did not apply to those ecclesiastics residing in Rome, and complained of this exclusion in their letter to the president of the council. The letter of Baron Ricasoli in reply bears date November 26th, and is as follows:

MONSIGNOR: I have only to-day received the letter which you have done me the honor to address to me from Rome, bearing date the 15th instant, on the subject of the recall of the bishops to their sees. This letter was doubly agreeable to me from the important reasons for which your lordships approve that measure, and in which I am happy to concur with you, and from the request that the permission to return to their dioceses conceded to the bishops by the circular of October 22d, should be also extended to the bishops residing at Rome, thus demonstrating your good-will and reverence toward the institutions and the laws under whose shadow you desire to live.

I rejoice that I anticipated your wishes in this matter, and interpreted your sentiments aright, by deciding on the same day as that on which your letter was dispatched, that the exception complained of Should be removed. Of this I believe your lordships will already have had full and official cogni

The government, therefore, no less earnestly than your lordships, desires that Italy may very soon enjoy the magnificent and imposing religious spectacle now afforded to the free citizens of the United States of America by the national council of Baltimore, wherein religious doctrines are freely discussed, and whose decisions, approved by the Pope, will be proclaimed and executed in every town and village without exequatur or placiti.

I therefore beg your lordships to consider that it is liberty which has produced this admirable spectacle-liberty, professed and respected by all, in principle and in fact, in its amplest application to civil, political, and social life. In the United States every citizen is free to follow the persuasion that he may think best, and to worship the Divinity in the form that may seem to him most appropriate. Side by side with the Catholic church rises the Protestant temple, the Mussulman mosque, the Chinese pagoda. Side by side with the Romish clergy the Generan consistory and the Methodist assembly exchange their office. This state of things generates neither confusion nor clashing. And why is this? Because no religion asks either special protection or privileges from the state. Each lives, develops, and is followed under the protection of the common law; and the law, equally respected by all, guarantees to all an equal liberty.

The Italian Government wishes to demonstrate as far as possible that it has faith in liberty, and is desirous of applying it to the greatest extent compatible with the interests of public order.

It therefore calls upon the bishops to return to their sees whence they were removed by those very motives of public order. It makes no conditions save the one incumbent upon every citizen who desires to live peaceably-namely, that he should confine himself to his own duty, and observe the laws. The state will insure that he be neither disturbed nor hindered; but let him not demand privileges if he wishes no bonds. The principle of every free state that the law is equal for all admits of no distinction of any kind.

The government would be glad to cast off all suspicion, and abandon every precaution; and if it does hot now wholly act up to this wish, it is because the

principle of liberty which it has adopted, and put into practice, is not equally adopted and practised by the clergy.

Let your lordships remark the difference between the condition of the church in America, and the condition of the church in Europe.

In those virgin regions the church is established amid a new society, but which carried with it from the mother country all the elements of civil life. Representing the purest and most sacred of the social elements, the religious feeling which sanctions right and sanctifies duty, and carries human aspirations far above all earthy things, the church has there sought only the empire pleasing to God-the empire of souls. Companion of liberty, the church has grown beneath its shelter, and has found all that sufficed for free development, and the tran quil and fecund exercise of its ministry. It has never sought to deny to others the liberty which it enjoyed, nor to turn to its exclusive advantage the institutions which protected it.

In Europe, on the other hand, the church arose with the decadence of the great empire that had subjugated the earth. It became constituted amid the political and social cataclysms of the barbarous ages, and was compelled to form an organization strong enough to resist the shipwreck of all civi lization amid the rising flood of brute force and violence.

But while the world, emerging from the chaos of the middle ages, reentered the path of progress marked out by God, the church impressed upon all having any relation with it the immobility of the dogma intrusted to its guardianship. It viewed with suspicion the growth of intelligence and multiplication of social forces, and declared itself the enemy of all liberty, denying the first and most incontestable of all, the liberty of conscience.

Hence arose the conflict between the ecclesiastical and civil power, since the former represented subjection and immobility, and the latter liberty and progress.

The conflict, from peculiar circumstances, has greater proportions in Italy, because the church, thinking that a kingdom was necessary to the independent exercise of its spiritual ministry, founded that kingdon in Italy. The ecclesiastical power, from the same reason, is here in contradiction, not only with the civil power, but national right.

From these causes originated the distrust and precaution described in my circular, which provoked your censure, but which were only dictated by necessity.

