the Irish South-Eastern Railway to Kilkenny, passing CARLOW (55 miles) (Hotel: Club House). It is situated upon the river Barrow. Its castle, erected in the twelfth century by Hugh De Lacy, is celebrated in the military annals of Ireland. It contains a handsome Catholic church and college, and a fine English church. Nothing remains of the castle except two towers about sixty feet in height and the ruins of the wall which connected them. KILKENNY (81 miles), (Hotels: Club House, Imperial). Pop. 13,235. Situated on the river Nore. It was once a place of considerable importance, as its castle, the ruins of its massive walls and churches testify. It formerly had a considerable trade in woollens, but this has fallen off, and the chief business of the town is its retail trade and the sale of the agricultural products of the surrounding district. The most conspicuous object is the baronial castle of the Marquis of Ormond, which is full of historical associations. It was originally built by Strongbow, but has been repeatedly enlarged, and has been greatly improved by the present marquis. The grounds are not extensive, but are well laid out. The cathedral of St. Canice, built in 1202, is not excelled by any of the ancient ecclesiastical buildings of Ireland, except St. Patrick's and Christ Church in Dublin. The church of St. John, which belonged to an ancient abbey, has been called the "Lantern of Ireland," on account of the great number of its windows. Near the city is a marble quarry considerable importance. Thirtyone miles from Kilkenny is WATERFORD, a sea-port, with a popu lation of 23,000, but with nothing of interest to the tourist.

of

ROUTE 9.

DUBLIN TO GALWAY.

126 miles; first class, 22s.; second, 17s. 6d.; third, 11s. Ed.

HE first place of interest on the route is MAYNOOTH (15 miles), chiefly celebrated for its Roman Catholic College, which has given rise to political controversies which have made it famous. The college has been endowed by various Acts of Parliament since 1795. During the present reign it has been permanently endowed for the education of 500 students and 20 senior scholars, and 30,0001. has been appropriated for the erection of buildings. All students admitted must be designed for the priesthood in Ireland."

At one end of the single street of Maynooth is an entrance to Carton, the seat of the Duke of Leinster; at the other are the ruins of the once-powerful castle formerly belonging to his family, the Fitzgeralds.

MULLINGAR (50 miles), where are held important fairs and markets for horses, cattle, and farm produce, and containing barracks for 1000 soldiers. Ballinasloe (92 miles), chiefly remarkable for its fairs and markets. GALWAY (126 miles). (Hotels: Railway, Black's.) Pop. 16,446. The city, situated upon the magnificent bay of the same name, is of considerable antiquity, and the older part consists of streets and lanes huddled together without regard to comfort or convenience. It partakes of the appearance of a Spanish town, the result of its early intercourse with Spain.

Many of the houses bear traces of an architecture similar to that seen in Spanish towns, and many writers trace the bright colours worn by many of the women of Galway to the same source. Lynch Castle, at the corner of Shop and Abbeygate Streets, is the best specimen extant of the Spanish-Irish edifices. The town has been much improved of late years by the erection of modern buildings. Queen's College and the County CourtHouse are the principal public buildings.

The Claddagh is a suburb of the city near the port, inhabited exclusively by fishermen and their families, to the number of nearly 5000. They have their own laws, and elect a mayor called "King of Claddagh," who exercises supreme authority over his people. They do not intermarry with the other inhabitants of the town, whom they regard as inferior, and to whom they apply the name of Transplanters."

66

As

Dublin to London (330 miles) is performed in twelve hours. Excellent meals are supplied on board the steamers, and there are a few state-rooms. Persons desiring them, should telegraph from Dublin to the purser. the steamer approaches the Welsh coast, the view of Holyhead and the adjacent line of coast is very fine. The cars are brought to the landing of the steamers at Holyhead, and very little delay is occasioned by the change from steamer to train. (For a description of the remainder of the route to London by Bangor and Chester, see Route 32.)

(Passengers desiring to go directly from Belfast to London, or any part of England, may leave Belfast on any week-day at 74 p.m. for Fleetwood (120 miles), from which place there is railway connection with all parts of England. Fare to Fleetwood, first-class, 12s. 6d., steerage, 5s. ; to London, firstclass, 45s., second class, 35s., third class, 20s.)

ROUTE 10.

DUBLIN TO HOLYHEAD. (Route to London.)

ASSENGERS for England leave Dublin from the Western Row Station, and go by railway to KINGSTOWN (Hotels Royal, Anglesey Arms),6 miles distant, where they take one of the splendid mail steamers for Holyhead. The train carries passengers to the wharf. The steamers Leinster, Ulster, Munster, and Connaught, are the finest steamers employed upon any European mail route, and the passage to Holyhead (66 miles), is often made in less than four hours. The whole distance from

ROUTE 11.

BELFAST TO GLASGOW.

Time, 8 hours. First class, 12s. 6d. ; second class, 38.

INE of the steamers of the royal- mail line leaves Belfast every week-day at 8 o'clock p.m. The steamer reaches Greenock in time for the early morning train for Glasgow, and passengers desiring to hasten their arrival at Glasgow, may take the train from Greenock to Glasgow (20 miles). For description of the Clyde from Glasgow to Greenock, see Route 12.

COTLAND, one of the component parts of Great Britain, occupies the northern, the smaller, and less fertile portion of that island. It is washed on the west and north by the Atlantic, and on the east by the German Ocean; and on the south, is bounded by England, the Solway Firth, and part of the Irish Sea. Its coast-line presents the most fantastic irregularities: here jutting into the ocean in high narrow peninsulas, there receding far inland in lake-like gulfs, and again suddenly starting seaward, and breaking into a number of bold rocky headlands. Its greatest length, from the Mull of Galloway on the south, to Dunnet Head on the north, is about 280 miles; its breadth is variable, being about 146 miles between Buchan Ness, in Aberdeenshire, and the extreme point of Rossshire on the west. It contains about 29,500 square miles of land, and its fresh water covers an area of nearly 560 square miles.

28. EDINBURGH TO CARLISLE

BY WAVERLEY ROUTE 102

The population of Scotland, by the census of 1871, was 3,360,018. The increase from 1861 to 1871 was six per cent.

The surface of the country is varied and unequal. In that portion of it usually termed the Lowlands, the hills are of moderate height; in the Highlands, or that division which is separated by the Grampians from the southerly parts, every variety of mountain scenery is to be found, much of which is inaccessible. The Grampian mountains extend from sea to sea, with a breadth of from 40 to 60 miles, and among them is the highest land in Great Britain. Ben Nevis, in Inverness-shire, is 4095 feet above the level of the sea. In the Lowland division, Heartfell, in Dumfriesshire, and Lowthers, in Lanarkshire, rise more than 3000 feet above the level of the An elevation of 600 feet is considered in Scotland the limit of profitable tillage.

sea.

The chief rivers of Scotland are the Forth, the Tweed, the Clyde, the Tay, and the Spey. The Tay