been driven across the river attacked the fleeing Confederates, a Union brigade, without orders, crossed the river in pursuit, and the Confederates were driven back to the position from which they had advanced with a loss of four guns and over 1,700 killed and wounded of the 4,500 engaged. It was night and Davis' and Woods' divisions were sent across and intrenched on the hill that had been the point of contention. A cold and heavy rain-storm marked the 3d, and, fearing a rapid rise in the river, Rosecrans withdrew all his troops from the eastern side of it. No other movement was made on the lines, the day passed in comparative quiet, and at night Bragg, under the erroneous impression that Rosecrans was receiving reinforcements, marched for Tullahoma, 36 miles distant. The 4th was occupied by Rosecrans in burying the dead, and on the 5th his army occupied Murfreesboro. The Union loss in the battle, including 53 killed and 259 wounded in minor engagements between Nashville and Stone River, was 1,730 killed, 7,802 wounded, and 3,717 missing, an aggregate of 13,249. The Confederate loss was 1.294 killed, 7,945 wounded, and about 2,200 missing. Consult, 'Official Records,' Vol. XX.; Van Horne, History of the Army of the Cumberland,' Vol. I.; Stevenson, Battle of Stone River'; The Century Company's 'Battles and Leaders of the Civil War,' Vol. III.

E. A. CARMAN.

Stone Worship, a form of fetishism which has persisted in the religions of some cultivated races. The ancient Germans and Gauls paid reverence to stones: St. Eligius (Eloi), bishop of Noyon, exhorts his Frisian converts against this practice: "Let no Christian presume to set lights or to say prayers (reddere vota) at fanes or rocks or fountains or trees:" and throughout the Middle Ages the Church never ceased to condemn the practice of addressing prayers or vows to stones - votum vovere ad lapidem vel ad quamlibetrem. All the great nations of antiquity worshipped stones: at Pharæ in Achaia, according to Pausanias, 30 square stones were worshipped; and he adds that in earliest times "rude stones, instead of images, received divine honors." Meteorites have ever been special objects of worship: such was the stone symbol of Diana at Ephesus, of the sun-god at Emesa in Syria, of Mars at Rome; such too was the Kaaba at Mecca. As stones are in India set up standing in groups as representing deities, Tylor conjectures that menhirs, cromlechs, and dolmens may have had a like signification.

Stone'chat, a small and pretty European non-migratory bird (Motacilla rubicola), closely related to the American bluebird and the familiar English wheat ear. It is chiefly terrestrial in its habits.

Stoneham, stōn'am, Mass., town in Middlesex County; on the Boston & Maine Railroad; II miles north by west of Boston. It was incorporated and became independent of the adjoining towns, in 1725. It has several large manufacturing establishments, among which are boot and shoe factories, machine shops, boxfactory, tanneries, and a furniture factory. It has a number of fine residences, six churches, 23 elementary school buildings, a high school, and a public library. There are a national and a savings bank; the national bank has a capital of $50,000. Pop. (1910) 7,090.