The bishops cannot be considered among us as simple pastors of souls, since they are, at the same time, the instruments and defenders of a power at variance with the national aspirations. The civil power is, therefore, constrained to impose those measures upon the bishops which are necessary to preserve its rights and those of the nation.

How is it possible to terminate this deplorable and perilous conflict between the two powers-between church and state?

Liberty can alone bring us to that happy state of things which your lordships consider so enviable in America. Let us "render unto Cæsar the thinks that are Cæsar's, and unto God the things that are God's," and peace between church and state will be troubled no more.

I desired to pay deference to these principles in removing the prohibition to the return of the bishops, and their residence in their sees. I believe that liberty is good in profession and practice, and, further, that it has the virtue of converting those who are called to enjoy its benefits.

I trust that your lordships, returning to your dioceses with the sincere sentiment of respect for the law expressed in your letter, among a people who wish to remain Catholic without relinquishing the rights and aspirations of the nation to which

they belong, will bless that liberty which protects them, and upon which the reconciliation of interests, hitherto appearing irreconcilable, can alone be based. RICASOLI.

On December 7th the following treaty was concluded between France and Italy, concerning the regulation of the Papal debt:

ART. 1. The proportional part belonging to Italy in the perpetual debt, and the redeemable one of the former States of the Church-to wit: For the Romagnas at the date of June 30, 1859, and for the Marches, Umbria, and Benevento at the date of September 30, 1860, the epochs of entrance into possession is recognized to amount, for the former to 7,892,985f., and for the latter to 7,337,160f., or together to 15,230,145f.

ART. 2. A sum of 1,468,617f. being already paid annually by the Italian Government to the holders of the stock of the perpetual debt of the said provinces, the new charge falling upon Italy, in virtue of the present convention, on account of the two species indicated in the preceding article is, and remains fixed at, the sum of 13,761,527f.

ART. 3. Italy takes, besides, to her charge the reimbursement of the interest due, calculated from the epochs before indicated, up to the 31st of December. The payment of these sums shall be effected in the following manner: The last three half-years, or 20,642,291f., shall be paid in specie on the 15th of

JAFFA, AMERICAN COLONY AT. (See MESSIAH, CHURCH OF.)

JAPAN, an empire in Eastern Asia. The name of the Mikado or Spiritual Emperor, who resides at Miaco, in the principality of Kioto, is only known by the Imperial princes. The residence of the Tycoon, or Temporal Regent, is Yeddo. The population is estimated at from 35 to 40 millions of inhabitants.

The Tycoon, Mina Motto, died at Osaca in September, of a disease resembling dropsy, unknown in Europe, but to which Japanese are liable, and which they call kake. His death was announced to the country by the following

official notification:

Kubosama having fallen sick, and the remedies used having failed of success, he departed this life at Osaka, on the 29th of August, at six o'clock in the morning. All building, and use of musical instruments are therefore to be intromitted. Shotsubashi Chiunagon, who had previously been appointed heir, is from the 29th of August styled Uyesama. This decree having been issued, you will take note thereof, and communicate it to all householders without exception. Given at the Government office, Tobe. In consequence of the intromission thus decreed, the war gates will be shut from six o'clock in the evening, and the side gates will be left open for passengers. The manushi and landlords will patrol day and night. In unoccupied lands, and where there exist no war gates, such are to be provided at once. In all the streets the shop curtains are to be taken down, the shutters on the left and right side to be let down, and perfect order to be kept. In the lands held of the Government, water-buckets, numbers corresponding to the length of frontage, are to be placed before the houses. Bath-houses, medical and ordinary, buckwheat shops, and other places where business requiring large fires is carried on, must close at six o'clock

ART. 5. In what concerns the life debt of the former States of the Church, the Italian Government will pay all the pensions regularly settled at the periods of the annexations to the holders belonging to the former Pontifical provinces, and residing in the kingdom of Italy.

ART. 6. The demands for reimbursement which Italy may have to make on the Holy See are reserved, as are reciprocally the claims which the Pontifical Government may have to address to Italy.

ART. 7. The Government of the Emperor of the French will produce, in the shortest delay possible, all the documents that will be necessary for the transfer to the Great Book of the Italian Debt of the inscriptions of the various kinds of Rente of which the Holy See is discharged in virtue of the present convention.

