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ever it occurs in that instrument, and by substituting the word "persons" for "citizens of the United States," in section 1 of Article III.; and also by adding to section 5 of Article II. the following words:

Nor shall any person who has been, or may hereafter be, guilty of treason against the United States or this State, nor any person who has absconded, or may hereafter abscond, for the purpose of avoiding any military conscription or draft ordered by the authority of the United States or this State, be entitled to the privilege of an elector, or qualified to hold any office under the constitution and laws of this State. In order that the provisions of this section may be effectually enforced, the Legislature may by law prescribe a suitable oath, to be taken under such limitations as it may deem proper, by persons offering to qualify for office or to vote, to the effect that they are not subject to the disabilities of this section.

In accordance with the constitutional provision these amendments were referred to the next Legislature, which meets in January, 1868. Should they be adopted by that body, they will go to the people for ratification at the October election in the same year.

The completion of the railroad system commenced some years ago in Iowa is very essential to the development of the resources of the State, and during 1866 the work on the several lines destined to connect the East and the West was prosecuted with great energy. Council Bluffs, on the Missouri River, opposite Omaha, the starting-point of the Union Pacific road, will probably be the terminus of no fewer than four railroads, the Chicago and Northwestern, the old Mississippi and Missouri River (now the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad), the Burlington and Missouri River, and the Council Bluff and St. Joseph, all of which will probably be in running order in 1868. The three first named traverse the State from east to west; the last directly connects Council Bluffs with the railroad system of Missouri. In August the Des Moines Valley road, connecting the capital of the State with Keokuk, on the Mississippi, was completed, and but a few miles are now wanting to make a complete line of railway between the Atlantic seaboard and Western Nebraska. These roads have received, in aid of their construction, valuable grants of land from Congress, on condition that they should be completed within a specified time. As this was supposed to be difficult, if not impossible, a joint-resolution was adopted by the Legislature, at its last session, asking from Congress an extension of time for completing the roads, and permission for the Legislature to control the land. The same Legislature also memorialized Congress in behalf of a land grant in aid of the Iowa Central Railroad, which is intended to connect the railroad systems of Minnesota and Missouri, and thus complete a great chain of roads, extending from the lakes on the north to the Gulf of Mexico, of which the northern terminus will be Superior City, and the southern Galveston, Texas.

From the records in the office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction it appears that

at the close of 1866 the total number of persons in Iowa, between the ages of five and twentyone, was 348,498; males, 180,197; females, 168,361; number of schools, 5,900; number of teachers, males, 2,673; females, 6,670; average weekly compensation for males $8.40; for females, $5.94; average cost of tuition for each pupil per week, 38 cents; aggregate amount paid teachers, $1,006,623; value of schoolhouses, $2,837,757; school-houses, 5,009, of which 382 are brick, 163 stone, 3,766 frame, and 698 log houses; school-houses built during the year, 374; increase over 1865, in attendance at school, 24,234; increase in the number of teachers, 523; increase in the amount paid teachers, $149,897. The university of Iowa is established at Iowa City, 60 miles west of the Mississippi River, and occupies the building formerly used as the capitol of the Territory, and of the State, until the removal of the capital to Des Moines, and which was erected by. the Federal Government, at a cost of $125,000. The State has been liberal in its material aid, and has added, at a large outlay, two additional structures. The institution is in a flourishing condition, the average attendance during the last year having been over eight hundred, including the normal school. The plan of educating the sexes together in a collegiate institution prevails here. Measures have been taken to dispose of the remaining lands granted to the State for the establishment of a State Agricultural College, and the necessary buildings are to be completed by January 1, 1868, They are erected on a farm of 648 acres, located in Story County, for which the State gave $10,000. The original amount of land granted by the General Government for university purposes was 240,000 acres. When the grant is converted into available funds, the annual income will be about $30,000, which is to be an endowment fund, set apart for the sole purpose of teaching.

