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contrary, the army reorganization bill produced a new estrangement. (See HUNGARY.)

Of the many nationalities inhabiting Austria, none was more satisfied with the policy of the Austrian Government than the Poles of Galicia. An enthusiastic Pole, Count Goluchowski, was (in October) appointed Governor-General of Galicia, and, to the great delight of the Poles, the Provincial Diet of Galicia was, for the first time, opened in the Polish language. The Government also discontinued the publication of the official papers, published in the German language, in Cracow and Lemberg. So well were the Poles pleased with this policy, that many began to dream and talk of the restoration of Poland under an Austrian archduke. But while highly gratifying to the Poles, this policy greatly irritated the Ruthenians, another Slavic tribe in Galicia, constituting more than one-half of the population of that province, though the Poles are the ruling and controlling class. The sittings of the Galician Diet were frequently the scene of violent discussions between the two races. The Ruthenians were virtually placed by the Government under Polish control, and, notwithstanding their violent protestations, had their schools and churches handed over to Polish direction. The Poles, delighting in being able to repay, to a certain extent, to the Ruthenians what their countrymen in Russia suffered at Russian hands, have restricted the use of the Ruthenian language in the schools, and, in an address of the Galician Parliament to the emperor, asked for permission to continue, and even go further, in limiting the same. The cause of the Ruthenians is espoused with great zeal by the Russian Government and people, whose disposition toward Austria was consequently any thing but friendly.

AZEGLIO, MASSIMO TAPARELLI, Marquis D', an Italian statesman, author, and artist, born at Turin in October, 1801; died at Turin, January 15, 1866. He was descended from an ancient and noble family of Piedmont, his father holding a high position under the government, and editing the conservative paper L'Amico d'Italia. Young Massimo spent his first seven years in Florence, where he learned pure Italian speech and manners. In 1814, his father being appointed ambassador to Rome, he accompanied him thither, and there contracted a love for the fine arts; but his study of music and painting was interrupted by his father procuring him an appointment in a Piedmontese cavalry regiment. Here he devoted all his leisure with such intensity to scientific pursuits, that he brought on an illness which cbliged him to retire from the service. After the embassy was concluded, he returned to Turin with his father, and.there entered upon a course of severe and earnest study; and becoming satisfied that it was his destiny to be a painter, succeeded finally in obtaining parental permission to return to Rome and lead his artistlife, if he chose, on condition that he would expect for his full support no more than the pocketVOL. VI.-4

A

money he would receive in Turin; and a year had scarcely elapsed before he had made himself a name in Rome as an artist. After a residence of eight years in that city, during which he added history to the study of painting, he returned to Turin, and on the death of his father, in 1830, went to Milan for the further prosecution of his art. Here he formed an acquaintance with Alessandro Manzoni, whose daughter he married, and from this time began to make himself known in literature, his novels, Ettore Fieramosco (1833), and Niccolo di Lapi (1841), having done much to fire the national spirit of the Italians. The latter work has been praised as the best historical novel in any language. The political affairs of Italy soon occupied him exclusively; he traversed the provinces, cities, and villages, seeking to stir up the spirit of patriotism, and to conciliate the unhappy party divisions, and was everywhere received with rejoicing and acclamation. While in Florence he wrote his famous Degli Ultimi Casi di Romagna; in which he lashed the Papal Government, denounced the vain attempts at insurrection, and proved to the Italian princes the necessity of a national policy. After the election of Pius IX. as pope, Azeglio returned to Rome, and to his influence was ascribed the reforms with which Pius began his government. During this time he wrote much on public questions, and subsequently the whole of his political writings, collected in one volume, appeared at Turin. When Charles Albert, after the rising of Lombardy, crossed the Ticino, Azeglio left Rome with the papal troops destined to support the Italian contest. In the battle of Vicenza, where he commanded a legion, he was severely wounded while fighting at the head of his troops, and scarcely was he recovered when with his pen he courageously opposed the republican party, now intoxicated with victory. Having fought for his country, he was now called to the far more difficult task of shaping the policy which was to preserve life and liberty to Piedmont. On the opening of the Sardinian Parliament, he was chosen a member of the Chamber of Deputies, and in 1849 the young king, Victor Emanuel II., appointed him President of the Cabinet, an office he undertook solely from love to his king and his country. On the one hand, treaties were to be made with Austria, and on the other the republican elements of Piedmont-most violent in Genoa-were to be tranquillized. Azeglio succeeded in not only quelling the Genoese, but in persuading his countrymen to acquiesce in the treaty ratifying the defeat of Novara; and by skilfully temporizing with the enemies of peace without and within, he restored the kingdom to security and quiet. To him was due in a great measure the preservation of the only constitution of the many granted in 1848, and his Fabian policy was the only real hope of Italy. The press remained free in Piedmont, and the inviolability of political asylum was maintained. Patriots were attracted from