ART. 8. The present convention shall be ratified, and the necessary papers exchanged, within a delar of a week, or sooner if possible.

in the evening. Fights, quarrels, and other noisy proceedings must be carefully avoided. The above orders having been issued, you are requested to affix your seal in acknowledgment and return the circular after it has gone the round.

Mina Motto was followed in the Tycoonate by Stots-bashi, the son of Prince Nuto, and the head of the Gorogio (Council of State). The new Tycoon, or, as the title now stands, Shoogoon, was well spoken of as a man of great energy, imbued with liberal views, and the ablest among those families whose members are eligible to the Tycoonate. It was reported that he devoted his time to public business with an amount of intelligence and earnestness seldom if ever exhibited by rulers of Japan. He was to appear at the close of the year before a meeting of the great Damios having territorial rights of their own, and define his proposed policy to them. As he was in favor of faithfully carrying out the stipulations of the treaties with foreign powers, great benefits were expected to be deived from the meeting, and it was thought some definite course of action would be determined upon.

The new Tycoon applied to France for instructors in the reorganization of his army, The French Government agreed to his request, and, by the care of the Minister of War, a military mission was formed, which was directed to proceed to Japan. It is composed of five officers and ten non-commissioned officers, and is placed under the direction of Captain Chanoine, of the staff, who distinguished himself in the Chinese campaign. The other officers are M. Brunet, first lieutenant of artillery in the

Imperial Guard; M. Messelot, sub-lieutenant in the 20th Regiment of Foot-Chasseurs; M. Descharmes, sub-lieutenant in the Empress's Regiment of Dragoons; and M. Dubousquet, holding the same rank in the 31st Regiment of the Line. The members of this military mission embarked at Marseilles in December 1866. Their duty will be to organize the Tycoon's army, both as respects the matériel and the persons.

A civil war grew, in August 1866, out of the punishment which the United States. England, and France, conjointly inflicted on the Prince Negato, for his attacks on foreign vessels that passed through the Inland Sea, as the channel between the main island is styled. In the settlement of the case between the Tycoon and the foreigners, an indemnity was exacted from that ruler, who mulcted the Prince, who resisted the claim, and hence the war. Choshiu, Prince of Negato, being well provided with foreign implements of war, and having an army drilled on the European model, was enabled to gain many advantages over the Tycoon, who had failed to avail himself of the instruction of foreigners. On August 4th intelligence reached Yokohama from Osaca, to the effect that in three engagements the troops of the Tycoon had prevailed against those of Choshiu. The scene of the action was Oshimangoori, in the province of Soowo, one of the two provinces comprising the estate of Mori. The troops engaged on the side of the Tycoon were 5,000 or 6,000 men, under the command of Matsdaira Okino-kami, and some infantry and artillery (about 1,200) drilled in the European style. It appears that Simonosaki was occupied by the Tycoon's troops before the war began. Subsequent advices confirmed this news, and added that the Tycoon's troops occupied Óosima, and Choshiu's forces made an attack on the side of the Straits. They were, however, repulsed, but not before they had destroyed several towns. In the operations Choshiu lost two ships. The new Tycoon gained important advantages over Choshiu, and in December it was reported that the war had been stopped for the present by the Mikado, and that Choshiu obeyed the order, declaring that he had never fought against the Mikado, but against a party unjustly opposed to him.

In the latter months of the year the country was suffering from a deficiency in the rice crop, aggravated by the war, which caused that staff of Japanese life to rise in price to nearly threefold its ordinary value. Considerable discontent prevailed, and many rice riots occurred, in one of which the American minister, General Van Valkenburg, was stoned, and the British Consulate was also attacked with the same missives.

No importance, however, was at tached to the émeute by the General, or the British authorities. The Japanese officials were in nowise accountable for this last attack on foreigners, and the outrage was the work of a few ignorant and hungry people.

According to reports from Japan received in December, the Prince of Satsuma had sent a very large collection of curiosities and specimens of the produce of his province to the World's Fair at Paris. One of the firm of Glover & Co. had left Yokohama for Nangasaki, there to take charge of the prince's younger brothers on an expedition to Europe. Fourteen young Japanese gentlemen, in charge of the Rev. Mr. Lloyd, were to leave Yokohama, also bound to see the Paris Exhibition. Rev. Mr. Brown, American Missionary in Japan, also sent a number of Japanese youth to the United States, to be educated. They expect to remain in this country five or six years, that they may acquire a knowledge of our religion, institutions, arts, sciences, and laws. They are all men of official rank, belonging to the department of Statsuma. Their names are, Captains Shimada and Hisamats, and Lieutenants Chara, Kudo and Yostuda. Three of them are young men, and the other two are men in middle life.