Iowa is now undergoing a geological survey by C. A. White, State Geologist, assisted by C. Childs and Prof. Hinrichs, of the State University. They have commenced at the southwest corner of the State, and are required to furnish periodical reports of their labors to the public press. Contrary to general expectation, no considerable traces of petroleum have yet been discovered, and Mr. White is of opinion that boring for it will prove a fruitless enterprise.

The elections in Iowa in 1866 were for the purpose of filling the offices of Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, Register of the Land Office, Attorney-General, Reporter and Clerk of the Supreme Court, and also of choosing a delegation of six Congressmen to represent the State in the Fortieth Congress. The Republican State Convention met at Des Moines on June 20th, and nominated the following candidates: For Secretary of State, Colonel Edward Wright; State Treasurer, Major S. E. Rankin; State Auditor, J. A. Elliott; Register of the State Land Office, Colonel C. C. Carpenter; Attor

ney-General, T. E. Bissell; Reporter of the Supreme Court, E. H. Stiles; Clerk of the Supreme Court, Charles Lindeman. Among the resolutions adopted were the following in reference to the grave political questions before the country:

Resolved, That the first and highest duty of our free Government is to secure to all its citizens, regardless of race, religion, or color, equality before the law, equal protection from it, equal responsibility to it; and to all that have proved their loyalty by their acts, an equal voice in making it.

Resolved, That the reconstruction of the States lately in rebellion belongs, through their Representatives in Congress, to the people who have subdued the rebellion and preserved the nation, and not to the Executive alone.

Resolved, That we heartily approve of the joint resolution lately passed by the Senate and House of Representatives in Congress assembled, proposing to the Legislatures of the several States an additional article by way of amendment to the Federal Constitution; and that we pledge the ratification of that amendment by the Legislature of loyal Iowa.

Resolved, That, in the firm and manly adherence of the Union party in Congress to the above principles, we recognize new guaranties of the safety of the nation; and we hereby pledge to Congress our continued and earnest support.

Other resolutions advocated the enforcement of the Monroe doctrine, favored the equalization of bounties to the soldiers, and condemned dishonesty and carelessness in every department of the public service.

On the 28th of June a convention of "Conservative Republicans" assembled at Des Moines, and was called to order by General Benton, the candidate of that party and of the Democrats for Governor at the election of 1865. A preamble and resolutions, reported by a committee of which General Benton was chairman, were then adopted. The preamble recited that the members of the convention, being unable to cooperate with the radical and dominant element of the Republican party in the political measures which it had initiated, had decided to establish a political association to be known as the National Union party. The following are the essential principles on which the new organization was declared to stand:

We hold that the Constitution of the United States is the palladium of our liberty, and that any departure from its requirements by the legislative, executive or judicial departments of the Government is subversive of the fundamental principles of our republican institutions.

Repudiating the Radical doctrine of State rights and secession on the one hand, and centralization of Federal authority on the other, as equally dangerous, and believing that no State can secede, and the war having been prosecuted on our part, as expressly declared by Congress itself, to defend and maintain the supremacy of the Constitution, and to preserve the Union inviolate, with all its dignity and equality and the rights of the States unimpaired. The Federal arms having been victorious, we hold that all the States are still in the Union and entitled to equal rights under the Constitution, and that Congress has no power to exclude a State from the Union, to govern it as a Territory, or to deprive it of representation in the councils of the nation, when its Representatives have been elected and qualified in accordance with the Constitution and laws of the land.

While we fully concede to the Federal Government the power to enforce obedience to the Constitution, and laws enacted in conformity with it, and to punish those who resist its legitimate authority in the

several States, we believe that the maintenance inviolate of the rights of the States, and especially of the right of each State to order and control its own domestic institutions, according to its own judgment exclusively, is essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our political feeedom depends.

We hold that each State has the right to prescribe the qualifications of its electors, and we are opposed to any alterations of the provisions of our State institution on the subject of suffrage.

We cordially indorse the restoration policy of President Johnson as wise, patriotic, constitutional, and in harmony with the loyal sentiment and purlion, with the platform upon which he was elected, poses of the people in the suppression of the rebelwith the declared policy of the late President Lincoln, the action of Congress, and the pledges given during the war.

