the General Baptists. A committee of three was appointed to raise funds for the establishment of a biblical school which will be located in the State of New York. The organs of the denomination, being three in number (the Herald of Gospel Liberty, Newburyport, Mass.; the Gospel Herald, and the Sunday-School Herald, Dayton, Ohio), were recommended to the attention of the members, and it was also resolved to establish a Quarterly and an Annual Register. The use of tobacco, in any form, and the use of intoxicating liquors, as a beverage or for sacramental purposes, was censured. The new hymn-book in use in the New England churches was recommended for general introduction. The committee on the state of the country made the following report, which was adopted:

Four years of war, in which more than half a million of human lives were sacrificed; more than a million persons maimed; uncounted multitudes wasted by disease or brutal imprisonment, or cruel starvation, in which thousands of homes, once prosperous and happy, were made the abodes of widows and orphans; in which large portions of our fairest lands were laid waste, and our commercial, social, and religious enterprises embarrassed; in which capital enough was wasted to have purchased, at Richmond prices, every slave in the land, and to have endowed all the schools and colleges in the world; thus four years of terrible war were dealt out to us as the wages of our injustice. We recognized the hand of the righteous God in these chastisements brought upon us for our complicity with the crime of human slavery. We rejoice in the favor of Him who has given victory to our arms and liberty to the enslaved. The military tribunal before which our case was forced by the enemies of our Government and their allies, having decided the physical issue of the great contest, now passes the whole question of moral right with all its responsibilities over to the proper authorities of the loyal people for final adjudication.

This convention believes that Congress and not the Executive should lay down its basis of peace, to be enforced in the reconstruction of the late rebel

States. We believe that the control of the Govern

ment should be forever secured to the loyal people who came to its support and relief in its hour of peril, and that those who, in perjury and treason, inaugura ted the rebellion, murdered and starved our soldiers, plundered and burned our cities, robbed our treasury and threatened our national existence, should be unconditionally excluded from the right of franchise, and required to give suitable pledges for future good behavior. We therefore declare:

1. That we favor the adoption of the Constitutional Amendment proposed by the Thirty-ninth Congress, and do hereby pledge our united influence in behalf of the loyal Congress, as against the corruption and usurpation of the Executive.

2. That we are in favor of impartial suffrage as the inalienable right of all good citizens.

The committee on colleges and schools made favorable reports on the condition of the Wolfborough Seminary in New Hampshire, Le Grand Institute in Iowa, Antioch College in Ohio, Union Christian College in Indiana, and Starkey Seminary in New York. The original platform of the denomination, namely: "That the name Christian is the only name of distinction which we take, and by which we, as a denomination, desire to be known, and the Bible as our only rule of faith and practice," was uni

versally reaffirmed. The Executive Board of the General Conference was instructed to pur chase the Western Christian Publishing Association, and strike from its name the word "Western." The same board was authorized to negotiate for the purchase of the Herald of Gospel Liberty, published at Newburyport, Massachusetts.*

A convention of members of this denomination in the Southern States ("Southern Christian Convention") was held at Mount Auburn, N. C., on May 2, 1866. This meeting passed a resolution requesting every family and church to make a contribution, averaging fifty cents to each member, for the establishment of a publishing concern. A publishing committee was appointed to recommence the publication of the Christian Sun, the organ of the Southern churches, at Suffolk, Va., and to put to press at an early day the declaration of principles and history of the church, and a new hymn-book, now being compiled. The Christian Sun ceased to exist soon after the commencement of hostilities. The printing establishment at Suffolk was entirely destroyed during the war, and all the funds collected for a book-concern, and deposited in the banks, were lost.

