sash, blinds, doors, screens, seeders, sheet iron products, steel ranges, malleable steel castings, spark arresters, mineral waters, steel skeins, fishing tackle, indurated fibre goods, pharmaceutical goods for physicians, cigar boxes, electrotypes, grain drills, roofing, automobiles, watches, etc. Nearly all the South Bend factories work the entire year.

The Government census of 1909 gives the number of manufacturing establishments 218; the amount of capital invested, $41,467,000; the number of employees in the manufactories, not including members of firms, 13,453; annual wages, $7,497,000; cost of material used annually, $15,253,000; value of products, $27,855,000. The capital invested in the carriage and wagon factories is about $15,000,000, and the value of the annual output, $5,000,000. The output of the agricultural implements works is about $3,000,000; and of the foundry and machine shop products, $2,000,000. There are over 20 wholesale houses.

Buildings and Parks.- The principal public buildings are the Government building, county court-house and county jail ($40,000), city-hall $75,000, Y. M. C. A. building, Saint Joseph's Hospital, Saint Anthony's Convent, the city hospital, and two theatres. The public parks embrace 64 acres. The water supply comes largely from 62 artesian wells; there are about 100 miles of water mains.

Churches and Schools.-There are 32 church buildings and 45 church organizations, represent ing 15 different denominations. The educational institutions are one public high school, 13 public schools, eight parish schools, Saint Aloysius and Saint Joseph's academies, conservatory of music, commercial schools, teachers' training school, historical society, and a public library. Just outside the limits of the city, in the village of Notre Dame, are the large Roman Catholic schools, the University of Notre Dame (q.v.) for men, and Saint Mary's College, for women.

Banks and Banking.-The four national banks have a combined capital of $500,000; the county savings bank has resources to the amount of $3,500,000; deposits, $3,000,000 and a surplus of $150,000. There are six building and loan associations.

Government and Population.-The government is administered under a special charter granted by the Legislature which provides for a mayor and a council of 10 members. The members of the council hold office for a term of two years. There are about 20 nationalities represented in the city. The various industries and the good wages attract skilled workmen to South Bend. The principal nationalities, other than the English-speaking races, are Germans, Swedes, Poles, Belgians, Hungarians, and Danes. Pop. (1890) 21,819; (1900) 35,999; (1910) 53,684.

FREDERICK A. MILLER, Editor South Bend Tribune,

South Berwick, bėr'wik, Maine, town, York County; on the Salmon Falls River, and on the Boston & Maine railroad; 40 miles southwest of Portland. Its chief manufacturing interests include shoe factories, cotton and woolen mills, and carriage shops; there is a national bank with a capital of $100,000, and a savings bank. The town has a public library, and is the seat of Berwick Academy, a non-sectarian secondary school

chartered in 1791. Pop. (1890) 3,434; (1900) 3,188; (1910) 2,935.

South Bethlehem, bĕth'lē-ëm, Pa., borough the Philadelphia & Reading R.R.'s; about 12 Northampton County; on the Lehigh Valley and miles west of Easton, the county-seat, and about 40 miles, in direct line, north of Philadelphia. Electric railroads connect it with Allentown, Bethlehem, and other places in the vicinity.

South Bethlehem was settled in 1741; but for many years it increased slowly in population, and its industries were limited to local needs. Since 1850 the number and magnitude of the industries have increased, and the borough has grown in proportion. It is in a manufacturing section, where iron ore deposits and coal fields are convenient, and where there are good transportation facilities. The chief industrial establishments are iron and steel works, machine shops, foundries, zinc and brass works, wood working factories, knitting mills, silk mills, and furniture works. The Government census of 1900 gives the number of manufacturing establishments as 127; the amount of capital invested, $8,713,185; the number of employees, not owners, 5,544; the total wages, $2,390,100; the cost of material used, $5,301,034; the value of the product, $10,964,911. It ranks 19 in the State in the value of its manufactured products.

There are 15 churches, Saint Luke's Hospital, and one home. The educational institutions are the Lehigh University, which has 10 large buildings, Bishopthorpe School, an institution for girls, a public high school, public and parish elementary schools, and public and school libraries. Pop. (1910) 19,973.

South Carolina is in the South Atlantic division of the United States. It lies between lat. 32° 4' 30" and 35° 12' N., and between lon.

30" and 6° 54′ W. (Wash.). Its area is 33,393 square miles. The State of North Carolina bounds it on the north; the Savannah River, the eighth river in length in North America, on the west; the Atlantic coast on the south and east forms the base of an irregularly shaped triangle with its apex resting on the Appalachian Mountains 200 miles to the north. take their rise in these mountains, and make Rivers.-Three considerable river systems their way southwardly to the sea. The eastern watershed of the Savannah is narrow, as is also the western watershed of the Pee Dee. The intermediate space occupying the larger portion of upper Carolina is crossed by seven rivers, the Saluda, Tyger, Reedy, Pacolet, Broad, Catawba, Wateree, with their numerous affluents uniting to form the Santee River. A line across the State from Augusta, Georgia, to Columbia, and thence to Cheraw in the east, is known as the "fall line." On crossing this line the streams pass from the crystalline rocks, the granites and slates of upper Carolina, into the softer strata of the tertiary marls of the low country. Above the "fall line" the average slope of the streams is five feet to the mile, and they are available for the development of water powers to an extent estimated at one million horse-power. Below the fall eight other rivers, the North and the South Edisto, the Combahee, the Coosawhatchie, Black River, Cooper, Ashley, Waccamaw, are found with a fall of 1 to 12 feet to

the mile. The numerous creeks, however, that feed these rivers rising themselves in the elevations of the Sand Hills and Red Hills, have a much more rapid fall. Horse Creek, for instance, emptying into the Savannah below Augusta, furnishes in the length of 10 miles power for the Vaucluse, Graniteville, Langley, Aiken and Clearwater factories, without being fully utilized. The rivers are navigable to the "fall line" for steamboats of I to 200 tons and in all there is from 700 to 800 miles of navigation above tide water.

