With this as a basis, the following chapters are devoted to the working out of the system of government as provided by the Ordinance of 1787. The government was first organized as a whole with Arthur St. Clair as governor and to him was given the task of working out a system of government over this vast wilderness of isolated settlements, including the hostile forces of the French, English, and Indians.

After the admission of Ohio into the Union, the author shows how the remaining country was successively organized into the Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin territories under the original ordinance, and the remaining chapters are devoted to Governor Harrison of the Indiana territory, Governor Edwards of the Illinois territory, Governors Hull, Cass, and Mason of the territory of Michigan, and Governors Dodge and Doty of the territory of Wisconsin.

The book is not a detailed history, but it rather shows the forces at work and points out the important part played by the governors. It is supplemented by copious notes and a good bibliography and analytical index. In mechanical execution the book is characteristic of those issued by the State Historical Society of Iowa, and reflects much credit upon the society and its superintendent and editor.

The Writings of James Madison. Edited by Gaillard Hunt. Volume IX., 1819-1836. (New York, Putnams, 1910, pp. xxii, 666.) Mr. Hunt concludes his admirable series with a volume considerably thicker than its predecessors. In proportion to the mass of extant material the last seventeen years of Madison's life are traversed somewhat lightly. Where the Congressional edition of forty-five years ago printed over five hundred letters, he prints about a hundred and fifty, and some of these in the awkward compression and obscurity of foot-notes overrunning the page. But Madison had by this time ceased to be a man of action, and in his comments on the events which he surveyed from his place of retirement there is a certain sameness, so that compression is possible. Mr. Hunt has retained nearly all the important letters, especially those concerned with the interpretation of the Constitution, and has added some new letters of interest, especially from the collections hitherto preserved by the Chicago Historical Society. Room is found. for "Jonathan and Mary Bull", the speech in the Virginia Convention of 1829-1830, and some other important documents not letters. Madison's will is also added, and an index, which seems very good, to the whole set of volumes except the third and fourth, which had a separate index of their own. Thus is worthily concluded a series begun in 1900, which has been maintained with great intelligence of editing, and which must long remain the standard edition of Madison's writings.

J. FRANKLIN JAMESON.

Morris Ketchum Jesup: a Character-Sketch. By William Adams Brown. (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910, pp. ix, 247.) This

book, which owing to the lack of available material is limited to a character-sketch rather than a biography, "is the story of a representative life, a life whose activities affected the welfare of many men, and whose services have left their permanent record in institutions of far-reaching influence". Morris Ketchum Jesup was "the ideal American layman”, for, although originally trained for business, he developed sympathies and interests for "whatever enlarges and enriches human life".

Born in Connecticut in 1830, he early came to New York where, as banker and director of corporations, he became extraordinarily successful. Yet despite his many business interests he became so absorbed in charitable work that in 1884 he retired from business to devote his thought, time, and fortune to religious, philanthropic, educational, and civic interests. His activity in these fields may be judged from a mention of some of the positions he held from time to time: president of the Chamber of Commerce of the state of New York; president of the American Museum of Natural History; one of the founders and president of the Y. M. C. A.; president of the Peary Arctic Club; president of the American Sunday School Union; member of both the Peabody and the General Education Boards; and a member of many other institutions of a similar character. In this congenial work he continued active til his death which occurred in January, 1908.

The book should prove valuable reading not only to those who may be personally interested but to many others as well, for it touches upon the history of many important institutions and movements and shows the many possibilities for doing good that are open to a man of the character of Mr. Jesup.

