he shall have committed before he shall be delivered up other than the offence specified in the requisition.' "This assumed that a political crime could be correctly defined as a crime committed from political motives. As was pointed out in the debate, the murder of President Lincoln, and the shooting of a policeman in Ireland by Fenian assassins, were both crimes committed for political reasons; but no one would pretend that they were any the less murders; and murders, the perpetrators of which it would be a disgrace to any nation to harbour. If Booth had escaped to England, there would have been little debate as to the propriety of giving him up to be tried for murder. "The killing of a man in civil war, the seizure of property by the leaders of an armed rebellion, are examples of true political crimes. So far as rules upon the subject can be laid down, the provision of the Convention of 1852, and the clauses inserted in treaties made by France with other foreign nations, afford good models for imitation. But the line is a narrow one, and it would be well to leave to the Secretary of State a discretion which he would exercise in responsibility to Parliament. The existence of slavery in some countries causes another difficulty which might be got over either by a provision similar to that in the treaty between the United States and Mexico, which stipulated that no slave should be surrendered, or which would be far better, by limiting the rendition of slaves to cases of the most atrocious crimes."Extract from concluding chapter of First Edition. The following are the clauses upon this subject inserted in some of the French treaties: "Il est expressément stipulé que le prévenu ou le condamné dont l'extradition aura été accordée ne pourra être, dans aucun cas, poursuivi ou puni pour aucun crime ou délit politique antérieur à l'extradition. "Ne sera pas réputé crime politique ni fait connexe à un semblable crime, l'attentat contre la personne du chef d'un gouvernement étranger, ou contre celle d'un des membres de sa famille, lorsque cet attentat constituera le fait, soit de meurtre, soit d'assassinat, soit d'empoisonnement."—Article 8 of Convention between France and Saxe-Weimar, August 7, 1858. "9. § 1. Il est expressément stipulé que le prévenu ou le condamné dont l'extradition aura été accordée, ne pourra, dans aucun cas, être poursuivi ou puni pour un délit politique antérieur à l'extradition, ni pour un des crimes ou délits non prévus par la présente Convention. 66 "§ 2. Mais il est entendu que les crimes contre la personne du souverain, ou des membres de sa famille, et respectivement des cardinaux de la Sainte Eglise, ne sont point compris dans le § 1 du présent Article."-Convention between France and the Pontifical States, July 19, 1859. "Ses tentatives d'assassinat, d'homicide, ou d'empoisonne. ment contre le chef d'un gouvernement étranger ne seront pas réputés crimes politiques pour l'effet de l'extradition. Ne seront pas non plus considérés comme crimes politiques ceux énumérés dans cet Article, lorsqu'ils seront commis contre l'héritier immédiat de la couronne de France."-Convention between France and Chili, April 11, 1860. "Il est bien entendu que ne sera pas réputé délit politique, ni fait connexe à un semblable délit, l'attentat contre la personne d'un souverain étranger ou contre celle des membres de sa famille, lorsque cet attentat constituera le fait, soit d'assassinat, soit d'empoisonnement, soit de meurtre.”—Additional Convention between France and the Low Countries, August 2, 1860. "I see a notice has been given that when the Bill goes into committee a clause will be proposed, the purpose of which is to exclude all offences which are considered to be of a political character. I do not say that on principle I should have any objection to that, provided you define what is to be treated as a political offence. I take it that, in a rough and popular way, it would not be difficult to do that. For instance, if a man were killed in a riot, or in an attempt to excite a tumult or popular insurrection, that probably would be regarded as a political offence. But a difficulty would arise where you have to deal with attempts at assassination. "It does seem to me that, while on the one hand we desire to retain inviolate the right of exemption from arrest for political offences, it is monstrous to say, on the other hand, that if any private person is assassinated in the streets of Paris for example, and the murderer escapes to England, he may be punished; but that if the person so assassinated is invested with any political character, then the offence becomes a political offence, and the law of England declares that he shall not be given up to justice. This position appears to me to be utterly untenable. There is, I apprehend, a discretionary power given to the Secretary of State as to the application of the Act, and all I can say on this point is, that if any honourable gentleman can succeed in establishing a distinction between the case of a purely political offence and an offence against morality, I shall be willing to consider the proposal to insert a clause to meet such a case."-Speech of Lord Stanley in the House of Commons, August 3, 1866. On the same occasion Mr. J. S. Mill suggested that the political offences excluded from the operation of the law should be defined as, "Any offence committed in the course of or furthering of civil war, insurrection, or political commotions." INDEX. ABERDEEN, LORD. Despatch to Count St. Aulaire, 131. ADAMS, PRESIDENT. Action in the case of Robbins, 37. ACCUSED PERSON. Includes person condemned par contumace, 203; App. xvii. Demands the surrender of Burnet, 20. ARGUELLES. Given up by United States to Spain, 72. ASHBURTON TREATY (1842), 47. AUSTRIA. Treaty with Great Britain (1873), App. xxxiii. AYLMER, LORD. Governor of Canada, refuses to give up fugitives, 89. BADEN. Treaty with United States (1857), 70. BAVARIA. Treaty with United States (1853), 70. BELGIUM. Treaty with Great Britain (1876), App. xlii. Supplemental Declarations (1877 and 1887), App. liv, lvi. BIDWELL. Surrendered by Spain to Great Britain, 73, n. BRAZIL. Treaty with Great Britain (1872), App. lviii. Opinion, 10. BURLAMAQUI. Opinion, 6; misstates opinion of Pufendorf, 4, n. His extradition from Holland demanded and refused, 20. CAIRNS, SIR HUGH (LORD). Opinion as to evidence for prisoner, 215. CAMPBELL, SIR J. (LORD). Opinion on extradition, 10. Advice on case of fugitive slave, 91. CANADA, LAW OF, 88-122. Colonial Acts, 89, 91-95, 122. Practice, 210. CHARACTER OF OFFENCE CHARGED. By what law to be determined: in United States, 54, n. in Canada, 118. in Great Britain, 148, 217 n., App. xix. CHELMSFORD, LORD CHANCELLOR. Judgment in Coppin's case, 158. COCKBURN, L.C.J. Judgment in Tivnan's case, 143. in Windsor's case, 148. COKE, LORD. Denies duty of surrender, 7; instances: Wynne's comment, 7, n. C.J. Tilghman's comment, 7, n. |