Stonehenge, stōn'henj, a notable example of the ancient stone circles, situated in Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, about seven miles north of Salisbury and within two miles of the town of Amesbury. The structure consists of two concentric circles of upright stones surrounding two concentric ellipses, the whole surrounded by a double earth wall and ditch, about 370 yards in circumference. There is an entrance at the northeast which proceeds in the form of an avenue, guarded on each side by a wall and a ditch, for a distance of 594 yards, after which it divides, one branch going eastward up a hill, between two groups of burial mounds or barrows, and the other branch leading northwest to the cursus or race-course, about 300 yards distant. The outer earth-wall is 15 feet high, the ditch 30 feet wide, and the avenue, at the entrance, 15 feet wide. The outer circle is about 105 feet in diameter, and consisted when complete of 60 stones, 30 uprights, and 30 horizontal imposts between them. The upright stones are about 16 feet high, and six or seven feet thick. Of the original 60 there remain 32 stones, being 17 uprights in position, seven prostrate, and eight imposts. At the avenue entrance there are II uprights remaining with five imposts. The uprights of the outer circle were placed about four feet apart, with the imposts fitted to them continuously at their top, each upright bearing a vertical peg at each side, into which fitted a mortise in the end of the horizontal impost. The imposts are on an average about 10 feet long, 32 feet wide, and 2 feet 8 inches deep. There is a space between the outer and the inner circles of from 8 to 9 feet forming a walk 300 feet in circumference. The number of uprights composing the inner circle has been stated variously, the different figures ranging from 40 to 60; there were no imposts in the inner circle and the height of the stones, judging from the II still standing, seems to have been about six feet. This circle, like the first, has an opening to the northeast, opposite the entrance. But unlike the outer circle, it is composed, not of hewn sandstone, but of smaller rocks, seemingly boulders brought from a distance. Within the inner circle and about the same distance from it as the outer circle stands the first oval, an incomplete oval, in the shape of a huge horse-shoe with its open end facing the entrance at the northeast. The first oval consists of five groups or trilithons, each trilithon being composed of two

uprights with an impost at the top completely covering their upper edges. The five trilithons are thus independent and not connected by continuous imposts. Their size gradually rises from east to west, the largest being the grand cenand the smallest, about 16 feet high, those neartral trilithon in the closed end of the ellipse, est the entrance. The height of the central trilithon, with impost, is 28 feet, the pillar stones being about 23 feet above ground, and the impost

about four feet thick. Other dimensions of this trilithon are: Length of impost, 15 feet; breadth, 4/2 feet; breadth of uprights, 7% feet; thickness, 4 feet. The other four trilithons stood of these five groups are now perfect. One of two and two facing each other. Only two broken into three pieces; the impost though the pillars of the central trilithon, fallen, is fallen is intact, and the remaining upright is nine feet out of the perpendicular. Of the two trilithons of the west side the one nearer the centre fell outward, entire, in 1797; though pros'trate the stones are intact. The other trilithon on the west broke up at an earlier date; one of its pillar stones remain standing-the other and the impost lie at its foot, broken. The trilithons of this, the outer ellipse, are of hewn sandstone like the stones in the exterior circle. Within this outer ellipse is a smaller one of the same shape, wth the opening facing the northeast, but, like the inner circle, composed not of tool-dressed sandstone, but of bluestone boulders, and, also like the inner circle, without imposts. The stones employed in the smaller ellipse are on an average about a foot to a foot and a half taller than those in the smaller circle; they are set at intervals of about five to six feet. Within the inner oval, at its upper end, in front of the central trilithon, is a slab of coarse-blue marble, 16 feet long, 4 feet broad, and 20 inches thick. This is commonly spoken of as the altar stone. end of the western branch of the avenue of approach is a stretch of flat land, about 134 miles long and 110 yards across. It is bounded by parallel banks and ditches and is rectangular in shape, with a flat mound stretching across its eastern end. There is a smaller cursus a little to the north and barrows lie all around. Within the avenue of approach there is a large upright which has been nicknamed the Friar's Heel. It is 16 feet high and is supposed to be a bowingstone.

The cursus at the

The purpose of Stonehenge, its time of erection, and the race or races which built it, wili probably never be known with certainty. Despite the efforts of the numerous archæologists who have given it their attention, nothing in the nature of proof has been found for anyone of the various theories. It is generally accepted as an extraordinary development of the stone circles (q.v.) found throughout Great Britain and in parts of France and Scandinavia. For a long time these circles were known as Druidical Rings, and Stonehenge was regarded as probably the head temple of Druidical worship. This theory, however, has been discredited recently on account of the discovery that many other of these monuments, also supposed to be of Druidical origin, were of a sepulchral nature. The circular form of the monument has suggested to some writers that it was connected with a worship of the sun. By others it has been at

