relief accordingly came during the summer from Black Point and Boston.

The first fortification constructed in Portland was Fort Loyal. It was a bastioned fort, built of stockades and stood on a rocky bluff at an elevation of about thirty feet above high-water mark near the foot of India Street and the ground now occupied by the roundhouse of the Grand Trunk Railroad Company. It became the center and rallying point of the settlement. Its construction was begun by order of the General Court of Massachusetts, by English soldiers, under command of Capt. Hawthorn in September, 1676. The site had a gradual slope towards the water front and contained about one-half acre. It consisted of a number of log buildings used as barracks, guard-house and shops, all surrounded by pal isades. Wooden towers on the interior served as stations for observation and defense. The whole was loopholed and had emplacements for eight pieces of ordnance, which composed its armament. In 1690 a small work of semicircular front stood about one mile west of the fort on an elevation in rear of a swamp which extended to the water-front.

Ingersoll's blockhouse stood a half-mile southwest of the fort and Lawrence's blockhouse, built of stone and timber, stood about three-quarters of a mile north on Munjoy's Hill. The first notable use of Fort Loyal was as a prison for some twenty Indians, who were treacherously seized at Saco and sent there for safe keeping. They were subsequently released by Gov. Andross and afterwards attained greater or less

celebrity as relentless foes of the colonists. Among them was Hopegood, a chief of the Norridgewocks. It served its first legitimate use in 1689 when Maj. Church of Massachusetts saved the town and fort from destruction by his timely arrival by sea from Boston with several companies of troops, consisting of whites and negroes and friendly Indians from Cape Cod. He found the French and Indians four hundred strong about to attack the town, and to conceal his presence landed his troops at the fort after dark. The action was begun early on Saturday morning, the twenty-first of September, 1689. Church was embarrassed by finding that the musket balls he had brought in his supplies of ammunition were generally too large for his guns. With the aid of the people of the town, he had them hammered into slugs, and so, after a hard fight drove off the invaders. This engagement was fought near Deering Park about two miles from Fort Loyal.

A glance at the state of Europe at this time will show what relation its men and events bore to the obscure little outpost in the Province of Maine. The English revolution of 1688 had deprived James II. of his crown and put his son-in-law, William Prince of Orange, and Stadtholder of the Netherlands, and his eldest daughter, Mary, upon the English throne. It was the age of Louis XIV. and the brilliant soldiers, scholars and politicans who, in that era, made France glorious. Vendome, Catinat and Turenne were leading the troops of the great monarch in the campaigns which made their names dear to Frenchmen, but hateful to the people of the Netherlands and the Palatinate.

Bossuet was preaching those wonderful sermons which marked him as one of the foremost pulpit orators of the Christian church. Louvois was at the head of affairs, the greatest war minister of his time.

James II. had left his mimic court at Saint Germain and was getting what force together he could in Ireland for the recovery of his throne.

Schomberg was collecting an army of thirty thous and men in the north of Ireland, who were destined to beat the French and Irish at the battle of the Boyne on the first day of July.

Macaulay tells us that the cause of James was the cause of France and under this pretense, Count Frontenac, the able governor of New France, quick to second his sovereign in his ambition for the glory of his reign, planned a campaign in America to force the English boundaries to retreat as far southward as possible. Frontenac had returned as governor and lieutenant-general of New France in October, 1689, charged with instructions to initiate a campaign against New York and Boston, operating with his land forces from Montreal and with his fleet from Quebec. Looking at the map of America of 1655, the territory of England embraced at that time only the present states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Maryland and Virginia.

A colony of Swedes held Delaware; the Dutch held the valley of the Hudson and New Jersey as far south as Cape May; Spain held Florida, and France the immense territory now comprised within the states

of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia, Tennessee, the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan. In 1690 the English boundaries included Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York and the Carolinas. LaSalle had made his immortal journey through the Mississippi Valley to the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, and had taken possession of the country in the name of his Most Christian Majesty.

The people of Massachusetts and Maine had recognized the title of William and Mary and with more zeal than discretion had driven Sir Edmond Andross from power and were active in overthrowing all the good effects of his measures for their defense against the French and Indians. In his report to the committee for trade and plantation, which was received in London in April, 1690, he writes : —

That the new council in Massachusetts under Governor Bradstreet gave orders for the withdrawal of the forces from Pemaquid and other garrisons and places in the eastern parts; that the Indians were encouraged and enabled to renew and pursue the war and by the assistance of the French who have been seen among them increased their number; that in a short time several hundred of their Majesties' subjects were killed or carried away captive; the fort at Pemaquid taken, the whole county of Cornwall, the greater part of the Province of Maine, and that part of the Province of New Hampshire destroyed and deserted.

The military state of the provinces of Maine and New Hampshire was about as bad at it could have been. Indifference on the part of the Massachusetts Governor and Council to the Military necessities of

the frontier, involving criminal neglect in providing rations, clothing, camp equipage, ordnance arms and ammunition for the garrisons; inefficiency in the commissioned officers, insubordination and ignorance in the soldiery all made the success of Frontenac a foregone conclusion. It is hardly to be doubted that his plans were materially changed on his arrival, for he found it necessary to drive the Iroquois from Montreal and secure the safety of his own people against them.

In the spring of 1690 three expeditions were sent out to strike at the English settlements. The right column, consisting of one hundred and ten French troops under command of Manet, with St. Helene and Iberville, two sons of Charles LeMoyne, in charge of the Indian contingent, marched from Montreal through the snow and attacked Schenectady on the third of February, killing sixty people and ravaging the country. The center column, consisting of twentyfour French soldiers and twenty-five Indians, led by Hopegood, all under command of Francois Hertel, left Three Rivers on the twenty-eighth of January and arrived at Salmon Falls, New Hampshire, on the twenty-seventh of March. The town was attacked at daybreak, partially destroyed and many of the inhabitants murdered and carried into captivity. Hertel withdrew on learning that help to Salmon Falls was coming from Portsmouth, and made his way to the Kennebec to join his force to that of the Count de Portneuf, who commanded the left column, then on its way to attack Fort Loyal. This command consisted of fifty French soldiers and fifty Abnaki Indians from