On November 26th a great fire occurred at Yokohama, causing a loss of over $5,000,000. The town of Yokohama was almost entirely unknown by name to the outside world previous to the negotiations of the treaty between the United States and Japan-after the mission of the late Commodore Perry in 1853-existing only as a scattered commercial and export suburb of the great imperial capital, Jeddo. Since that time it has grown rapidly into notice, and at the moment of the great conflagration it maintained the same relation to Jeddo as the ports of Amoy and Hong-Kong do to the more inland industrial centre of China. Indeed, it may be said that Yokohama was built up for Japan within a dozen years by foreigners, particularly by Americans and English. The town is situated about twenty-three miles south of Jeddo, on the Gulf of Jeddo and the southeast coast of the island of Niphon. The course of trade and communication outward runs from Jeddo to Nangasaki and thence to Yokohama, the travel being reversed, from Yokohama inward, to persons coming from abroad. Its public buildings, temples, parks, and gardens are constructed and ornamented in the usual Japanese style; but considerably modernized by the introduction of improvements from abroad. The population of the city fluctuates to a very great extent, being made up at certain seasons, almost entirely by that portion of the seven hundred thousand citizens of Jeddo who are called down by the demands of trade and finance to meet the hundreds-sometimes thousands of foreigners who make it their temporary residence. It is estimated that the resident population of the town and the adjacent villas does not exceed ninety thousand persons. Yokohama is the residence of the United Sates and other foreign Consuls to the empire. Its stores and warehouses always contain a heavy stock of very expensive goods, the contents of the principal "shops" being roughly valued quite lately at £600,000, on which insurances to the extent of

£233,000 were effected-£163,000 of which was taken in London, and £70,000 in China. A treaty of commerce and navigation between Italy and Japan was signed on the 25th of August, and was to go into operation on January 1, 1867. On June 25th the Japanese Government made the following commercial convention with the governments of the United States, Great Britain, France, and Holland:

The representatives of Great Britain, France, the United States of America, and Holland, having received from their respective governments identical instructions for the modification of the tariff of import and export duties, contained in the trade regulations, annexed to the treaties concluded by the aforesaid powers with the Japanese Government in 1858, which modification is provided for by the 7th of those regulations:

And the Japanese Government having given the said representatives, during their visit to Osaka in November, 1865, a written engagement to proceed immediately to the revision of the tariff in question on the general basis of a duty of five per cent. on the value of all articles imported or exported: And the Government of Japan being desirous of affording a fresh proof of their wish to promote trade and to cement the friendly relations which exist between their country and foreign nations:

His Excellency Midzuno Idzumi no Kami, a member of the Gorojiu and a Minister of Foreign Affairs, had been furnished by the Government of Japan with the necessary powers to conclude with the representatives of the above-named four powers, that is to say: of Great Britain, Sir Harry S. Parkes, Knight Commander of the most honorable Order of the Bath, her Britannic Majesty's envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary in Japan; of France, Monsieur Leon Roches, commander of the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honor, minister plenipotentiary of his Majesty the Emperor of the French in Japan; of the United States of America, A. L. C. Portman, Esq., chargé d'affaires, ad interim; and of Holland, Monsieur Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek, Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, politi. cal agent and consul-general of his Majesty the King of the Netherlands. The following convention comprising twelve articles:

ART. 1. The contracting parties declare in the names of their respective governments that they accept, and they hereby do formally accept as binding on the citizens of their respective countries, and on the subjects of their respective sovereigns the tariff hereby established and annexed to the present convention. This tariff is substituted not only for the original tariff attached to the treaties concluded with the above-named four powers, but also for the special convention and arrangements relative to the same tariff which has been entered into at different dates up to this time between the Governments of Great Britain, France, the United States, and Holland on one side, and the Japanese Government on the other. The new tariff shall come into effect in the port of Kanagawa (Yokohama) on the 1st day of July next, and in the ports of Nangasika and Hakodate on the first day of the following month.

