ness, North and South Forelands, Beachy Head, Dungeness, the Needles, Portland Point, Lizard Point, Land's End, Worm's Head, St. David's Head, Great Orme's Head, and St. Bees Head. Islands: Holy Island, Lundy, Man, Sheppey, Scilly Isles, Walney, and Wight. It is divided into 52 Counties, of which 40 belong to England proper, viz.: Bedford, Berks, Bucks, Cambridge, Chester, Cornwall, Cumberland, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Durham, Essex, Gloucester, Hants, Hereford, Hertford, Huntingdon, Kent, Lancaster, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, Monmouth, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, Nottingham, Oxford, Rutland, Salop, Somerset, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, Warwick, Westmoreland, Wilts, Worcester, and York. The last is divided into the North, East, and West Ridings. The 12 Counties of Wales are Anglesey, Brecknock, Caermarthen, Caernarvon, Denby, Flint, Glamorgan, Merioneth, Montgomery, Pembroke, and Radnor. The aspect of the country is delightful, presenting all that beautiful variety which is to be found in the most extensive tracts of the globe. Though possessing dreary scenes, lofty mountains, craggy rocks, bleak barren moors, and wild uncultivated heaths; few countries have a smaller proportion of land absolutely sterile and incapable of cultivation. The richest parts, generally speaking, are the midland and southern. Towards the north, it partakes, to a great degree, of the barrenness of the neighbouring portion of Scotland. The east coast is, in many parts, sandy and marshy. A range of rugged and elevated land extends from the borders of Scotland to the heart of England, forming a natural division between

the east and west sides of the kingdom. Cornwall is also a rough, hilly tract; and some of the adjacent counties are of a similar character. The mountains of England are divided into the Northern, the Cambrian, and the Devonian. The first consists of the Pennine range and the Cumbrian group; the former extending from the Cheviot Hills on the Scottish borders, to the middle of Derbyshire. In this range is Cross Fell, nearly 3000 ft. above the level of the sea, and the Peak, in Derbyshire, 1800 ft. The Cumbrian group lies to the west of the Pennine, being separated from it by the valleys of the Eden and the Lune. In it are, Scaw Fell, the highest mountain in England, being 3,166 ft. high, Helvellyn and Skiddaw, both upwards of 3,000 ft. The Cumbrian range extends throughout nearly the whole of Wales; the principal mountains being Snowdon, 3,571 ft., Cader Idris ("Arthur's Seat") 2,900 ft., and Plinlimmon, 2,500 ft. The Devonian range includes the hills of Devon, Cornwall, and part of Somersetshire; none are of great elevation. Of the rivers, the principal are the Thames, Severn, Medway, Trent, Ouse, Tyne, Tees, Wear, Mersey, Dee, Avon, Eden, Derwent, Wye, and Conway. In connection with many of these, is a system of canal navigation, by which, together with the network of railways, traffic is carried on from one part of the country to another. The most remarkable lakes are Windermere, Ullswater, Derwentwater, with many others, in Cumberland and Westmoreland for the most part. Windermere, the largest, only extends over about 3 square miles; but, like the others, it is distinguished for the beautiful scenery withwhich it is surrounded.

The climate of England is humid but healthy. From the insular position of the country, it is liable to sudden and frequent changes, and to great variations of dryness and moisture.

The population of England and Wales was 22,704,108 in 1871, not including soldiers and sailors on foreign service.

ROUTE 29.

CARLISLE TO LIVERPOOL.

(By Preston.)

127 miles; 1st class, 26s. 6d.; 2nd, 18s. 6d.; 3rd, 10s. 6d.

ARLISLE (Hotels: County, Bush). Population, 29,417.

Its

CARLISLE is a pleasant old town, placed on rising ground, nearly surrounded by three small rivers-the Caldew, the Petrel, and the Eden, which here mingle their waters. history as a border fortress, a place of refuge and protection to the inhabitants of the surrounding country, in the wars between England and Scotland, is similar in character to that of Berwick-onTweed; and owing to the same cause, it much declined in importance after the union of the two kingdoms. Mary Queen of Scots stopped here on her flight from Scotland; the place was surrendered to Charles Stuart the Pretender, who was proclaimed king here, and many persons were executed in consequence, on the city being retaken by the Duke of Cumberland. The Cathedral and Castle are both ancient, and portions of the latter are in perfect preservation. From their elevated

position, they can be seen from a distance in all directions, and give an aspect to the town which is long remembered even if briefly viewed. Steamboats run between this place and Liverpool, Isle of Man, Dublin, and Belfast. The town gives the title of earl to the descendants of "Belted Will" Howard, of Scott's "Lay of the Last Minstrel," a rough border warrior, whose name and exploits are still well remembered in the district. Archdeacon Paley, the author of the "Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy," the "Evidences of Christianity," and "Natural Theology," was a native of the town, and is buried in the cathedral.