tributed to the Phoenicians, the Belgae, the Saxons, and the Danes. It has been called a martial court of justice - a battle ring for judicial combatants a shrine to Buddha, a temple to serpent worship, and a monument of victory. The theory most widely accepted is that it is a burial ground or a temple connected with burial ceremonies for some ancient people who inhabited at some time the greater part of Great Britain and who either emigrated from or to the shores of France and Scandinavia. The fact that Stonehenge is the centre of a region numerous in barrows, and that this is true of all the other great stone circles or standing stones seems to bear out the likelihood of its connection with the burial ceremony. Sir John Lubbock assigns its date as that of the Bronze Age, basing his beliefs on the character of the contents found in the surrounding barrows and upon the evidences of tool-work upon the stones of the outer circle and outer ellipse. This latter fact, however, is interpreted by others merely as an indication that the other portions of the structure are of much older date.

Stonehenge is first mentioned in the 9th century by Hennius, who states that it was erected in the 5th century by Ambrosius, the last Briton king, aided by the magician Merlin, to commemorate the 460 Briton nobles who were treacherously murdered at that spot by Hengist, the Saxon. This legend is repeated by Henry of Monmouth in his Historia Britonum,' in the 12th century, and then by numbers of the historians of the Middle Ages. The first history of Stonehenge, written by Inigo Jones and published in 1655, speaks of the structure as a Roman temple and deprecates its demolition by the country-folk of the neighborhood, who removed portions of the fallen stones to build bridges, make mill-stones and for such like uses. (See STONE CIRCLES.) Consult: Davies, "Celtic Researches (1804) and Mythology of the Druids (1809); Gidley, Stonehenge Viewed in the Light of Ancient History, etc. (1877); Sir Henry James, Plans and Photographs of Stonehenge (1867); Long, 'Stonehenge and its Barrows (1876); Sir John Lubbock, Prehistoric Times (ed. 1898); and William Stukeley, 'Stonehenge and Abury' (1840).

Stoneman, stōn'man, George, American soldier: b. Busti, N. Y., 8 Aug. 1822; d. Buffalo, N Y., 5 Sept. 1894. He was graduated at West Point in 1846, served on the Pacific coast (1847-57), in 1855 was promoted captain, and until 1861 was on duty mainly in Texas. Early in 1861, while in command of Fort Brown in that State, he was ordered by Gen. Twiggs to surrender to the Confederates. He refused, evacuated the fort, and with his men sailed by steamer to New York. In August 1861 he became brigadier-general of volunteers and chief of cavalry in the Army of the Potomac, and commanded the cavalry in the Peninsula Campaign of 1862 (q.v.), distinguishing himself at the battle of Williamsburg (q.v.). In November 1862 he was promoted major-general of volunteers, having already been placed in command of the Third Corps, which he led at the battle of Fredericksburg. He led a cavalry raid toward Richmond during the Chancellorsville campaign. In April 1864 he took command of a cavalry corps in the Army of the Ohio, and during the Atlanta campaign made another

notable raid (see STONEMAN'S MACON RAID). At Clinton, Ga., he was captured in July 1864, and for three months was kept a prisoner. In December 1864 he made his third important raid (see STONEMAN'S RAID FROM EAST TENNESSEE INTO SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA); and in the following March he entered upon still another of these remarkable incursions into Confederate territory. (See STONEMAN'S RAID IN EAST TENNESSEE, SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA, AND WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA.) In 1871, having received several brevets in the regular army, he retired from the service and settled in California, where for six years he served as a railroad commissioner, and from 1883 to 1887 was governor of the State, to which office he was elected by the Democratic party.

