the organism of the maternal parent. This is true of all the higher organisms, and essentially true as regards fertilization of the whole series. But as fertilized germs, spores, seeds or ova, we know that all plants and many animals may have had their beginning, since we know that at the present time, species can be preserved and perpetuated in this form or stage of development. The infusoria are all preserved and the species perpetuated in one of these ways. As such they exist in the air, and readily develop and mature when they find a nutritive fluid. All these, and many other species, may have been created and possibly were, in this form; but if so, the germ, spore, seed, or ovum was as truly the individual as the mature organism.

Now, if the higher species of the vegetable kingdom had their genesis in the seed form, and not in the fully developed plant, then the creation of the living organism involved and necessitated the creation at the same time of everything necessary to its growth and development to that period of time, or stage of development, where it could be sustained by the functions of its fully differentiated structure. In the seed we have the living organism and the food necessary for its nutrition up to the time when it can produce its own pabulnm. In every seed the quantity of pabulum is just that in quantity which is found necessary to nourish the plant up to the time when it becomes an independent being. The contents of the eggs of birds are just enough to develop the embryo to the age when it can live on its own exertion or derive its food from without. An egg is an analogue of a seed. The embryo lies imbedded in its pabulum. The embryo is a living being, while the pabulum is only an organic body, the product of the organism whence the egg was derived. This is the essential constitution of all germs, spores, seeds or ova. If any species of living organisms began its existence in the seed or egg form, then it is evident that both the organism and its pabulum are of the same and simultaneous origin, and though of different chemical constitution, yet they have the same origin and time of beginning. Precedence on the part of either constituent is hardly supposable, and certainly unnecessary, since neither could have served its intended purpose without the presence of the other. The seed contains both a ternary and a quarternary compound-the living organism, diastase and starch; and all these had a simultaneous origin in the seed, and hence, neither can be regarded as having the precedence of the other. Neither

is protoplastic. There was, and could have been, no first-formed in the original seed. And the same is true, if the species began

as the full developed and matured individual.

Though germs and spores are capable of germination and structural development under less favorable or more simple conditions than are seeds, yet the structure of the living organism in these is essentially the same as in the seed. Though they have not the pabulum connected with them as is found in seeds and ova, yet this living organism is developed under conditions, in a way and by means essentially the same. When they fall into substances capable of affording them the required pabulum, they nourish and grow on such pabulum until they reach that stage of structural development which enables them henceforth to derive their pabulum from sources adapted to the matured state of the plant. Their growth and development are essentially the same as those of the seed. Their pabulum may be ternary or quarternary in composition, protoplastic or deuteroplastic as respects the method or time of its production; but the process of development does not differ from that which takes place in the food-supplied seed. The germ or spore, like the seed, is, in its entirety, the living organism, and derived its existence originally from the creating power in all its entirety, and not from any preexisting, proteinaceous substance, as has been conclusively shown by the failure of all experiments to prove the contrary. What is protoplastic as respects chemical composition, is found in the structure of the organism, either as content or enveloping membrane, originated with all other parts of its structure. There is no protoplasm in its structure that came from any preexisting protoplasmic substance.

In whatever form or stage of structural development the original individual of any species may have begun its existence, we must conceive of that structure as being perfect. If as a germ, spore, seed or ovum, then these were all perfect; or if as the matured individual, then was that individual perfect. Each and all were created complete and perfect. Any other view is impossible, if there be such a thing as species in plants and animals. Now when we examine the simple cell-organism, we find that it is composed of contents and wall, the former living and the latter dead matter. Such is the structure of the most complete or highly differentiated organism. Man is not alive in all the parts of his organism. The mass of his organism is "formed matter."

If he began in the perfect state of his manhood, the first man did not differ in any essential particular from any that have proceeded from him. As the species began in a perfect individual, whence came the protoplasmic substances that existed in his body, whether living or dead? Every element of his organism, every kind of structure, bone, muscle, nerve and blood, were in the original individual, and all were of simultaneous origin. If any species began in the ovum, then likewise, did every element of the egg have the same origin and arise at the same time. It began as a perfect egg; for such has been the beginning of every individual since the existence of the first. "Omnia ab ovo" is an established fact. This being so, there was no original and universal protoplasm or non-living proteinaceous compound, in which, and from which living organisms had their genesis. So long as spontaneous generation shall remain but a dream or a hope, so long will it be that a germinal protoplasm is but a myth. The first formed living matter is the living being, whose origin we have shown to be wholly supernatural, and this living being began in its organic entirety, whether that beginning was as germ, spore, seed, ovum or the natural and perfectly differentiated individual.