ART. 2. The tariff attached to this convention, being incorporated from the date of its signature in the treaties concluded between Japan and the above named four powers, is subject to revision on the 1st day of July, 1872. Two years, however, after the signing of the present convention any of the contracting parties, on giving six months' notice to the others, may claim a readjustment of the duties on tea and silk on the basis of five per cent. on the average value of those articles during the three years last preceding. On the demand, also, of any of the contracting parties, the duty on timber may be

changed from an ad valorem to a specific rate six months after the signature of this convention. sixth regulation attached to the above-named treatART. 3. The permit fee, hitherto levied under the ies, is hereby abolished. Permits for the lading or shipment of cargo will be required as formerly, but will hereafter be issued free of charge.

ART. 4. On and from the 1st day of July next, at the port of Kanagawa (Yokohama), and on and from the 1st day of October next, at the ports of Nangasaki, and Hakodate, the Japanese Government will be prepared to warehouse imported goods, on the applica tion of the importer or owner, without payment of duty. The Japanese Government will be responsible for the safe custody of the goods, so long as they re main in their charge, and will adopt all the precau tions necessary to render them insurable against fire. When the importer or the owner wishes to remove the goods from the warehouse, he must pay the du ties fixed by the tariff; but if he should wish to reexport them he may do so without payment of duty. Storage charges will in either case be paid on delir. ery of the goods. The amount of these charges, together with the regulations necessary for the management of said warehouses, will be established by the common consent of the contracting parties.

ART. 5. All articles of Japanese production may be conveyed from any place in Japan to any of the ports open to foreign trade, free of any tax or transit daty other than the usual tolls, levied equally on all traffic, for the maintenance of roads or navigation.

ART. 6. In conformity with those articles of the treaties concluded between Japan and foreign powers, which stipulate for the circulation of foreign coin at its corresponding weight in native coin of the same description, dollars have hitherto been received at the Japanese custom-house in payment of duties at their weight in boos (commonly called Itchiboos), that is to say, at a rate of 311 boos per 100 dollars. The Japanese government being, however, desirous to alter this practice and to abstain from all interference in the exchange of native for foreign coin, and being also anxious to meet the wants both of native and foreign commerce, by securing an ade quate issue of native coin, have already determined to enlarge the Japanese mint so as to admit of the Japanese government exchanging into native coin of the same intrinsic value, less only the cost of coinage, at the places named for this purpose, all foreign coin or bullion in gold or silver that may at any time be tendered to them by foreigners or Japanese. It being essential, however, to the execution of this measure, that the various powers with whom Japan has concluded treaties should first consent to modify the stipulations in those treaties which relate to the currency, the Japanese government will at once propose to those powers the adoption of the necessary modification in the said stipulations, and on receiv ing their concurrence, will be prepared from the 1st of January, 1868, to carry the above measure inta effect. The rates to be charged as the cost of coinage shall be determined hereafter, by the common coasent of the contracting parties.

ART. 7. In order to put a stop to certain abuses and inconveniences complained of at open ports rela tive to the transaction of business at the custom house, the landing and shipping of cargoes, and the hiring of boats, coolies, serrants, etc., the contract. ing parties have agreed that the governor at each open port shall at once enter into negotiations with the foreign consuls, with a view to the establishment, by mutual consent, of such regulations as shall effectually put an end to those abuses and inconveniences, and afford all possible facility and security both to the operations of trade and to the transactions of individuals. It is hereby stipulated, that, in order to protect merchandise from exposure to weather, these regulations shall include the covering in at each port of one or more of the landing places used by foreigners for landing or shipping cargo.

ART. 8. Any Japanese subject shall be free to purchase, either in the open ports of Japan or abroad, every description of sailing or steam vessel intended to carry either passengers or cargo; but ships of war may only be obtained under the authorization of the Japanese Government. All foreign vessels purchased by Japanese subjects shall be registered as Japanese vessels, on payment of a fixed duty of three boos per ton for steamers, and one boo per ton for sailing vessels. The tonnage of each vessel shall be proved by the foreign register of the ship, which shall be exhibited through the consul of the party interested, on the demand of the Japanese authorities, and shall be certified by the consul as authentic.