CHURCH OF GOD (also called WINEBRENNERIANS), a religious denomination organized in 1830 by the Rev. John Winebrenner. According to the belief of this denomination, there are three positive ordinances of perpetual standing in the church, viz., baptism, feet washing, and the Lord's supper; two things are essential to the validity of baptism, viz., faith and immersion; the ordinance of feet washing is ob ligatory upon all Christians; the Lord's supper should be often administered, to Christians only, in a sitting posture, and always in the evening. meet annually. A general eldership, consisting The church is divided into elderships, which of delegates from the annual elderships, is held every three years. The eighth triennial general eldership was held at Decatur, Illinois, on May 31, 1866, and the following days. The following elderships were represented: East Pennsylvania, West Pennsylvania, East Ohio, West Ohio, Indiana, Southern Indiana and Illinois, Iowa, German, Michigan. A. F. Shoemaker was elected speaker. A letter was read from Texas, giving a statement of the rise and progress of the Church of God in that State, the annual eldership of which State, in 1861, seceded from the general eldership on account of the anti-slavery position taken by the latter body. A motion made to recognize the Texas eldership was lost, and the letter was referred to the board of missions. The general eldership recognized Centralia College in Kansas as an institution of the church, and resolved to estab lish another college in Ohio, West Pennsylvania, Indiana, or Illinois. The subscription list of the weekly denominational organ, the Church Advocate (published at Lancaster, Pa.), was re

*See "Minutes of the U. S. Quadrennial Christian Conference." Dayton, 1866.

66

ported to be 2,700, and the board of publication was conditionally authorized to publish a monthly Sunday-school paper, to commence the 1st day of January, 1867. J. F. Weishampel was authorized to publish a German paper. A series of resolutions on loyalty, against slavery, and in favor of equal rights of all men, irrespective of color, were adopted. It was resolved that the executive board be instructed to apply to the Legislature of Ohio for an act of incorporation of the general eldership of the Church of God in North America." The next triennial meeting is to be held in Lancaster, Pa., in May, 1869. The brethren of Kansas were authorized to form themselves into an eldership, if they deem it practicable. At the annual meeting of the Texas eldership, held in 1866, a desire was expressed to reunite with the general eldership, but no definite resolutions were adopted.

CLAY, CLEMENT COMER, an American statesman, born in Halifax County, Va., December 17, 1789, died at Huntsville, Ala., September 9, 1866. He was the son of William Clay, an officer of the Revolutionary army, who after the close of the war removed with his family to Granger County, Tenn. Young Clay completed his education at the University at Knoxville, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1809, soon after which he removed to Huntsville, Alabama (then a territory), where he resided until his death. His legal attainments were such that he rapidly built up a good and lucrative practice, but in 1813, upon the commencement of the troubles with the Creek Indians, he volunteered as a private soldier in the army. In 1817 he was elected a member of the territorial council; two years after was appointed one of the Judges of the Circuit Court, and in 1820 Chief Justice of that Court, which position he resigned in 1823. In 1828 he was sent to the State Legislature and chosen Speaker. The following year he was elected to represent the State in the lower branch of Congress, and occupied his seat until 1835, in which year he was chosen Governor of Alabama, serving two years. Before the expiration of his term he was called to the United States Senate, where he served until the close of the extra session of 1841, when sickness in his family induced him to resign. From that time he devoted himself to the practice of his profession and lived in comparative retirement. During the war he remained quietly at home, rather as a spectator of passing scenes than taking any part in them. CLEAVELAND, ELISHA LORD, D. D., an eminent Congregational clergyman, born at Topsfield, Essex County, Mass, April 25, 1806, died in New Haven, Conn., February 16, 1866. He was the youngest son of Dr. Nehemiah Cleaveland, a distinguished physician of Topsfeld, and, until about sixteen years of age, reained at home working upon the farm and attending the common school. He then began his preparation for college at Dummer Academy, in the neighboring town of Newbury, a VOL. VI.-8

