James's Park in 1841. Miss Burdett Coutts has erected a handsome drinking fountain here at a cost of £5,000.

There are other parks at Finsbury, and Rotherhithe, Southwark.

THE TOWER.-The mere mention of the TOWER OF LONDON recalls some of the most stirring events of English history, whether we consider it as a royal palace, or, as it ultimately became, a state prison. Without the possession of this fortress, in the old days of the strong hand, the title of king was esteemed little better than an empty name; but our recollections of it in connection with royal pageantry soon subside into those of the many acts of tyranny and ruthless bloodshed which have been perpetrated within its walls. No building probably, in a still inhabitable state, in the whole world, has such a history. The two murdered sons of Edward IV., their uncle Clarence, Anne Boleyn, Lady Jane Grey, and Sir Walter Raleigh, are but few out of the legion of names of those who have met their fate here, more or less unjustly. To enumerate all would be impossible here, but the visitor's memory will be amply refreshed as he proceeds with his inspection. A fire broke out in 1841 in the armoury, where an immense number of small arms were stored, and many interesting curiosities were destroyed; but there is still a remarkable collection of armour and trophies of various dates. The crown jewels, swords of state, and paraphernalia used at the coronations, called the regalia, are exhibited here.

TEMPLE BAR, the last of the old city gates, formerly stood at the junction of the Strand and Fleet Street, exactly opposite the large square tower of the Law Courts. It became a serious

obstacle to the crowded street traffic, and was removed in January, 1878. It was built by Wren in 1670, and was interesting from its historical associations, asthe place where the heads of traitors were exposed. Bolt Court, where Dr. Johnson lodged for a time, is in its immediate vicinity. Some of the Doctor's haunts in the neighbourhood are still in existence, as the Cock Tavern, nearly opposite the entrance to the Middle Temple, and the Mitre, down Mitre-passage, on the right hand side of Fleet-street. The principal London THEATRES

are

Her Majesty's Theatre, or the Opera House, recently rebuilt, having been burned in December, 1867. Covent Garden Theatre, or Royal Italian Opera, Bowstreet, Covent Garden,-seats for 2,000 persons.

Drury-lane Theatre, the oldest in London.

Haymarket; Adelphi, in the Strand; Royal Lyceum, in the Strand; Princess's, in Oxfordstreet; St. James's, in King-street, St. James's; Olympic, in Wychstreet; Strand; Queen's, in Longacre; Prince of Wales's, in Tottenham-street; Royal Court, Sloanesquare; and others.

The BRIDGES over the Thames are the following, commencing at

London Bridge, 928 ft. long, five arches. South Eastern Railway Bridge, 771 ft. long, five arches. Southwark Bridge, 708 ft. long, three arches. Blackfriars Bridge, 1,272 ft. long, five arches. Waterloo Bridge, 1,380 ft. long, nine arches. (A fine view of Somerset House from this bridge.) Charing-cross Bridge, eight arches of 70 ft. each. Westminster Bridge, 1,160 ft. long, seven arches. (One of the best views of the Houses of Parliament is from this bridge.)

Above the city are Lambeth, Vauxhall, Pimlico Railway, and other bridges.

The METROPOLITAN, OF UNDERGROUND RAILWAY is one of the curiosities of London. The main line is from the "City," via Paddington and Victoria Stations, to Blackfriars Bridge; there are several branch lines. It runs, for a great part of the distance, not only underneath the houses and streets, but below the gaspipes and water-mains. The cars are similar to those used on other railways, and are well lighted. Travelling upon this railway is by no means disagreeable.

CREMORNE GARDENS, King'sroad, Chelsea.-These grounds, which were for many years one of the most famous of the resorts of the pleasure-seekers of the metropolis, were closed in 1878, and the space is to be covered with private dwellings.

THE FOUNDLING HOSPITAL, Guilford Street, was founded through the exertions of Captain Thomas Coram, in the year 1739, by royal charter, granted by George II., for the maintenance and education of exposed and deserted young children. Private donations, liberal bequests, and endowments, constitute the absolute property of the foundation. The interest of this property, with the collections in the chapel, the produce of the children's work, benefactions, legacies, rents, &c., produce an annual income of nearly £10,000, which provides for the maintenance and education of nearly 460 children. On leaving the hospital, their masters and mistresses receive with them clothes, money, &c., at the discretion of the committee, to any amount not exceeding £10.