No protoplasm or organic compound, proteinaceous in character, has ever been met with that was not the product of a living organism. If we use the word as meaning the first organized substance formed, the living organism is protoplastic. If we apply it to organic products, we must apply it to the organic substance called elaborated sap, since this is the first organic body formed by a living organism. This substance is formed, as all know, from inorganic material. In the cells of the leaves of plants inorganic matter is made to assume an organic relation, or formed into an organized substance. Living cells are the agents in the production of non-living organic matter, as well as the generating medium for the reproduction of living cells, and formation of formed matter. The elaborated sap is not a simple substance, or a single compound substance. All the organic material necessary for the nutrition of the plant is contained in it. It is known to contain both ternary and quarternary compounds. Hence, the proteinaceous or quarternary compound to which the word protoplasm is limited by all physiologists, is not

1. Gray's Botany, p. 27.

the first formed substance; for the ternary compound of sugar has a simultaneous origin with it in the formation of elaborated sap. As plants preceded animals in point of time; and as plants are the primary source of food for animals, the protoplasm or proteinaceous compound formed in animals, had its origin in the artopoietic organs of plants. The quarternary and ternary compounds produced by plants, constitute the food of animals. All organic products had their origin in them; and without the intervention of a living organism, no organic product, such as those constituting the food of animals, has ever been known to have had an origin. It is, therefore, evident and beyond question, that the protoplasm of the evolutionist has no existence in nature; and that there is no single organic substance that can be properly called protoplasm—first formed, unless it be the | living being or elaborated sap.

Specificity rests on differentiation of structure, whether it be the differentiation of the system of organized beings, or of the organism of a species. Organs or tissues are the species of the organism, and are as immutable as are the species that characterize the organic system. The liver never discharges the function of the kidney, nor the kidney that of the stomach. The brain does not secrete bile, nor does the lungs take any part in the production of psychical phenomena. The mammary gland can never be made to discharge the function of the ovary, nor the urinary cyst that of the uterus. These facts are as familiar as household words, and are explained by the fact of differentiation of cells, whose specificity lies deeper than the visible organism, and is to be found in the determinations of the Power which manifest its true nature in the psychical phenomena of man. All the various cells of the organism arise from the single fertilized cell by a process of differentiation, the nutrition of which is supplied by the organized substances conveyed to them by the fluid of the general organism. These various cells come not from the proteinaceous compounds which they imbibe, or in which they may float, but from the reproduction of themselves. How specificity becomes impressed on cells as they are reproduced and multiplied, we know not; but we have some conception of the process of nutrition, in which the proteinaceous pabulum becomes a part of the structure of each, and contributes to their increase. As then, the various kinds of cells that compose the organism of the animal do not arise from the pabulum supplied to them, we may be

absolutely certain that protoplasm is in no way the nidus of life, or the germinating fluid of living organisms.

There is, then, no view which we can take of the origin and constitution of protoplasm, that justifies the assumption of the modern scientist regarding the origin or genesis of living beings. As a germinal substance, protoplasm has no existence. At best, it is but a life product, the work of a living organsim on the elements of dead matter. Being this, and nothing more, it should be discarded as ambiguous and indefinite. It can but occasion confusion and obscurity. It deceives, because it presents us with false representations. It is made to affirm what is not true. It presumes the verity of a myth-spontaneous generation, and assumes as a fact, that which has no existence but in the dream or the hope of the materialist.

ARTICLE XIX.

CEPHALEMATOMIA AND VAGINAL HEMORRHAGE IN AN INFANT. OPERATION BY FORCIBLE EXTRACTION. BY PINKNEY FRENCH, M. D., of Mexico, Mo.

On 30th of January, 1879, I attended Mrs. L. in her first confinement. Her labor was neither tedious, difficult nor protracted, in fact, I considered it an easy labor. While assisting to dress the child, I observed a tumefaction or slight swelling situated upon the right parietal bone, covering perhaps, the posterior third of that bone. As I detected no fluctuation, and it being situated upon or near that part of the head that. first presented itself at the outlet of the pelvis, I stated that it was what was termed caput succedaneum, and was probably the result of the pressure to which the child's head had been subjected during birth, and that it would soon disappear without treatment. I did not again see the infant until Feb. 5th, six days after birth. I was then consulted in regard to a hemorrhage from the vagina of the child. The discharge was found to be red fluid blood. There was no excitement, redness or swelling of the generative