Coast Region. The coast region has an area of 1,700 square miles, of which ten per cent has been under tillage. The average elevation above sea-level is 10 to 15 feet, rarely 25 to 30. South of the Santee River the mainland is bordered by numerous islands, formed from the detritus brought down by the rivers and banked up south of their outlets by the currents and waves of the sea. They are fringed between high and low tide, by salt marshes and extensive beds of oysters peculiar to this latitude. The mean rise of the tide in the Savannah River is 6.9 feet, and diminishes eastward to 3.5 feet at the Georgetown entrance. The tides push the fresh water of the streams before them on the flood, 15 to 30 miles inland, and render tide-water irrigation of the rice fields practicable. The salt water rivers separating the islands from each other and from the mainland furnish navigable waters for a length of 400 to 500 miles for steamboats and might, with little work, be converted into a continuous inside passage from one boundary of the State to the other. Mills estimated that two or three short canals aggregating eight miles in length, through land barely above tide level, would effect this, and it has been proposed to continue such work beyond Savannah and across Florida to the Gulf, shortening the trip to Panama and safe-guarding the entrance to the American Mediterranean in case of war. It was stated in 1703 that Port Royal Harbor had only 18 feet of water at low tide, and that of Charleston 13 feet; now that of Charleston has 28 to 32 feet and Port Royal 28 to 30. This would seem to be more than should arise merely from the engineering work done, and may in part be due to a subsidence thought to be taking place along the Southern coast. The palmetto and the live oak characterize the growth of the region. It produces oranges of superior quality, and figs in great abundance. It holds a monopoly in the production of the finest variety of long staple silk cotton. Carolina rice, the principal rice crop of America, is grown here. The facilities for transportation and the subtropical climate make the region a favorite one for truck-gardeners. Formerly wealthy planters resided here in great opulence and comfort, but the region has been devastated in every war: by the Spaniards, the Indians, the pirates, by the British in the Revolution; and even in the War of 1812 the English burned the rice mills here. From all these disasters it in time recovered, but it has not yet recovered from its occupation by the armies during the Civil War. That occupation, however, greatly modified opinion as to the unhealthfulness of the climate, for it was found that the troops sustained fair health while quartered here in summer. The mean annual temperature is 63° to 65° F.; summer mean, 74° to 79°;

winter 54° to 56°; rainfall 50 to 80 inches. Flowing artesian wells are obtained at various depths; at Bluffton at less than 100 feet, at Coosaw 500 feet, at Charleston 1.960 feet. The formation belongs to the post-Pliocene and rests on the Ashley and Cooper Pliocene marls which furnish the phosphate rock. The rural population does not exceed 10 to 15 to the square mile, and negroes form 80 per cent of it.

The Lower Pine Belt.-Immediately north of the coast region the Lower Pine Belt, with a width varying from 20 to 70 miles, crosses the State from east to west, covering an area of 10,226 miles. These low level lands bear a strong resemblance to those of the coast. The uplands, the so-called "pine barrens," represent the sea islands, the numerous large fresh-water rivers replace the salt rivers and arms of the sea, and the swamps, covering over 2,000 square miles, recall the salt marshes. Eight large rivers conveying all the rainfall of South Carolina, with a considerable portion of that from North Carolina and Georgia, together with several smaller rivers and innumerable lesser streams, traverse the region. The maximum elevation, 134 feet, is reached at Branchville, on the South Carolina railroad, making the fall to tide water in a direct line 2.8 feet per mile. In the extreme west the fall is greater, 5.8 feet a mile; in the Pee Dee section it is less than a foot to the mile. With proper engineering the fall is sufficient to drain the swamps and bring into cultivation what are perhaps the most fertile lands in the State. Only about 13 per cent is now in cultivation. The remainder is in turpentine farms, or in process of deforestation for yellow pine and cypress lumber. Outcrops of the cretaceous rocks are noted in the extreme southeastern corner of the State, and have been traced northward to Mars Bluff and Darlington C. H., where it passes under the Buhrstone of the Eocene. Superimposed on these cretaceous marls are the Santee marls. They belong to the Eocene and are composed of corals and gigantic oyster shells. Just above tide-water they pass under the Ashley and Cooper marls, composed of many-chambered shells (Foraminifera), sometimes of so fine and compact a structure as to fit them for building purposes. Fragments broken from these marls, and rounded by wave action, form the phosphate rock of commerce. These nodules contain 55 to 61 per cent of phosphate of lime and have been quarried at the depth of one to six feet; they are also found on the bottom of the rivers, and on sea bottoms extending from North Carolina to Florida. The remains of the mastodon, elephant, tapir, horse, cow and hog are found mingled with them, though the Europeans met none of these animals on their arrival, nor were any of the Indians acquainted with them. These marls afford excellent structural limes, and material for the manufacture of artificial cement. Green sands containing 4 to 6 per cent of potash in the form of glauconite also occur here.

The Upper Pine Belt.-The Upper Pine Belt, or central cotton region, lies north of the Lower Pine Belt and south of the Sand and Red Hill region. It covers 6,230 square miles, and 30 per cent of it has been brought under cultivation. The population is 44 to the square mile. The elevation, 130 to 269 feet. A sandy loam overlay the Santee (Eocene) marls. In the northern