6. Naturalization. 7. Chinese certificates of residence. [ Previous residence in Hawaii shall be deemed equivalent to residence in the United States. The American regulation requiring a previous declaration of intention to become a citizen of the United States, etc., shall not apply to persons who have resided in the islands at least five years prior to the taking effect of this Act" (100). Chinese in Hawaiian Islands given one year to obtain certificates of residence as provided by the Act of Congress approved May 5, 1892, and amended November 3, 1893; but " no Chinese laborer, whether he shall hold such certificate or not, shall be allowed to enter any State, Territory, or District of the United States from the Hawaiian Islands" (101). The provision (Sec. 6) extending the Constitution and laws of the United States placed the Chinese-exclusion law and the alien contract-labor law immediately in force in the Territory of Hawaii. The joint resolution of annexation provided that there should be no further immigration of Chinese into Hawaii except as allowed by the laws of the United States, and that no Chinese, by virtue of anything contained in the joint resolution of annexation, should come to the United States from Hawaii. 8. Hawaiian public lands. The public-land system of the United States has not been extended to Hawaii. In some respects it is entirely inapplicable. It would be difficult to establish an arbitrary rectangular system upon a peculiar system long in practice. The public-land system of Hawaii evolved from local conditions. The lands are already occupied, and, from the very nature of the soil and character of the inhabitants, are cut up into holdings of all sizes, the shape being generally that of an irregular triangle, with its base on the coast line and its apex toward the centre of the island. There has already been established there a system of survey adapted to the natural formation and contour of the islands. For illustration, all the islands rise from the sea level, in some parts abruptly and in some parts gradually, to a central elevation, and for purposes of cultivation the land is naturally divided into lowland, fitted for the growth of taro and rice; next above this is sugar land, next coffee land, and then comes grazing and timber land. Up to 1846 all the lands of the Hawaiian Islands belonged in legal contemplation to the king. The chiefs and the people, under a feudal system closely resembling the old English feudal system, held their respective parcels by rendering service or payment of rent. In 1846 King Kamehameha III. granted: (1) To his chiefs and people certain portions; (2) for government purposes certain portions, (3) and reserved the remainder. By an act, June 7, 1848, the legislature accepted the king's grant and confirmed to the king, his heirs and successors, certain described lands which were thenceforth known as crown lands. Under an act organizing executive departments, a land commission was provided whose duty it was to receive and pass upon the claims of occupants and lands to their respective holdings in that portion of the land set apart for the chiefs and people. This commission heard the testimony of claimants, caused surveys to be made, and issued to the occupants entitled thereto certificates called" Land commission awards." These awards established the right of the grantee to the possession of the land and entitled him upon payment of one-fourth of the value of the bare land to receive a royal patent. These awards and patents issued pursuant thereto are the source of all title to all lands not public lands or crown lands. By an act of July 9, 1850, one-twentieth of all public lands are set apart for the support of schools. These lands are patented to a board of education, which was empowered to sell and lease. Part of these lands is used for sites for school buildings, part is leased, and part has been sold. In 1884 a homestead law on a small scale was provided but was little used, only 256 patents having been issued in sixteen years. In 1894, the legislature passed “the land act of 1895.' By this act the crown lands were treated as having vested in the republic and were placed under the control of a board of commissioners, composed of the secretary of the interior and two persons appointed by the governor. They are now embraced as public lands, and are under the control of a commissioner of public lands. They are subject to alienation and other uses as may be provided by law (99). The islands are divided into six land districts, with a subagent of public lands and ranges for each. The public domain is divided into agricultural, pastoral, pastoral-agricultural, forest and waste lands. The commissioners are authorized to dispose of these lands in the following manner: 1. At public auction for cash in parcels not exceeding 1,000 acres. 2. At public auction, part credit, in parcels not exceeding 600 acres. 3. Without auction sale, in exchange for private lands or by way of compromise. 4. By lease at public auction for not more than twenty-one years. 5. Homestead leases. 6. Right-of-purchase leases. 7. Cash freeholds. Under the act of Congress approved April 30, 1900, the commissioner of public lands takes the place of the board of commissioners. The laws relating to public lands, the settlement of boundaries, and the issuance of patents on land-commission awards continue in force until Congress shall provide otherwise. But "no lease of agricultural land shall be granted, sold, or renewed by the government of the Territory of Hawaii for a longer period than five years until Congress shall otherwise direct." All funds arising from this disposal of such lands shall be appropriated by the Hawaiian government and applied for the benefit of the inhabitants (73). LANDS; evolution of the Anglo-American interests in the Astoria, 30. Behring Sea, 33, 58. China, earliest American trade 102. Cochin China, 74. Colonial establishments, distant Corsairs, Peruvian, 10, 25. Deserters, 39, 40, 42, 48, 64. Discovery, of islands by Ingra- Eastern and Far Eastern ques- California and Far East, earliest American ne- Fisheries, as a school for Amer- Formosa, 66, 67; proposed oc- Galapagos Islands, 48, 60. Hawaii [see "Sandwich | Marquesas Islands, 18. Monroe doctrine, and the Pa- Morrell's voyages and adven- Mutiny, 28, 38, 48. Natives of islands, character of, Pacific, the; early European Peel Island colony, 61 et seq. Peruvian Corsairs, 10, 25. cupation, 151; cession by Pioneers in trade and discov- Piracy, 23, 40, 109. Russia, claims in the North Pa- an- Samoa, 46, 55, 57; strategic po- can vessels at, 16, 40, 41, 42, ests, 40; difficulties of mis- Chinese-North- Tahiti, 41, 56. Voyages, (special); of the Em- Wake Island, 24, 69. Whalers, early relations with World Power, United States as |