all parts of the Peninsula to Turin, and that sentiment of national unity created which, when Cavour came to relieve D'Azeglio, was made the foundation of the new Italian kingdom. In November, 1852, he left the cabinet, and for seven years remained in private life. In March, 1859, he was sent to England on a special embassy, and on his return accepted the temporary presidency of the Romagna; undertook, after the peace of Villafranca, a confidential mission to England; and afterward the post of governor of the city of Milan. Ill-health, love of art, the desire for the retirement and pursuits accordant with his tastes and habits, and some differences of opinion with his colleagues, caused him finally to withdraw from public life. He spent the greater part of his last years in that pleasant Tuscan capital which he loved so well, with no other labor to employ him but the preparation of his memoirs, which he has left only half completed. These will, no doubt, add greatly to the riches of a literature already opulent in autobiography, and will form a precious contribution to the history of the most important events of our time.

BADEN, a grand duchy in South Germany. Grand Duke Friedrich, born September 9, 1826; succeeded his father Leopold, as regent, on April 24, 1852; assumed the title of grand duke on September 5, 1856. Area, 1,712 square miles; population in 1864, 1,429,199 inhabitants (of whom 933,476 were Catholics; 472,258 meinbers of the United Evangelical Church; 25,263 Jews). The capital, Carlsruhe, had, in 1860, 30,367 inhabitants. The receipts of the financial year 1863-'64 amounted to 18,920,463 florins, and the expenditures to 18,132,693 florins. The army, on the peace footing, is 7,908; and on the war footing, 18,402 men. The Grand Duke of Baden made special efforts to avert a civil war in Germany, and when he was unsuccessful took part, with great reluctance, in the war. Baden is one of the States which were not to form part of the North German Confederation, but were left at liberty to form a South German Confederation. At the close of the year both the government and a majority of the two Chambers expressed a desire to be received into the North German Confederation.

BADGER, Hon. GEORGE EDMUND, an American statesman, born at Newbern, N. C., April 13, 1795; died at Raleigh, N. C., May 11, 1866. He graduated at Yale College in 1813, and studied law in Raleigh, where he early became distinguished for solidity and strength in his profession. In 1816 he was elected to the State Legislature, and devoted the next four years of his life to law and legislation. From 1820 to 1825 he was Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court at Raleigh. In 1840 he was a prominent advocate of the election of

The immediate cause of the Marquis d'Azeg lio's death was a fever taken by remaining too late in the season at his villa near Turin. He aggravated the disorder, after returning to the city, by writing constantly on his memoirs, but his case was not considered alarming until within a week before his death. A few days later he was visited by the Prince of Carignano and the Admiral Persano, whom he recognized, saying, "Thanks, thanks! I have been a faithful servant to the house of Savoy." Others of the great and noble from every part of Italy came to take leave of him, and, although suffering acutely, he received all graciously, and was in such perfect possession of his faculties as to be able to speak to each in the dialect of his province.

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It is related that one morning, shortly before his death, he heard the rehearsal of music for a mass in a chapel near his house, and observed quietly: "They are preparing for me the music of the mass; very well! It is beautiful and well done." Among his latest words were: "Non posso far niente per l'Italia!" (I can do nothing more for Italy).

General Harrison to the Presidency, and on the accession of that officer to the chair, Mr. Badger was appointed Secretary of the Navy. On the death of President Harrison, and the separation of Mr. Tyler from the Whig party, Mr. Badger resigned, giving the veto of Presi dent Tyler on the second Bank Bill as his reason. The Whigs of North Carolina rewarded the devotion of Badger by returning him at the first opportunity to the Senate. He was elected to fill a vacancy in 1846, and in 1848 reelected for a full term. In 1853 President Fillmore nominated him as a Judge of the United States Supreme Court, but the Senate refused to confirm the nomination. At the expiration of his term of office, he retired from public life, and devoted himself wholly to his profession. In February, 1861, when the proposition to hold a convention for the purpose of seceding from the Union was submitted to the people of his State, he consented to serve as a Union candidate if the convention should be called. The proposition was, however, defeated by the people; but when in May, 1861, the convention was finally called, he served in it as a representative from Wake County. He spoke ably in defence of the Union, and after the ordinance of secession was passed, was known as a member of the Conservative party: Mr. Badger was a vigorous speaker, but writing was ever irksome to him. "I will do any thing toward making speech," he would say, "but I cannot write." As a lawyer he was seldom surpassed. In debate he excelled in the precision with which he could draw a nice distinction. He was pos