We regard the action of Congress in refusing to admit loyal Representatives from States recently in rebellion as unwarranted by the Constitution, and calculated to complicate rather than adjust our national troubles.

The ratification, by the Legislatures of the several States, of the amendment to the Constitution of the United States for the abolition of slavery settles that vexed question and meets our hearty approval. Constitution of the United States until all the States We are opposed to any further amendments to the are represented in Congress and have a vote in making the same.

candidates for State officers: Secretary of State, The convention then nominated the following Colonel S. G. Van Ananda; Treasurer, General George A. Stone; Auditor, Captain R. W. Cross; Register, S. P. McKennie; Attorney-General, Captain W. Bolinger; Supreme Court Reporter, Captain J. W. Limute; Clerk, Louis Kinzey.

The Democratic Convention met at Des

Moines on July 11th, and adopted resolutions reaffirming adherence to Democratic principles, in favor of the policy of President Johnson, and pledging him the support of the Democrats of Iowa; in favor of the immediate admission of the rebellious States, and in favor of union with tion of the United States bonds; against a any body for this purpose; in favor of the taxatariff; against the prohibitory liquor law; in favor of the Monroe doctrine; in favor of the Philadelphia Convention; in favor of pensions and bounties to soldiers, and in favor of the late Fenian movement.

After some discussion the convention decided to support the candidates nominated by the Conservative Republicans, with the exception of those for Reporter and Clerk of the Supreme Court, in whose places they substituted the names of T. J. Stoddard and J. F. Gottschalk. The political canvass was conducted here as elsewhere with great animation, and the election, which took place on October 9th, resulted largely in favor of the Republicans. The following was the vote for Secretary of State:

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The total vote, 147,124, was much the largest ever cast in the State, exceeding the vote of 1865, for Governor, 22,257; and that of 1864, for President, 10,533. The remaining candidates on the Republican ticket were elected by majorities about equal to that of Wright. The following was the result of the election for members of Congress:

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Rep. maj.
5,891

7,037

6,080

4.898

Thompson... 8,958 ... 6,072

The Legislature holds over from 1865, and is largely Republican in both branches. At the session of 1866 Samuel J. Kirkwood was chosen to fill the unexpired term, ending in 1867, of Senator Harlan, who had resigned his seat in the United States Senate to accept the office of Secretary of the Interior. For the term ending in 1873, Senator Harlan was reëlected.

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The merchant navy, in 1864, consisted of 13,223 vessels having an aggregate tonnage of 678,598.

In the Italian Chamber of Deputies, on January 22d, the Minister of Finance, Scialoja, made his financial statement, which confirmed the statement of his predecessor respecting the condition of the public treasury. After the 5,002 payment of the half-yearly interest on the public debt on the 1st Jan., the balance in the treasury was 70,000,000. By means of the treasury bills in circulation, the balance of the loan of 425 millions of lire, and the proceeds of the sale of the state railways, the public expenses are provided for for the ensuing year, including the payment of the half-yearly interest on the public debt, falling due on the 1st of January, 1867. The minister spoke against loans and other extraordinary expedients, saying that the revenue and expenditure must be balanced by taxes and reduction. The ordinary expenditure for 1866 was 928,000,000 lire. M. Scialoja denied all rumors of an intended reduction of the interest on the public debt. The minister Sella had announced reductions to the amount of 30,000,000, but Signor Scialoja said he would extend them to 55,000,000, 30,000,000, of which would be effected in the war and navy departments. He announced the suppression of the office of sub-prefects and other reforms. The deficit, amounting to 211,000,000, would be covered partly by increasing the existing taxes and partly by creating new ones. He proposed a new classification of the direct taxes, and also that octrols should be applied to flours and oils. He would also maintain the reforms relative to the registration stamp, as proposed by Signor Sella. The deficit would thus be reduced to 80,000,000. IIe limits the authority of the communes to impose additional centimes on the tax on landed property, and proposes that they should have the power to. increase some other taxes, among which are those on doors and windows. The minister also spoke of intended reforms in the system of public accounts, and ultimately demanded that the chamber should prolong the provisional budget for two more months. The latter demand was granted by the Chamber on February 24th, and on April 26th it was again prolonged for three months.

