through the cringle and back again, round before the mast; the sail coming down with the greatest ease when head to wind. The ballast is of stone, built into the bottom of the hooker and making a fire hearth, with a deck above as far aft as the mast.

SHIP'S BOAT FOR ROWING OR SAILING.

Commander T. B. Horner, R.N., in 1858, designed a boat for the Channel Island survey, and she was afterwards fitted for the service. The lines of this boat are shown on Plate XXXIV. She has, it will be seen, a very flat floor, square bilge, and fine, deep ends; she was therefore very buoyant, like a lifeboat She was reported to be fast, weatherly, dry, and steady under oars or canvas.

Commander Horner subsequently designed another boat of smaller dimensions for general use (see Plate XXXIV.). She is reported to have been a wonderful boat against a head sea with four hands, and generally rowed fast. Under canvas she was equally a success. The transom could of course be made "square," if preferred.

The standing lug, with mizen and head sail, would be a good rig for either of these boats. The mast would remain where shown, and the fore part of the lug would be done away with. The head yard would remain about the same, but the lug would be given greater peak.

Sand bags could be carried for ballast.

BELFAST YAWLS.

This type of whale boat is said to have been imported from Norway, and even the Galway hooker and pookhaun exhibit evidence of Norwegian origin. The Belfast yawls vary in length from 12ft. to 30ft. The larger craft above 20ft. keel have two masts, the shorter one being stepped forward. The mast is stepped in the keelson, and fits into a half circle cut out of the thwart. It is stayed forward, and is kept in position without any mast clamp on the thwart.

The tack of the sail is hooked to a hook on the bow. There are two hooks on each bow, the after one being used when before the wind. The halyard consists of a tye and single whip purchase. The standing part of the purchase is fast to the gunwale, and the fall is also belayed to the gunwale. There is no traveller, and the tye runs over a half sheave at the mast head. This fitting is in great repute among the Belfast men, as there is little chance of the yard jamming in hoisting or lowering.

The main sheet is a single rope rove through a bull's-eye on a swivel on the sternpost. The sail is extended by a boom, the latter having a pin at the outer end, which is put into the clew cringle of the sail. The other end is lashed to the mast. A bowline is sometimes used as represented in the cut (Fig. 111). This bowline is set up to the towing bollard or "Samson," with which these boats are always fitted. The sail is

FIG. 111.

cut so high in the clew because it should not get into the water during rolling. The mast is stepped amidships. In squalls the sheet or halyard is let go. In running, if the bows dive, the halyard is eased a little.

The boat is steered by a yoke and long lines, all the crew sitting amidships. Stones are used as ballast. The rig is a very rude one, and it could not be expected that such craft would do much to windward where short tacking would of necessity be frequent.

NORWEGIAN PILOT BOATS.

The lines of a Norwegian pilot boat on page 384 were drawn by Mr. Colin Archer, of Laurvig, Norway. It is not often that prettier or cleaner water lines will be met with; and if the flare of the bow were reduced, the fore-foot rounded up a little, a lead keel added, and a suitable sail plan, we think that a very fast and weatherly yacht could be built from the lines. Mr. Archer thus describes the boats:

"I doubt if English boats of the same size are as handy with a small crew in all kinds of weather. A pilot and his 'boy' (technically so called-he may be an 'old boy') will go to sea in one of these boats and stay there (perhaps for a week) till he finds a vessel. When this