sessed of a considerable vein of wit and humor, which, though perhaps dry and classical, was always effective, and the debates of the Senate prove that he was a man of profound research. .BALL, Rev. DYER, M. D., a Congregational clergyman and missionary of the A. B. C. F. M., born at West Boylston, Mass., June 3, 1796; died at Canton, China, March 27, 1866. When he was six years of age his family removed to Shutesbury, Mass., and during a revival of religion at Hadley, where he was temporarily residing, he became hopefully converted at the age of nineteen. His studies preparatory to the college course were pursued, in part, at Phillips Academy, and after two years at Yale College he was obliged to go South for his health. For a time he was tutor in a private family, near Charleston, S. C., and his collegiate education was not completed till 1826, when he graduated at Union College. In 1827 he was married to Miss Lucy Mills, of New Haven, Connecticut. He pursued theological studies for a time at New Haven, and afterward at Andover, and was licensed to preach in 1828, but was not ordained until 1831, at Shutesbury. In 1829 he was engaged in teaching a private school at St. Augustine, Florida; and in 1833 he was appointed an agent of the Home Missionary Society, to labor in that State. At this time, and during the whole of his ministry South, he was much engaged in labors for the good of the colored population. We next find him teaching in an academy in Charleston, S. C. In 1835, 1836, and 1837, in addition to other engagements, he pursued the study of medicine, with reference to foreign missionary work, and received the degree of M. D. from the medical institution in Charleston.

Dr. Ball is said to have been very popular and much beloved at the South, so that he was often urged to remain, and engage in evangelistic labors among the colored population. He was also eminently successful in teaching, and his financial prospects in his school were most promising, when he left it for labors as a missionary of the American Board in the far East. After coming North to go abroad, he was detained a year in consequence of the commercial crisis of that period, and during this time did something toward the acquisition of the Chinese language. He sailed, with his family and with several other missionaries, from Boston, May 25, 1838, and arrived at Singapore on the 17th of September following. For something less than two years he was stationed at Singapore, teaching, preaching, healing the sick, and superintending the printing of Chinese books." In June, 1841, he went to Macao, for a temporary change, on account of the illhealth of Mrs. Ball, and was providentially led to remain there until April, 1843, when he removed to Hong Kong. On the 6th of June, 1844, he was called to deep affliction by the death of his excellent wife. In 1845 he removed to Canton, and on the 26th of February,

1846, he was again married, to Miss Isabella Robertson, from Scotland, then engaged in missionary labors at Canton, who was his companion for the remainder of his life, and survives him. His medical services here were of great assistance in conciliating the people. He taught a small school of boys, and continued the superintendence of printing books and tracts in Chinese, while his "Almanac" was for many years a most acceptable publication. Taking a few medicines and tracts, he would mingle with the people, first on the banks of the river and on the ferries, and then extending his visits to the villages and markets. In this way he became widely known and respected.

In February, 1854, Dr. Ball sailed, with his family, for a visit to the United States, and was absent from China until March 23, 1857, when he reached Macao on his return. His constitution was already much broken, and he was ever after infirm, and suffered much from pain as well as weakness; but it was his choice to spend his declining years in the land of his adoption, where two of his daughters, also, engaged in the missionary work; and while infirmities multiplied and pressed upon him, he still did what he could. During the last seven years of his life, when not actually confined to his couch, he would slowly work his way downstairs, totter out to his little chapel, which opened on the street, and there, seated in his arm-chair, would distribute tracts and address a few words to the passers-by, working according to his strength. Few have carried into the missionary field more energy and devotion to the work than the subject of this sketch.

BANKS. The first bank under the present law authorizing the establishment of National Banks in the United States, was organized in June, 1863. At the close of 1866 the number in active operation exceeded sixteen hundred, with an aggregate paid-up capital of over four hundred millions, owned by more than two hundred thousand stockholders. The system has won the confidence of the people, and has furnished thus far a currency of uniform value in all parts of the country. It has superseded all existing State banking institutions, and places the entire control of the currency of the country in the hands of the Federal Government. It has also proved, during its short existence, to be a most important auxiliary in the financial operations of the Treasury Department. For Currency, Redemption, etc., see FINANCES U. S. The increase of national bank circulation in the United States has been as follows:

The national bank circulation, April, 1867, was $291,000,000
Legal tenders and small currency...

Total, April, 1867.
Deduct, on hand in the banks..

Net circulation, April, 1867..
Bank circulation, United States,
January, 1562, was..
Deduct, on hand in banks.

Increase in five years.

405,000,000 $696,000,000

128,000,000

$578,000,000

$188,000,000 25,000,000

$158,000,000

$415,000,000

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errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed]

CONDITION OF THE NATIONAL BANKS OF THE UNITED STATES, JANUARY 1, 1867.

[blocks in formation]

Totals.

135,857 250,453

$608,411,901 $18,861,138 $2,795,822 $2,852,345 $101,880,984 $92,492,446 $12,981,445 $448,193,438 $19,205,584 $1,176,142 $16,684,972 $81,925,100 $104,586,827 $1,506 448,245

43,110

1,812,263

5,830

1,461,860

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