A

well-known institution then under the care of his eldest brother. In his nineteenth year he entered Bowdoin College, where his distinguished relative, Professor Parker Cleaveland, was then in the height of his celebrity and usefulness. He graduated in 1829, and during the last year of his course was hopefully converted. From the college at Brunswick he entered the Theological Seminary at Andover, and during his third year was licensed to preach. In January, 1833, attracted by the fame of the late Dr. Taylor, he entered Yale Seminary with the intention of continuing his studies another year, but, on the second Sabbath after, he was invited to supply the pulpit of the Third Congregational Church, made vacant by the dismission of the pastor, and was speedily chosen to the pastorate. In July of that year he was ordained, and under his wise and skilful administration the church greatly increased in numbers and power, and became finally one of the leading churches in the denomination in that city. Thoroughly conservative by the natural constitution of his mind and his early training, Dr. Cleaveland took decided ground against what were denominated the New School views of Drs. Taylor and Fitch, but his position on those questions was also compatible with dignity and courtesy toward those who differed from him in opinion, holding their friendship while discarding their theological views. When it became necessary to erect a new church edifice, he exerted himself to the utmost to raise the necessary funds, and it was mainly owing to his perseverance and indomitable energy that the enterprise succeeded. In November, 1864, Dr. Cleaveland went to Europe, and during his tour of eight months did much to explain the views of the Government with regard to the struggle in which the country was engaged, the resources of the people, and the determination to destroy slavery at all hazards. At Paris, in an assembly of Protestant pastors and delegates from all parts of France, he gave, through an interpreter, an idea of the conflict from which the nation was emerging; and subsequently at London, in the annual assembly of the English Congregational Union, he defined the Northern position with the utmost clearness, creating conviction of the success of the Union cause in the understanding of many who from ignorance or prejudice were embittered toward the North.

Returning with health and strength somewhat renewed, he resumed his work among the people of his charge, who were enjoying a high degree of prosperity as a church, when after a short and not alarming sickness he was suddenly called to his final rest. Dr. Cleaveland was a man of vigoreus and comprehensive intellect, sound, practical judgment, decided executive and administrative ability, and above all possessed that active and deep-toned piety which was the key to his eminent success in his long pastorate. His only published works

were some occasional sermons.

COLOMBIA, UNITED STATES OF. A republic in South America. President (April 1, 1866, to March 31, 1868), General Tomas Cipriano Mosquera. The ministry was, in 1866, composed as follows: Interior and Foreign Affairs, Joseph M. Rojas Garrido; Finances, Francisco Agudelo; War and Navy, Rudecindo Lopez; General Treasurer, Sinforiano Hernandez. The statements about the area considerably differ, as the southwestern and eastern frontier are still subject to dispute. The Colombian Government claims altogether a territory of about 513,000 English square miles, while other statements (not giving to Colombia all the disputed territory) reduce it to 464,700. The Colombian Government claims a population of 2,794,473, not including the uncivilized Indians, whose number is estimated at 126,000. With regard to race, Mr. Samper (Bulletin de la Société de Géogr. de Paris, March, 1858), who puts down the whole population at 2,692,614, estimates the pure European population at 1,357,000, the descendants of Europeans and Indians at 600,000, Africans at 90,000, and all others 465,000. The imports of the ports of Panama and Colon were, in 1864, valued at $35,000,000, and the exports at $67,000,000. On December 6th General Mosquera handed in his resignation as President of the republic, to the Supreme Court, giving as his reasons that his predecessor ruled the country so miserably, that he found it impossible to replenish the treasury; that the army was full of abuses, and the treasury had been robbed of upward of a million of dollars by false certificates; that the Archbishop of Bogota and other bishops were in rebellion against the executive; that the circular regarding public order had met with no respect from the Governors of the States; that, in fact, there was a general desire to disturb the public peace, and to make way with him, the general, by assassination, if necessary. It was expected that the Supreme Court would not accept the resignation.

