Louisville Railroad Company v. Letson. 2 H. the suit is brought and a citizen of another State," unless the word citizen is used in the constitution and the laws of the United States in a sense which necessarily excludes a corporation. A corporation aggregate is an artificial body of men, composed of divers constituent members ad instar corporis humani, the ligaments of which body politic, or artificial body, are the franchises and liberties thereof, which bind and unite all its members together; and in which the whole frame and essence of the corporation consist. Bac. Abr. Cor. (A.) It must of necessity have a name, for the name is, as it were, the very being of the constitution, the heart of their combination, without which they could not perform their corporate acts, for it is nobody to plead and be impleaded, to take and give, until it hath gotten a name. Bac. Abr. Cor. (C.) Composed of persons, it may be that the members are citizens; and if they are, though the corporation can only plead and be impleaded by its name, or the name by which it may sue or be sued, if a controversy arises betwen it and a plaintiff who is a citizen of another State, and the residence of the corporation is in the State in which the suit is brought, is not the suit substantially between citizens of different States, or, in the words of the act giving to the courts jurisdiction, "a suit between a citizen of the State where the suit is brought and a citizen of another State?" Jurisdiction, in one sense, in cases of corporations, exists in virtue of the character of members, and must be maintained in the courts of the United States, unless citizens can exempt themselves from their constitutional liability to be sued in those courts, by a citizen of another State, by the fact, that the subject of controversy between them has arisen upon a contract to which the former are parties, in their corporate and not in their personal character. [ * 553 ] *Constitutional rights and liabilities cannot be so taken away, or be so avoided. If they could be, the provision which we are here considering could not comprehend citizens universally, in all the relations of trade, but only those citizens in such relations of business as may arise from their individual or partnership transactions. Let it then be admitted, for the purposes of this branch of the argument, that jurisdiction attaches in cases of corporations, in consequence of the citizenship of their members, and that foreign corporations may sue when the members are aliens; does it necessarily follow, because the citizenship and residence of the members give jurisdiction in a suit at the instance of a plaintiff of another State, that all of the corporators must be citizens of the State in which the suit is brought? Louisville Railroad Company v. Letson. 2 H. The argument in support of the affirmative of this inquiry is, that in the case of a corporation in which jurisdiction depends upon the character of the parties, the court looks beyond the corporation to the individuals of which it is composed, for the purpose of ascertaining whether they have the requisite character, and for no other purpose. The object would certainly be to ascertain the character of the parties, but not to the extent of excluding all inquiry as to what the effect will be, when it has been ascertained that the corporators are citizens of different States from that of the locality of the corporation, where by its charter it can only be sued. Then the question occurs, if the corporation be only suable where its locality is, and those to whom its operations are confided are citizens of that State, and a suit is brought against it by a citizen of another State, whether by a proper interpretation of the terms giving to the circuit court jurisdiction, it is not a suit between citizens of the State where the suit is brought and a citizen of another State. The fact that the corporators do live in different States does not aid the solution of the question. The first, obvious, and necessary interpretation of the terms by which jurisdiction is given, is, that the suit need not be between citizen and citizen, but may be between citizens. Then, do the words, "of the State where the suit is brought," limit the jurisdiction to a case in which all the defendants are citizens of the same State? The constitutional grant of judicial power extends to controversies "between citizens of different States." The words in the legislative grant of jurisdiction, " of the State where the suit is brought and a citizen of another State," are obviously no more [* 554 ] than equivalent terms to confine suits in the circuit courts to those which" are between citizens of different States." The words in the constitution, then, are just as operative to ascertain and limit jurisdiction as the words in the statute. It is true, that under these words, "between citizens of different States," congress may give the courts jurisdiction between citizens in many other forms than that in which it has been conferred. But in the way it is given, the object of the legislature seems exclusively to have been to confer jurisdiction upon the court, strictly in conformity to the limitation as it is expressed in the constitution, "between citizens of different States." A suit, then, brought by a citizen of one State against a corporation by its corporate name, in the State of its locality, by which it was created, and where its business is done by any of the corporators who are chosen to manage its affairs, is a suit, so far as jurisdiction Louisville Railroad Company v. Letson. 2 H. is concerned, between citizens of the State where the suit is brought and a citizen of another State. The corporators, as individuals, are not defendants in the suit, but they are parties having an interest in the result, and some of them being citizens of the State where the suit is brought, jurisdiction attaches over the corporation; nor can we see how it can be defeated by some of the members, who cannot be sued, residing in a different State. It may be said that the suit is against the corporation, and that nothing must be looked at but the legal entity, and then that we cannot view the members. except as an artificial aggregate. This is so, in respect to the subject-matter of the suit and the judgment which may be rendered; but if it be right to look to the members to ascertain whether there be jurisdiction or not, the want of appropriate citizenship in some of them to sustain jurisdiction, cannot take it away, when there are other members who are citizens, with the necessary residence to maintain it. But we are now met and told that the cases of Strawbridge and Curtis, 3 Cranch, 267, and that of The Bank of the United States and Deveaux, 5 Cranch, 84, hold a different doctrine. * We do not deny that the language of those decisions do not justify in some degree the inferences which have been made from them, or that the effect of them has been to limit the jurisdiction of the circuit courts in practice to the cases contended for