ITALY, a kingdom in Southern Europe. King Victor Emmanuel, March 14, 1820, succeeded his father as King of Sardinia, on March 23, 1849; assumed the title of King of Italy on March 17, 1861. Heir-apparent to the throne, Prince Humbert, born March 14, 1844. Ministry was appointed on June 20th and 28th, composed as follows: Interior, Baron Bettino Ricasoli, President of the Ministry; Foreign Affairs, Emilio Visconti Venosta; Worship and Justice, Francesco Borgatti; War, Effisio Cugia (August 1866); Finances, Antonio Scialoja; Public Instruction, Domenico Berti; Public Works, Dr. Stefano Jacini; Navy, Agostino Depretis; Commerce, Industry, and Agriculture, Fillippo Cordova. American Minister at Florence, George P. Marsh (appointed 1861); Italian Minister in Washington, Giuseppe Bertinatti (1864). Before the German-Italian War, Italy had an area of 98,064 English square miles, and, according to the census of January 1, 1862, a population of 21,776,953. The treaty of peace concluded with Austria, gave to Italy the whole of Venetia, increasing its area to 118,356 square miles, and its population to 24,263,320. In the budget for the year 1866, the receipts were estimated at 794,094,162 lire (1 lira 19 cents), and the expenditures at 911,116,320 lire. Deficit, 117,022,157. The public debt amounted, on December 31, 1865, to 5,287,582,451 lire (nominal value of capital). The army, in 1866, was 222,321 men on the peace footing, and 494,800 men on the war footing. The number of war-vessels was, in July 1866, 104, armed with 1321 guns. (The number of ironclads was 24, armed with 448 guns.) The official value of the special commerce, in 1864, was as follows:-Imports 835,12,042; exports 405,558,887; transit 60,352, 165. The imports of Venice, in 1863, amounted to 49,164,007; and exports to 29,702,859 lire. The movement of shipping (inclusive of coasting vessels), in 1864, was as follows:

The election of Mazzini to the Chamber of Deputies for Messina gave rise to stormy debates, which, on March 22d, resulted in the annulment of his election by 191 votes against 107, four members abstaining from voting. At a new election, Mazzini was again chosen; but the Chamber of Deputies, on June 18th, once more annulled the election by 146 votes against 45.

A dispatch from General La Marmora, dated January 11th, declared that "the reestablishment of regular relations with Austria could

thus were preserved intact the right
of the nation
and the dignity of the crown and of Parliament, in
order that Europe might understand what was due
to Italy. Austria suddenly reenforcing her troops
upon our frontier, and provoking us by her hostile
and threatening attitude, has come to disturb the
pacific task of the reorganization of the kingdom. I
have replied by again taking up arms, and you have
afforded the world the grand sight of hastening with
promptitude and enthusiasm into the army to enlist
among the volunteers. Nevertheless, when friendly
powers endeavored to settle the difficulties by a con
gress, I gave a last pledge of my feelings to Europe,
refused, this time rejecting negociations and all
and hastened to accept the proposal. Austria again
agreement, affording thus a fresh proof that if she
confides in her strength she does not rely equally
upon the goodness of her cause and of her right,
You, also, Italians, may trust in your strength, look.
navy; but you may rely still more firmly upon the
sacredness of your right, whose triumph is hence-
forth infallible. We are supported by the judgment
of public opinion and by the sympathy of Europe,
which knows that Italy, independent and secure in
order. Italians, I hand over the government of the
her territory, will become a guaranty for peace and

not be admitted except as a starting-point toward the solution of the Venetian question." The complications between Austria and Prussia naturally led to negotiations by Italy with Prussia for the conclusion of a defensive and offensive alliance. On March 9th, the government gave to its representative in Berlin instructions to sign the alliance with Prussia. On April 29th, General La Marmora issued a circular dispatch stating that while Italy was in a state of perfect quiet and the army on the peace footing, Austria had made threatening armaments in Italy, and had thereby compelled the Italian Government to make the necessary preparations for war. On April 30th, the Chamber of Deputies, by a unanimous vote save one, authorized the government, until the ending with pride upon your valiant army and strong of July, to meet all the expenses which were necessary for the defence of the country, by extraordinary means. This was supplemented by another resolution (May 9th) authorizing the government, until the end of July, to provide by royal decrees for the defence and safety of the state. The government, besides putting the regular army on the war footing, authorized the enrolment of volunteers and the mobilization of the national guard. The volunteers were placed under the chief command of General Garibaldi, who accepted the command by the following letter:

CAPRERA, May 11th.