In the latter months of the year a serious difficulty occurred between the Government of the United States of Colombia and the United States minister at Bogota, Mr. Burton. It arose out of remarks made to the Colombian Government by General Piñerez, who, in October, had been sent on a special mission to Panama. General Piñerez, in his report, thought proper, in allusion to the Americans residing there, to affirm as he alleged on the authority of President Olarte, the Citizen President of the State of Panama-that "the only ground for fearing a revolution within the State was the cupidity and ambition of the Yankees residing in Panama." As the report was published by the Government in its official organ, and as the Government took no notice of the remonstrance of Mr. Burton, the United States minister, the latter deemed it best to demand his passports, especially as the Colombian Secretary of For*For further information on the Legislature, finances,

rmy, etc., see ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA for 1865.

eign Affairs had left several official communications from him unanswered. The Colombian Government then apologized, but declined the request of Mr. Burton to submit the matter to the diplomatic corps at Bogota. At the end of the year the passport question remained unsettled.

On December 25th President Mosquera published the following decree concerning the Panama Railroad, which it was feared might become a source of great trouble:

T. C. de Mosquera, Grand General, President of the United States of Colombia, looking to the 30th and 35th article of the treaty between Colombia and the Panama Railroad Company, dated April 17, 1850, in which it is stipulated that the company shall pay to the nation five per cent. of the amount of the value of the mails passing across the Isthmus, and three per cent. of the net profits of the enterprise, and considering that in view of the interests of the nation it is necessary to have perfect cognizance of the mails, number of passengers and treasure that pass across the Isthmus, and having in consideration the eminent sovereignty the Government exercises over that part of its territory, decrees that:

1. That postmasters and captains of the ports of Colon and Panama on visiting vessels, and upon view of documents presented to them, shall accurately note: first, the total weight of the mails that are to pass across the isthmus; second, the num ber of passengers; third, the amount of treasure, and fourth, the total weight of merchandise. 2. From these facts monthly returns are to be made to the Treasury Department, so that from them at the end of the year the commercial statistics may be drawn up.

The Colombian Congress, early in 1866, declined to join the alliance of Chili and Peru' against Spain, but in September President Mosquera addressed a letter to the Presidents of Peru and the other republics which had taken part in the South American Congress of 1865, to appoint a time for a new meeting of the Congress for the purpose of effecting the exchange of the ratifications of the treaties concluded in 1865, and of presenting the treaty for adoption to the other republics which had not taken part in the first meeting. The new meeting, in the view of Mosquera, was to discuss the means for securing a permanent peace between all the republics, and to that end fix certain principles of international law, and especially the mutual rights of belligerents and neutrals. The proposition of President Mosquera was favorably received by all the presidents to whom it was addressed.

COLORADO. In the notice of Colorado, published in the preceding volume of this work, it was stated that on January 18, 1866, a bill was reported in the United States Senate for the admission of the Territory into the Union under the constitution adopted by her people in the autumn of 1865. Upon the subject coming up for debate, a strong opposition to the bill was manifested on the part of several Republican Senators. Mr. Sumner spoke earnestly against it, basing his objections upon the inadequacy of the population, the denial of suf frage to colored citizens under the newly adopted constitution, and upon the fact that a

large proportion of the people of the Territory were not desirous of admission to the Union. The Senate accordingly refused to order the bill to a third reading; but in the latter part of April this action was reconsidered and the bill passed that body. An amendment offered by Mr. Sumner, that the act "shall not take effect except with the fundamental condition that within the State there shall be no denial of the elective franchise, or any other right, on account of color or race, and all persons shall be equal before the law," was defeated by a large majority. The bill next went to the House of Representatives, where it also passed.

On May 15th the President returned the bill to Congress with his objections, the chief of which were that the erection of Colorado into a State was at that time unnecessary for the welfare of the people; that it was not clearly established that the people were desirous or prepared for the change, and that the population was insufficient, having decreased rather than increased during the previous year. The veto message will be found in PUBLIC DOCU

MENTS.