by the counsel for the plaintiff in error. The practice has been, since those cases were decided, that if there be two or more plaintiffs and two or more joint defendants, each of the plaintiffs must be capable of [* 555] suing each of the defendants in the courts of the United States in order to support the jurisdiction, and in cases of corporation to limit jurisdiction to cases in which all the corporators were citizens of the State in which the suit is brought. The case of Strawbridge and Curtis was decided without argument. That of the Bank and Deveaux, after argument of great ability. But never since that case has the question been presented to this court, with the really distinguished ability of the arguments of the counsel in this, in no way surpassed by those in the former. And now we are called upon in the most imposing way to give our best judgments to the subject, yielding to decided cases every thing that can be claimed for them on the score of authority, except the surrender of conscience. After mature deliberation, we feel free to say, that the cases of Strawbridge and Curtis, and that of the Bank and Deveaux, were carried too far, and that consequences and inferences have been argumentatively drawn from the reasoning employed in the latter which ought not to be followed. Indeed, it is difficult not to feel Louisville Railroad Company v. Letson. 2 H. that the case of The Bank of the United States and The Planters' Bank of Georgia, 9 W. 904, is founded upon principles irreconcilable with some of those on which the cases already adverted to were founded. The case of The Commercial Bank of Vicksburg and Slocomb, 14 P. 60, was most reluctantly decided upon the mere authority of those cases. We do not think either of them maintainable upon the true principles of interpretation of the constitution and the laws of the United States. A corporation, created by a State, to perform its functions under the authority of that State, and only suable there, though it may have members out of the State, seems to us to be a person, though an artificial one, inhabiting and belonging to that State, and therefore entitled, for the purpose of suing and being sued, to be deemed a citizen of that State. We remark, too, that the cases of Strawbridge and Curtis, and the Bank and Deveaux, have never been satisfactory to the bar, and that they were not, especially the last, entirely satisfactory to the court that made them. They have been followed always most reluctantly and with dissatisfaction. By no one was the correctness of them more questioned than by the late chief justice who gave them. It is within the knowledge of several of us, that he repeatedly expressed regret that those decisions had been made, adding, whenever the subject was mentioned, that if the point of jurisdiction was an original one, the conclusion would be different. We think we may safely assert, that a majority of the members of this court * have [ *556 ] at all times partaken of the same regret, and that, whenever a case has occurred on the circuit, involving the application of the case of the Bank and Deveaux, it was yielded to, because the decision had been made, and not because it was thought to be right. We have already said that the case of The Bank of Vicksburgh and Slocomb, 14 Pet. 60, was most reluctantly given, upon mere authority. We are now called upon, upon the authority of those cases alone, to go further in this case than has yet been done. It has led to a review of the principles of all the cases. We cannot follow further, and upon our maturest deliberation we do not think that the cases relied upon for a doctrine contrary to that which this court will here announce, are sustained by a sound and comprehensive course of professional reasoning. Fortunately, a departure from them involves no change in a rule of property. Our conclusion, too, if it shall not have universal acquiescence, will be admitted by all to be coincident with the policy of the constitution and the condition of our country. It is coincident also with the recent legislation of congress, as that is shown by the act of the 28th of February, 1839,1 15 Stats. at Large, 321. Louisville Railroad Company v. Letson. 2 H. in amendment of the acts respecting the judicial system of the United States. We do not hesitate to say, that it was passed exclusively with an intent to rid the courts of the decision in the case of Strawbridge and Curtis. But if in all we have said upon jurisdiction we are mistaken, we say that the act of 28th of February, 1839, enlarges the jurisdiction of the courts, comprehends the case before us, and embraces the entire result of the opinion which we shall now give. The first section of that act provides: "That wherein any suit at law or in equity, commenced in any court of the United States, there shall be several defendants, any one or more of whom shall not be inhabitants of, or found within the district where the suit is brought, or shall not voluntarily appear thereto, it shall be lawful for the court to entertain jurisdiction, and proceed to the trial and adjudication of such suit between the parties who may be properly before it; but the judgment or decree rendered therein, shall not conclude or prejudice other parties, not regularly served with process, or not voluntarily appearing to answer." We think, as was said in the case of The Commercial Bank of Vicksburgh v. Slocomb, that this act was intended to remove the difficulties which occurred in practice, in cases both in law and equity, under that clause in the 11th section of the Judiciary Act, which declares: "That no civil suit shall be [* 557 ] brought before either *of said courts against an inhabitant of the United States, by any original process, in any other district than that whereof he is an inhabitant, or in which he shall be found at the time of serving the writ, but a reëxamination of the entire section will not permit us to reaffirm what was said in that case, that the act did not contemplate a change in the jurisdiction of the courts as it regards the character of the parties. If the act, in fact, did no more than to make a change, by empowering the courts to take cognizance of cases other than such as were permitted in that clause of the 11th section, which we have just cited, it would be an enlargement of jurisdiction as to the character of parties. The clause, that the judgment or decree rendered shall not conclude or prejudice other parties, who have not been regularly served with process, or who have not voluntarily appeared to answer, is an exception, exempting parties so situated from the enactment, and must be so strictly applied. It is definite as to the persons of whom it speaks, and contains no particular words, as a subsequent clause, by which the general words of the statute can be restrained. The general words embrace every suit at law or in equity, in which there shall be several defendants, 66 any one or more of whom shall not be inhabitants of, or found within the district where the suit is brought, |