Leaving Carlisle we pass PENRITH (17 miles), an ancient market town, with the ruins of a castle. (On the left, 6 miles distant, is a Druidical circle, 350 yards in circumference, formed of 67 stones, some of them 10 ft. high, called "Long Meg and her daughters"). On the left, near Clifton Moor (22 miles), we see Brougham Hall, the residence of the late Lord Brougham. In 1745 there was a skirmish at Clifton Moor between the forces under the Duke of Cumberland and those of the Pretender. The incident is mentioned in Sir Walter Scott's "Waverley." Passing on by several unimportant places we reach KENDAL JUNCTION miles), where there is a branch to Kendal and Windermere. The next place of interest is LANCASTER (69 miles), (Hotels: King's Arms, Royal Oak.) Population, 14,487. This ancient town is situated on the Lune, from which it derives its name. Although, nominally, the chief town of the county, it is, of course, insignificant in comparison with many others in it. It was a Roman sta

(50

tion given by Edward III. to his son, John of Gaunt, ancestor of the Lancaster line of the Plantagenets; it formed part of the palatinate into which his duchy was erected, and has ever since conferred a title only on members of the Royal family. The town suffered much in the wars of the Roses. It is built upon an eminence, of which the castle crowns the summit, and gives to it a very picturesque appearance. From the fact of the building, when it ceased to be needed as a place of defence, having been converted into a jail for the county, it has been kept in complete repair, and, with the exception of the large square ancient keep, nearly rebuilt. Beside the keep, there remain King John's Gate, John of Gaunt's Tower, and other towers. The parish church of St. Mary has some stained glass windows, ornamental brasses, and some specimens of oak carving, said to have been brought from the abbey of Cockersand, at the dissolution. Owing to the silting up of the River Lune, upon which it is situated, a dock has been constructed, about 5 miles below the town, at Glasson, through which a considerable foreign and coasting trade is done. There are also cotton and silk mills, iron foundries, and other branches of business. Dr. Whewell and Professor Richard Owen, the great comparative anatomist, who is still living, were born here.

The next town of importance on our route is PRESTON (90 miles), (Hotels: Bull, Victoria); population, 82,985. Situated in a fertile country and in the midst of good scenery, this place is one of the great seats of the cotton manufacture, as well as of linen, for which, at an earlier period, it was more specially reputed. It is an ancient place, having belonged to

Earl Tostig, the brother of King Harold, before the Conquest, and was probably a Roman station. It was partly burned by the Scots under Robert Bruce in 1323. It was occupied by the partisans of the Pretender, in 1715, and very gallantly, though in vain, defended by them; and again by the retreating forces of the Pretender, in 1745. During the civil war it declared in favour of the king, but was taken by the Parliamentarians under Fairfax. Situated upon the River Ribble, it is a port, but its trade is chiefly coastwise. There are many public buildings and institutions, but all of modern origin, the parish church itself having been recently rebuilt.

Richard Arkwright was born here in 1732, and commenced here some of his great improvements in the cotton manufacture. The express trains stop next at

WIGAN (85 miles), (Hotels: Clarence, Victoria); population in 1861, 37,658. One of the great centres of the cotton trade. It has a town-hall, several schools, and other public institutions.

The

church of All Saints was built before the reign of Edward III., but the greater part has undergone restoration. In the northern part of the town there is a pillar erected to the memory of Sir T. Tyldesley, who fell in the battle of Wigan Lane, August 25, 1651, between the Royalists and the Parliamentary forces. (There is a branch from Wigan to Southport, situated on the estuary of the Ribble, and called from its exquisite climate, the "English Montpelier.")

From Wigan we soon reach NEWTON BRIDGE, where we join the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. (For the journey from this point to Liverpool, see Route 30).

ROUTE 30.

LIVERPOOL TO MAN

CHESTER.

31 miles; 1st class, 5s. 6d.; 2nd, 4s.; 3rd, 2s. 7d.

HE line from Liverpool to Manchester was opened on the 15th of Sept. 1830, and cost nearly £1,000,000. It is the first railway on which locomotion through the agency of steam was attempted. It required a great effort of engineering skill, and a considerable outlay of capital, to overcome the difficulty presented by the great morass, called Chat Moss, through which this railway passes.

We leave Liverpool from the Lime Street Station, and, after passing two stations of no note, reach Huyton (51⁄2 miles), a flourishing town, famed for its potteries, and for the manufacture of the movements of watches, and the tools employed in watchmaking. The next place worth notice is St. Helen's Junction (12 miles), where there is a branch of two miles to St. HELEN'S, a town of about 19,000 inhabitants, celebrated for its glass manufactures, the most considerable of which are carried on at the works of the Union Plate Glass Company. At NEWTON (15 miles) are the great printing works of Messrs. M'Corquodale and Co. In 1648 the Highlanders were routed with great slaughter near Newton. (The Grand Junction Railway here joins the Liverpool and Manchester line). At Parkside (15) miles) a stone tablet marks the spot where Mr. Huskisson, a

much respected member of the House of Commons, was killed on the 15th Sept. 1830-the day of the opening of the line. The North Union Railway has here a branch to Wigan and Preston. At Bury Lane (20 miles) we begin to traverse Chat Moss. We soon afterwards arrive at PATRICROFT (26 miles), where we find Nasmyth Foundry, the largest in England. A short distance off is Worsley Hall, where there is a good collection of pictures, the most remarkable of which is one by Landseer, representing a party of falconers returned from the chase. We then reach Eccles, (27 miles), a pleasant village, situated on the banks of the Ir well. Its ancient church belonged to the Abbey of Whalley, and has given its name (Ecclesia) to the parish. Manufactures of silk and cotton are carried on here. Passing two more stations, we arrive at MANCHESTER (31 miles). (Hotels: see "HOTEL APPENDIX.") Population in 1871, 383,843. Manchester is the emporium of the cotton trade of Great Britain, and the largest city, supported by its special manufacture, in the world. It is connected with Salford by eight bridges over the River Irwell, an affluent of the Mersey, with which place it forms a parliamentary borough return. ing two members. In 1773 the entire population was only 22,481. With the exception of Preston, there are few places in the kingdom which can show such a rapid increase of population.

Amongst the public buildings, the most important and largest are the Exchange, in the centre of the town, the grand hall of which is 185 ft. long, by 92 ft. wide, and of corresponding height; the Town Hall, an Ionic structure upon the model of the Erectheum at Athens,