J. F. PEAKE.

The Illinois State Historical Library published in 1899, as vol. I., no. 1, of its publications, Newspapers published in Illinois prior to 1860, by Edmund J. James. A new edition of that work, revised and enlarged by William Franklin Scott of the University of Illinois, has just been issued by the library, with the title Newspapers and Periodicals of Illinois, 1814-1879 [Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library, vol. VI., Biographical Series, vol. I., pp. cvi, 610]. The book is introduced by a valuable historical survey, eighty pages in extent, of the Illinois press during the period treated, which also sheds light on political history and methods in the state. The first section of the bibliography (pp. 363) is a descriptive list of newspapers and periodicals chronologically treated within an alphabetical arrangement of towns. The vicissitudes of name, editorial charge, and political affiliation are set forth, often with considerable fullness, and indication is given where files of the publication may be found. Another section lists, under an alphabetical arrangement, first according to the location of the libraries, secondly, according to the place of publication, the issues of Illinois newspapers in libraries within the state. A similar list shows what issues

of these papers exist in libraries outside of Illinois. There are also a chronological list of newspapers issued before 1850, an index of the publications mentioned in the volume, a separate index of persons, and another of the counties in which the publications were issued. There are photographic reproductions of a few of the earliest newspapers published within the state.

Academy of Pacific Coast History, Publications. Volume I. (Berkeley, University of California, 1910, pp. 358.) The new Academy of Pacific Coast History makes an excellent beginning by publishing this handsome volume, chiefly composed of documentary materials, with several facsimiles of titles or pages of the documents. Professor C. C. Plehn's account of the San Francisco Clearing-house Certificates of 1907-1908 was mentioned in these pages upon its appearance as a separate pamphlet. Professor R. W. Kelsey's history of the United States Consulate in California, without slighting the ordinary features of consular business, is principally a study of the political and diplomatic activity of the one American consul at Monterey, Thomas O. Larkin, whose papers are preserved in the wonderful Bancroft Collection at Berkeley. It helps in many particulars toward a better understanding of the acquisition of California by the United States. The rest of the book consists of documents, well and sufficiently edited. Three deal with the expedition of Gaspar de Portolá of 1769–1770—namely, the official summary (rare print), Portolá's diary (manuscript), and the Diario Historico of Miguel Costansó (Mexico, 1770). There is also a brief diary of one who was a member of the Donner party; and a beginning is made of the papers of the Vigilance Committee of 1851 by printing its constitution and the list of its members. The work of editing the volume has been mostly done by Mr. Frederick J. Teggart.

Le Dernier Évêque du Canada Français, Monseigneur de Pontbriand, 1740-1760. Par Vicomte du Breil de Pontbriand. (Paris, Honoré Champion, 1910, pp. 326.) The somewhat obscure and neglected figure of the last Bishop of New France deserved greater prominence in history. Justice has been done to his memory by a great-nephew of the saintly prelate. By judiciously utilizing the available sources, mostly secondhand, the author assigns to his venerable ancestor the true part—a very important one-he played in the events, religious and political, that marked the close of the French domination in America.

Mgr. Pontbriand's episcopate of eighteen years (1742-1760) comprises two distinct periods. The first was a time of reorganization and of pastoral labor. Entering generously on his humble and arduous career, he never once looked back, nor returned to the mother-country. The too rapid succession of his three immediate predecessors had left much to restore and consolidate. He set to work with truly apostolic zeal, visiting the widely scattered settlements, unsparingly distributing God's word,

AM. HIST. REV., VOL. XVI. — 44

and providing withal for the spiritual advancement of the clergy and religious sisterhoods.

The second period of Pontbriand's biography begins with the outbreak of the Seven Years' War (1754). Not only is it contemporaneous with the tragic events that heralded the downfall of New France, but his very life was interwoven with the alternate fortunes of his fellowcountrymen. As occasion required, the pastor's voice was raised in turn to exhort and advise, to console and fortify his flock. The dispersion of the Acadians, with its consequent dangers for their faith, the brilliant feats of arms of the French commanders, the fatal battle of the heights of Abraham, all find an echo and a lesson in the bishop's mandements. Judiciously and appropriately quoted, these form, in our opinion, the chief feature of this biography, a parallel history, so to speak, of that eventful period. Though written in the somewhat mannered style of the day, they are replete with the unction of genuine charity and aptly interwoven with texts from Holy Scripture.