M. LE MINISTRE: I accept with true gratitude the dispositions which you have taken and his majesty has sanctioned relative to the volunteer corps. I am thankful to you for the trust you manifest in me in giving me the command; and you will be good enough to express to the king my sentiments. I hope soon to cooperate with our glorious army in accomplishing the destinies of the country. I thank you for your courtesy in making this communication to me-accept, etc.

(Signed)

G. GARIBALDI.

On June 18th, Italy declared war against Austria, and on June 20th, the king issued the following manifesto:

Seven years have already passed since Austria attacked my States because I had supported the common cause of the country in the councils of Europe. I took up the sword to defend my throne, the liberty of my people, the honor of the Italian name, and to fight for the rights of the nation. Victory was in favor of right. The valor of the army, the aid of the volunteers, the concord and wisdom of the people, and the assistance of a magnanimous ally, gained the almost complete independence and liberty of Italy. Supreme reasons, we were obliged to respect, prevented us from at that time accomplishing that just and glorious enterprise. One of the noblest provinces of Italy, united by the desires of the population to my crowu, and which its heroic resistance and continual protest against foreign dominion rendered especially dear and sacred to us, remained in the hands of Austria. Though sorrowful at heart, I abstained from troubling Europe, which desired peace. My Government occupied itself with improving the work of interior organization, with opening sources of public prosperity, and with fortifying the country by land and by sea, awaiting a favorable opportunity to accomplish the independence of Venetia. Al though waiting was not without danger, nevertheless we understood how to keep shut within our hearts our feelings as Italians, and our just impatience; and

state to Prince Carignan, and again take up the
eagles of Getta and Marengo, of Palestro and San
Martino; I feel that I shall accomplish the vows made
at the tomb of my high-minded father; I wish to be
once more the first soldier of Italian independence.
(Signed)
VICTOR EMMANUEL.

The king also issued a proclamation to the
National Guard, which says:

I leave the regency of the kingdom to the Prince of Carignan to fight anew the final battles for the liberty and independence of Italy. While our forces by land and sea secure the rights of the nation against threats and provocations of Austria, you will keep the nation organized and arranged, in order that it may strengthen her liberties and secure respect for the laws, thus preparing itself worthy for the glorious future which awaits us. It is you who have constituted the nation by your will. Preserve it intact now by discipline and arms.

Citizens, I confidently intrust to you the guardianvoice of Italy calls. ship of public security and order. I go where the VICTOR EMMANUEL

For the progress of military operations, s the article GERMAN-ITALIAN WAR. The following are the most important points of the treaty of peace which was concluded on October 3d:

From the day on which the ratifications of the treaty are exchanged perpetual peace and friendship shall exist between his majesty the King of Italy and his majesty the Emperor of Austria, their heirs and successors, their states and subjects.

The conditions stipulated at Cormons for the recip rocal restitution of Austrian and Italian prisoners of war are maintained.

The Emperor of the French having declared in the Treaty of Vienna, on the 24th of August, that so far as he is concerned Venetia is acquired for Italy, his majesty the Emperor of Austria consents to the union of Venetia with Italy in the form determined by the Austro-French Treaty of Vienna above mentioned. The frontiers of the Venetian provinces ceded to Italy are the administrative frontiers of the said provinces under Austrian domination.

A military commission instituted by the high contracting parties will be deputed to trace out the boun dary lines with the shortest possible delay. The ter ritories which are still occupied by the imperial and royal troops by virtue of the armistice concluded on the 12th August last, will be evacuated by those troops after the ratification of peace, and the s

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