In August an election for Delegate to Congress took place in Colorado, at which George M. Chilcott, the Republican candidate, received 3,529 votes against 3,421 thrown for A. C. Hunt, the Democratic and Administration candidate, and 46 scattering votes. The Territorial board of canvassers found a majority for Chilcott over Hunt of 108 votes, and gave a certificate of election to the former; but the Territorial Governor, Alexander Cummings, gave a certificate to Hunt, mainly on the ground that persons lately in the Confederate service had voted for Chilcott. The State Legislature elected in 1865, in anticipation of the speedy admission of Colorado into the Union, retained its organization during 1866, although without any authority to control public affairs. It was Republican in both branches. The Territorial Legislature had also a Republican majority.

An act of the Territorial Legislature passed in 1862 established the capital of Colorado at Golden City, but until 1866 the Legislature continued to meet at Denver, thus practically ignoring the law. In the latter year Governor Cummings transferred the executive department of the government to Golden City, whence, on December 10th, he transmitted his annual message to the Legislature, which assembled as usual at Denver. He stated that the mining interests, on which the prosperity of the Territory must mainly depend, were recovering from their recent depression, that the crops had been abundant, and that on every hand the immense resources of Colorado were witnessing a fresh development. "The mines," he said, "need nothing but labor to make them profitable in excess of all that has ever been claimed for them; the farmer is sure of large harvests; the climate is wonderfully healthful and invigorating, and every feature of the country invites the immigrant, and gives to his industry the

assurance of success." He recommended that branch roads should be constructed to intersect both lines of the Pacific Railroad, in order that the mineral regions lying around Denver might be reached; and that Congress should be solicited to make appropriations in aid of this object. The immigration from the East, he said, had steadily increased during 1866, and the apprehensions of an extensive Indian war, at one time prevalent, had been nearly dispelled. With regard to the proposed admission of Colorado as a State, he expressed himself as follows:

During the past year, owing to the action of the different departments of the national Government, the people have been much excited on the subject of the admission of Colorado as a State into the Union. It would be idle to attempt to conceal the fact that although a strenuous effort has been made to create there are two parties to this issue in the Territory, the impression abroad that the people were united on the question. But here, where the evidence is readily attainable, it would be equally idle to deny that the party desiring a State government forms a very small portion of the population, and is represented by those who seek personal aggrandizement and place, at the expense of the welfare of the Territory.

Governor Cummings then proceeded to declare himself opposed to the State project on three principal grounds, viz.: the illegality of the convention by which the State constitution was framed; the failure of that instrument to bestow the electoral franchise upon colored men; and the inadequacy of the population of the Territory. Means had been taken, he complained, to convey the impression that the population of Colorado amounted to between fifty and sixty thousand; but the returns of the census, authorized by the previous Legislature to be taken by the assessors of the different Counties, and the correctness of which he thought could not be questioned, showed that this estimate was very far from the truth. From fourteen counties the returns were as follows:

would render necessary immediately an onerous system of taxation; and that at least two-thirds of the people, from his personal observation, were averse to the project. "In whole sections," he said, "the entire population are opposed to it, with scarcely a dissenting voice, while in no portion is there any considerable degree of unanimity in its favor."