The brokenhearted and dying pastor fulfilled his mission to the last. From his retreat in Montreal, he urged his people to co-operate with the brave Lévis in his last engagement at St. Foy (1760), where a brilliant French victory ended the fight for Canada.

The author concludes by a just tribute to the liberality of British institutions compared to the hostile attitude towards the Church exhibited by the French government of the day. We must regret that he has been unable to control, by later historical publications, certain appreciations by the author of Montcalm and Lévis. A few geographical inaccuracies have likewise escaped his attention. But such trifling blemishes hardly detract from the merits of an otherwise reliable and recommendable work.

The History of Kings County, Nova Scotia, Heart of the Acadian Land. Giving a Sketch of the French and their Expulsion; and a History of the New England Planters who came in their Stead, with many Genealogies, 1604-1910. By Arthur Wentworth Hamilton Eaton, M.A., D.C.L. (Salem, Mass., Salem Press Company, 1910, pp. xii, 808.) It is because Kings County in Nova Scotia is the scene of the expulsion of the Acadians in 1755 and was settled thereafter by New England planters that gives this book more than a local interest.

Concerning the Acadian expulsion, Dr. Eaton presents a judicial narrative of the well-known facts rather than a controversial discussion of the justice or injustice of the deportation. His general attitude largely harmonizes with that of Professor Edward Channing in his History of the United States. It is in effect that the Acadians unfortunately for themselves occupied a strategic location in the contest for the possession of the New World, towards the decision of which their removal materially aided. Only one like the author born in the county of Kings could describe with such accuracy of detail the various settle

ments of the Acadians, the location of their roads, dykes, and habitations, and the existing remnants of their tragic expulsion. It is in this minute and accurate setting of the scene that the value of Dr. Eaton's contribution on this subject to the historian largely consists.

The coming of the New England planters is by far the most important feature of the book in general historic interest. In a paper read before the American Historical Association in 1890 (see Annual Report for 1891, pp. 41-42) the writer of this review first made public the facts of the earlier New England migration between 1760 and 1770 whereby the fourteen "old townships" of Acadia received their settlement. Dr. Eaton's account is limited to two only of the original townships, those of Horton and Cornwallis in Kings County, but the description of the causes and manner of their settlement is applicable to the entire migration. With such thoroughness is it written that even the towns are traced, mainly in Connecticut but in part also in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, to which the original grantees belonged. Successive chapters devoted to county government; to roads, travelling, and dykes; to the chief industries; to houses, furniture, and dress; and to marriages; domestic life, slaves, etc.; reveal the all-pervading influence of New England in the Acadian land. The subsequent Loyalist migration with its potent influence on the social and intellectual life is likewise well set forth. The book must thus always prove a veritable mine of detailed information to any future historian who may deal with New England migrations.

The work is well printed, but two volumes might have proved of more convenient proportions. It would, moreover, be difficult to mention any other county history that combines such excellence of literary form with historical accuracy.

BENJAMIN RAND.

El General Paredes y Arrillaga. Su Gobierno en Jalisco, sus Movimientos Revolucionarios, sus Relaciones con el General Santa Anna, etc., segun su Propio Archivo. [Documentos Inéditos ó muy Raros para la Historia de México, publicados por Genaro García.] Tomo XXXII. (Mexico, Bouret, 1910, pp. 7, 264.) General Paredes, to Mexicans an important figure as soldier, politician, and chief magistrate, is of particular interest in the United States because he gained the presidency as an advocate of war with this country, and did in fact order his troops to attack Taylor. Señor García had the good fortune some years since to obtain his papers, numbering about 5000 pieces, and he is now giving us the benefit of this acquisition. The present volume contains letters that passed between Paredes and many of the leading men of his nation from July 5, 1833, to November 12, 1844—principally in 1842-1844. The most interesting subjects, especially for Americans, are two. The first is the explanation of his domestic political policy (see particularly pp. 41-43, 46-47, and 50-54). He compared the congressional system that