ART. 9. In conformity with the treaties concluded between Japan and the aforesaid powers and with the special arrangements made by the envoys of the Japanese government, in their note to the British government of the 6th of June, 1862, and in their note to the French government of the 6th of October of the same year, all the restrictions on trade and intercourse between foreigners and Japanese alluded to in the said notes, have been entirely removed, and proclamations to this effect have been published by the government of Japan. The latter, however, do not hesitate to declare that Japanese merchants and traders of all classes are at liberty to trade directly, and without the interference of government officers, with foreign merchants, not only at the open ports of Japan, but also in all foreign countries, on being authorized to leave their country in the manner provided for in Article 10 of the present convention, without being subject to higher taxation by the Japanese government than that levied on the native trading classes of Japan in their ordinary transactions with each other. And they further declare that all Daimios, or persons in the employ of Daimios, are free to visit, on the same condition, any foreign country, as well as all the open ports of Japan, and to trade there with foreigners as they please, without the interference of any Japanese officer, provided always they submit to the existing police regulations and to the payment of the established duties.

ART. 10. All Japanese subjects may ship goods to or from any open port in Japan, or to and from the ports of any foreign power, either in vessels owned by Japanese, or in the vessels of any nation having a treaty with Japan. Furthermore, on being provided with passports through the proper department of the government, in the manner specified in the proclamation of the Japanese government dated the 3d day of May, 1866, all Japanese subjects may travel to any foreign country for purposes of study or trade. They may also accept employment in any capacity on board the vessels of any nation having a treaty with Japan. ART. 11. The government of Japan will provide all the ports open to foreign trade with such lights, buoys, and beacons as may be necessary to render secure the navigation of the approaches to the said

ports.

ART. 12. The undersigned being of opinion that it is unnecessary that this convention should be submitted to their respective governments for ratification before it comes into operation, it will take effect on and from the 1st day of July, 1866. Each of the contracting parties having obtained the approval of his governinent to this convention shall make known the same to the others, and the communication in writing of this approval shall take the place of a formal exchange of ratifications. In witness whereof the above-named plenipotentiaries have signed the present convention, and have aflixed thereto their

seals.

man, Chargé d'Affaires a. i. of the United States, in Japan; De Graeff van Polsbroek, Politick_Agent en Consul Generaal der Nederlanden, in Japan; Midzuno Idzumi no Kami.

JAMAICA, ISLAND OF.

The occurrences of the latter part of the year 1865-the riot of the blacks at Morant Bay, and the killing of a number of white men by the rioters, followed by the proclamation of martial law by Governor Eyre, and an indiscriminate slaughter of the blacks, awakened such an excitement throughout England, that the British Government was compelled to take steps for an immediate and searching inquiry into the conduct of the Jamaica authorities. Accordingly, a royal commission was appointed, composed of Sir Henry Storks, Governor of Malta, Mr. Russell Gurney, M. P., the Recorder of London, and Mr. J. B. Maule, the Recorder of Leeds, to whom was intrusted the task of conducting the investigation. It was at the same time arranged that, pending the inquiry, Sir Henry Storks should act as Governor of Jamaica, in the stead of Governor Eyre, who was suspended from office. The commission was charged to inquire into the origin of the outbreak of October, 1865, and the circumstances attending its suppression, and at the same time to ascertain, if possible, whether there was any ground for the statement made by Governor Eyre that a disloyal and rebellious spirit existed among the blacks throughout the island. The commissioners arrived in Jamaica in the month of January, and commenced their labors at Spanish Town, on the 25th February; the delay being occasioned by the necessity for a special session of the island Legislature to pass a law compelling the attendance of witnesses to give evidence before the commission. They sat day by day for forty-eight days, during which time they examined several hundreds of witnesses-among them, Governor Eyre, and all the principal civil and military authorities who took an active part in the suppression of the disturbances. On the conclusion of their labors, Messrs. Gurney and Maule returned to England, and shortly after their arrival there, the report of the commissioners, which was quite a lengthy document, was presented to Parliament. From the report it appeared that during the disturbances 439 persons were put to death, either by hanging or shooting, 1,000 cottages of the peasantry burned down by the soldiers, and 600 persons flogged, many of whom were women. The conclusions arrived at by the commissioners were briefly: that the disturbances were owing to a planned resistance to lawful authority; that the causes leading to it were manifold, but principally a desire to obtain land without rent, want of confidence in the legal tribunals in disputes affecting the negroes, personal hostility, and a wish on the part of some of the blacks for the death or expulsion of the conceived in the parish of St. Thomas in the whites; that although the original design was east, it spread with singular rapidity over the island, so that had more than a momentary suc