Stoneman's Macon Raid. When Gel. Sherman was operating against Atlanta he odered all his available cavalry to prepare for a blow at the Macon Railroad, simultaneously with the movement of the Army of the Tennessee toward East Point. Gen. Stoneman, with 5,000 cavalry, was to move by the left around Atlanta to McDonough, and Gen. E. M. McCook with two divisions of 3,500 men, by the right on Fayetteville; and on the night of 28 July 1864 Stoneman and McCook were to meet on the Macon Railroad, near Lovejoy's Station, and destroy it in the most effectual manner. On the morning of the 27th both columns started. McCook on the right, with 3.200 men and 8 guns, marched down the west bank of the Chattahoochee, laid and moving on Palmetto Station, on the West a pontoon-bridge near Riverton and crossed, track, and went on to Fayetteville, where he capPoint Railroad, tore up some two miles of the he burned, and 800 mules, a greater part of these tured about 250 prisoners, 500 wagons, which he killed, and then pushed on to the Macon Railroad at Lovejoy's Station, about seven miles below Jonesboro, and 30 from Atlanta. He hoped here to meet Stoneman, but heard nothing of him, destroyed the depot, the railroad to some extent, burned army trains, and was prosecuting his work in the destruction of the road, Confederate force, and still hearing nothing when he was driven off it by a considerable from Stoneman, endeavored to return and recross the Chattahoochee by marching southwest, and had reached Newnan, on the West Point Railroad, on the 30th, where he encountered an infantry brigade, coming from the south and at the same time was attacked in rear by Jackson's division of Wheeler's cavalry, soon reinforced by Wheeler himself with two additional brigades. McCook had several hard encounters, in some of which he was successful, but was forced to let loose his prisoners, about 400 in number, abandon his artillery and trains, and cut his way out, each brigade commander looking out for himself, and succeeded, with parts of his command, in reaching the Chattahoochee, which he crossed and marched to Marietta, with a total loss of about 600 men. Stoneman at the moment of starting had received Sherman's permission after the completion of his work at Lovejoy's, to march on Macon and Andersonville and release the thousands of Union pris. oners, at these places. Marching on the moruing of the 27th, he left Garrard's division at Flat Rock, and with the brigades of Cols. Adams, Biddle and Capron, in all about 2,200 men,

crossed the Ocmulgee River, near Covington, and made for the railroad running from Macon to Augusta, on which he destroyed a large number of engines and cars at Gordon and Griswoldville. A detachment went eastward and burned the bridge over the Ocoonee. Stoneman reunited his detachments near Macon, on the 30th, but the river was between him and the city, and he contented himself with shelling the place and then moved back toward Clinton. Meanwhile he had heard that the prisoners had been removed. Gen. Iverson's cavalry division had been ordered by Wheeler to follow Stoneman, and was now upon him. On the morning of the 31st Stoneman, finding what he supposed to be a heavy Confederate force in his front, deployed a strong line of skirmishers, which soon developed the fact that Allen's brigade of Confederate cavalry had passed around his flank and taken up a strong position directly across his line of retreat, while Armstrong's brigade, co-operating with Allen's, was closely menacing his left flank. Dismounting the men of one brigade he repeatedly charged the Confederates, but every charge was repulsed with heavy loss, and Armstrong followed by a charge upon his left flank. The Union line gave way and was with difficulty rallied and reformed. By this time he was nearly surrounded, and as he mistakenly thought by a greatly superior force. Believing further resistance useless, he authorized his brigade commanders to cut their way out, while he, with a regiment and a section of artillery, held the enemy in check until the others got through, when he surrendered about 500 men. The greater part of Adams' brigade_escaped and joined the army near Atlanta. Capron's brigade escaped, but was subsequently surprised and scattered, very few getting back to the Union lines. Consult: Official Records, Vol. XXXVIII.; Van Horne, History of the Army of the Cumberland, Vol. II.; Sherman, 'Personal Memoirs,' Vol. II.