The friends of the project were, nevertheless, by no means inclined to let it slumber, and the arguments which they adduced to support their case showed not merely a decided opposition to the Governor, but an apparently unreconcilable hostility between themselves and him. At the commencement of the second session of the Thirty-ninth Congress, they presented to prominent Republican members an array of facts and figures to show the progress of Colorado in mineral wealth and population, at complete variance with the statements of Governor Cummings. The home opposition they asserted came entirely from him and the candidate to whom he had given the certificate of election as Delegate to Congress, and they denied emphatically that the Territory was declining. From the statistics furnished by them it would appear that the tax valuation had greatly increased, as also the entries of lands under the homestead and preemption laws; that the production of gold had doubled within the last year; that the assessments for internal revenue, and the receipts from the post-office, were much greater in 1866 than than in 1865; that large sums had been expended in internal improvements; that the crops had been abundant; and that the pretended census was partial, one-third of the important counties not having been returned, and the count in the others being confined to the tax-payers. From the large property valuation of the Territory, and the fact that in 1866, in the midst of harvest-time, nearly 7,000 votes had been cast for an office expected to be abolished by the admission of Colorado into the Union, they inferred that the population could not be less than 50,000 or 60,000, to which immigration was constantly making large additions. Under the influence of these representations a new bill was framed by the Senate Committee on Territories at the close of 1866, with every prospect of its passage through both Houses.

During the last fiscal year, 424,930 acres were surveyed in Colorado, about one-twentieth part at the expense of settlers; and the residue at the cost of the Government. These, with previous surveys, make an aggregate of this service in Colorado of 1,622,251 acres, all on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. The South Park of the Rocky Mountains contains about 350,000 acres of arable land, and the richest placer diggings. In the Middle Park the wagon-road over the range of mountains separating the agricultural regions of the western slope from the mining of the eastern has been completed, which, with the overland road, makes, a passable wagon-route from Denver to Salt Lake City, a distance of 150 miles shorter

than the former route. The completion of this road to the Grand River it is believed will lead to the immediate occupation of the agricultural lands of the Middle Park, and the valleys of the Grand, White, and Bear Rivers. The SurveyorGeneral estimates the quantity of land under cultivation to be 100,000 acres; that one-half of the population are engaged directly or indirectly in agricultural pursuits; that the area of arable land is equal to 4,000,000 of acres; that the immigration of farmers during the last year was of a class of people consisting of permanent settlers, the farming interest keeping pace with the wants of the population, and that a large surplus of all the necessaries of life is the anticipated production of the next year.

However opinions may vary as to the popula tion of Colorado, there seems to be no doubt that in 1866 more labor was performed in the mines, and with better results, and more discoveries of mineral wealth were made, than for several previous years. "We are unable," says the Colorado Times of December 18th, "to state the number of stamps employed in the Territory, or the probable amount of gold extracted so far during the year; but one thing is rendered certain, that the wealth of the mines has not yet been fairly approached in those localities where operations have been carried on since their discovery; while another thing is equally apparent from continued new developments, that the entire range of mountains which traverses Colorado contains the auriferous ore in great abundance. Indeed, the supply promises, from experiments made, to be inexhaustible, while the extent of country over which it is distributed gives room and oppor tunity sufficient for any number of operators." Of the variety of the mineral products of the Territory, and of the wide area over which they are distributed, some idea may be formed from the following extract from a letter from the Surveyor-General at Denver to the Commissioner of the General Land-Office, accompanying spe cimens of carbonate of copper, iron ore, silver, zinc ore, copper matte, fossils, and gypsum:

The copper ore is from the Pocahontas lode, near Bear Creek, and was broken off from a bowlder weighing about ten pounds. The shaft was about ten feet deep, and probably three or four hundred pounds of the same ore were exposed. The silver ore is from the Argentine district, at the head of the south fork of Clear Creek. The specimens were taken from a hill containing several tons, all similar to the specimens. The veins, from which this is taken, vary in width from a few inches to twenty-five or thirty feet, in which the seams of ore, from one inch to a foot in thickness, occur at various intervals. The rest of the vein is filled with quartz, containing in some cases as much as eight hundred dollars per ton of silver in the shape of a chloride of silver diffused through the quartz, and probably the result of the decomposition of the sulphuret ores. veins contain argentiferous galena, and in some pure sulphuret of silver is found, but in no very great quantities as yet.

Other

from the head of Clear Creek southward to Mount Lincoln, and probably farther, including the moun tains around the head of the Snake and Blue Rivers,

This silver region follows the crest of the range