The edifice is spacious and convenient. In the chapel is a fine

altar-piece, "Christ blessing little children," by West. The organ was presented to the institution by Handel. Divine service, with a choir, is performed every Sunday morning and afternoon. The hospital may be seen on Sundays and Mondays in the middle of the day.

NEWGATE, in the Old Bailey, is the great metropolitan gaol. It was a prison early in the 13th century; but the present edifice was built between 1770 and 1783 -the old prison was burnt in the riots of 1780. The plan of the prison is quadrangular. The untried prisoners are kept separate from the tried. In the portion adjoining Newgate-street are the condemned cells, in which persons under sentence of death are confined. They are narrow and dark, with a small grated aperture in each, receiving light from the court, in which the criminals are permitted to walk during the day. The number of prisoners sometimes reaches 500, when the sessions of the Central Criminal Court are approaching. Here is a neat chapel, where the ordinary of Newgate reads prayers twice on Sundays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, preaches every Sunday morning, reads private prayers with those under sentence of death on Tuesdays and Thursdays.

Strangers wishing to view Newgate or other prisons of the metropolis, will obtain admittance on procuring an order from the Secretary of State for the Home Department, from the sheriffs, or other official personages.

Executions formerly took place in front of the prison, they now take place within the walls. William Penn, Titus Oates, Defoe and Jack Sheppard were confined here.

MARKETS.

COVENT GARDEN MARKET, for fruit, flowers, shrubs, seeds, and vegetables, was constructed from designs by Mr. Fowler, at a cost of £50,000. It consists of three sides of a quadrangle surrounded by a Doric colonnade of granite pillars. The wings have shops facing the square, and others looking towards the open market. In the centre is an avenue, with shops on each side. The flower market is on the west side. The present market was built at the expense of the Duke of Bedford, on whose estate it stands. Market days, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday.

Billingsgate is the great fish market of London. It is a little below London Bridge. It was made a fish market in 1699, and is the largest devoted to that single traffic in the world.

The new Metropolitan Meat Market, Smithfield, a handsome building in the style of the Renaissance, is 630 ft. long by 246 wide and covers three acres. It connects with the Underground Railway.

The principal CLUBS are situated in Pall Mall and St. James'-street. Among the most important are the United Service, Army and Navy and Junior United Service clubs, for military and naval officers; the Reform, the Carlton (head-quarters of the Conservative party), the Travellers', the Atheneum (for literary and scientific men), United University, Oxford and Cambridge, all in Pall Mall; White's (once a Tory club), and Brookes's (the stronghold of the old Whig party), in St. James's-street.

The principal Docks are the London Docks at Wapping, 1}

miles below London Bridge, covering 28 acres, the West India Docks, 4 miles down the river, occupying, with the warehouses, 295 acres; the East India Docks, with an area of 30 acres; the Commercial Docks, on the south side of the Thames, covering 49 acres; St. Katherine's Docks, just below the Tower, and near the Custom House, covering, with their buildings, 24 acres.

THE HOLBORN VIADUCT-a remarkable engineering achievement by William Haywood, engineer, by which Holborn-hill is avoided is 1,400 ft. long from Hatton-garden to Newgate-street, and 80 ft. wide. The bridge over Farringdon-street is of iron, resting on polished granite piers. The sewers are underneath the viaduct, and the gas and water pipes and telegraph wires are contained in vaults or chambers under the footways. These vaults are ingeniously lighted by an American invention, known as Hyatt's pavement lights.

THE THAMES EMBANKMENT is a solid river-wall of stone 8 ft. thick and 40 ft. high, which extends from Westminster-bridge to the Temple, on the Middlesex side of the river, and is being extended to Blackfriars-bridge. The roadway is 100 ft. wide, and underneath it are two passages or tunnels, one for the great sewer, the other for water and gas pipes and telegraph wires. The Metropolitan or Underground Railway runs parallel with the Embankment. The cost of the part completed is about two millions of pounds sterling.