E. A. CARMAN.

Stoneman's Raid from East Tennessee into Southwestern Virginia. After the defeat of Gen. Gillem's Union brigade at Russelville, Tenn. (q.v.), 14 Nov. 1864, Gen. Thomas, commanding_the_Military Division of the Mississippi, of which East Tennessee was a part, ordered Gen. Stoneman to concentrate his forces in Kentucky and advance from Lexington to Cumberland Gap to oppose Gen. Breckinridge should he attempt to move into Kentucky, and to advance into East Tennessee and drive Breckinridge back into Virginia or North Carolina.

Thomas' instructions were "to concentrate the largest possible force against Breckinridge, and either destroy his force or to drive it into Virginia and, if possible, destroy the salt-works at Saltville, and the railroad from the Tennessee line as far into Virginia as he could go without endangering his command." These instructions were repeated by Thomas on 6 December, when it was known that Breckinridge was on the retreat. By the 9th Stoneman had completed the organization of his command and was ready for operations in the field. He had a body of mounted troops, under Gen. Burbridge, that had been doing duty in Kentucky, the Tennessee brigade of Gen. Gillem, and some infantry and dismounted cavalry under Gen. Ammen, in all

a force of 8,000 men. The 4th Tennessee and 3d North Carolina (Union) regiments were sent to Paint Rock to hold the pass over the mountains into North Carolina, and Stoneman concentrated his command at Bean's Station on the 11th. Stoneman started from Bean's Station on the 12th, with Gillem's and Burbridge's commands of about 5,700 men, and Gillem, in advance, reached the north fork of the Holston River, opposite Kingston, during the night, crossed after a sharp engagement, and early in the morning of the 13th attacked and routed Duke's cavalry under Col. Morgan, capturing Morgan and 80 of his men and his entire wagontrain. During the day Burbridge pushed on to Bristol, to intercept Gen. Vaughn, who had been holding Greeneville with some 1,200 men. Stoneman, with Gillem, joined Burbridge at Bristol early on the 14th, and fearing that Vaughn would pass in the night and join Breckinridge at Saltville or in the vicinity, Burbridge was pushed on to Abingdon, with instructions to send the 12th Kentucky cavalry forward to strike the railroad between Saltville and Wytheville to prevent the former place from being reinforced by troops from Lynchburg. The 12th Kentucky, after threatening Saltville, struck the railroad and cut off two trains that had brought Breckinridge with a battery and reinforcements from Wytheville, accomplishing its object. Stoneman now decided to push on to Wytheville, destroy that place and the salt-works on New River, and attend to the capture of Saltville on his return. He moved early on the 16th and Gillem overtook Vaughn at Marion, attacked and routed him, pursuing to Wytheville, capturing his trains, artillery and 198 men, and destroying the town. About midnight Burbridge's command was put on the road, and reached Mt. Airy at daylight of the 17th, where Col. Buckley's brigade was detached to destroy the lead-mines 25 or 30 miles beyond, in Wythe County, which was accomplished without loss. Having destroyed the railroad and bridges some distance beyond Wytheville, Stoneman now set out on his return to destroy the salt-works at Saltville, and on the 17th encountered Breckinridge in a strong position at Marion. He had moved out of Saltville with all the troops he could collect that had been operating in East Tennessee, and had not far from 2,000 men. With these he had proposed to follow Stoneman and attack his rear. He now stood in the path of his return. Burbridge, who was in the advance with two brigades, engaged him and called upon Stoneman for reinforcements; and Stoneman, riding forward, took the command in his own hands. Night soon came on, the troops had become disarranged, and a general attack was delayed until morning, when it opened with great spirit, Stoneman meeting with a stiff resistance and some loss, and making no headway. Buckley was supposed to be coming up in the afternoon, and Gillem, now up, was sent around Breckinridge's left, thus cutting him off from the salt-works. The skirmishing during the day was accompanied with consider ble loss on both sides, and as soon as night set in Breckinridge finding himself cut off from Saltville, and nearly surrounded, withdrew by the road leading over the mountains into North Carolina and escaped. The 12th Ohio cavalry was sent in pursuit, capturing some abandoned wagons and caissons,