Free and slave, populations of, com- pared, 420. Relation of, to Confed- eration, 427. Whether Constitution could be ratified by governments of, 428. Voting by, history of practice of, 460. Equal representation of, in Senate, just, 464. Union desired by, from different motives, 509. Com- mercial legislation of, under Confed- eration, various, 514. Revenue and paper-money systems of, under Con- federation, varions, 514. Rights guar- anteed to, by Constitution, 517. Pow- er of, over slave-trade, anterior to Constitution, 517. Ports of any one of, not to be preferred to those of another, 522. Compacts between, outside of Articles of Confederation, 537. New, temporary governments for, Madi- son's motion respecting, 540. Admis- sion of, number of votes requisite for, 540; by dismemberment of state, 540; by junction, 541; difference in cases of, 543; provisions for, general, 544. Restraints on political power of, 547. Issuing of bills of credit prohibited to, 548. Laying of duties and im- posts by, 550. Cannot lay duty on tonnage, 552. Keeping of troops or ships of war by, 552. Agreements by, with another state or foreign power, 552. When may engage in war, 552. Governments of, how far supreme, 557. May be multiplied indefinitely under Constitution, 560. Levying war against, not treason against United States, 561. Certain controversies between, proposed to be tried by Senate, 586. Constitu- tional restrictions on, 591. Laws of, constitutionality of, how determined, 595. Courts of, not likely to admin- ister justice to foreigners, etc., 597. Different, controversies between citi- zens of, 597; grants of lands by, juris- diction of cases respecting, 599. One of a party to a suit, jurisdiction in cases of, 599. Foreign, jurisdiction in cases of, 599. Full faith given to acts, etc., of, 601. Have exclusive regula- tion of domestic institutions, 603. May exclude foreigners, 606. Republican government guaranteed to, object of, 610. Domestic violence in, applica- tion to general government in case of, 610. Competency of, to abolish constitutions, 611. Must have ex-
ecutive and legislature, 611. Protec- tion of, against domestic violence, 613. Equality of, in Senate, forever guaranteed by Constitution, 616. Re- fusal of, to comply with requisitions of Congress, 676. See New States. State Constitutions, formation of, 80, 82. State Governments, how formed, 25. State Sovereignty, early assertion of, 63.
Stop Laws. See Debts.
STORY, JOSEPH, views of, respecting president's power to adjourn Con- gress, 583.
Suffrage, Rule of, Governor Randolph's resolution respecting, 335. Change in, opposed by Delaware, 335. In Continental Congress, 339. In Con- federation, 339. In Senate, 343. For House of Representatives, great de- bate on, 398. According to Virginia plan, 405. Different in different states, 425, 441. Not universal in any state, 612. SULLIVAN, General, president of New Hampshire convention, 656. SULLIVAN, James, governor of Massa- chusetts, 656.
Superintendent of the Finances appointed, 116. See ROBERT MORRIS. Supremacy of United States, meaning and scope of, 556, 557. Of states, ex- tent of, 556, 557. Of Constitution, as affecting national growth, 559. Supreme Court, tenure of office of, 356. Judges of, not removable by address, 357; compensation of, 357; by whom appointed, 357. Judges of, proposed appointment of, by Senate, 357, 457, 462, 577. Appointment of, proposals concerning, 465. Sole interpreters of Constitution, 558. Judges of, to be nominated by president, 581; tenure of office and salaries of, 585. One, under Constitution, 585. Original and appellate jurisdiction of, 586. Ap- pellate jurisdiction of, ambiguity concerning, 588. Doubts about con- ferring power upon, to declare law unconstitutional, 592.
TALLEYRAND, Prince, opinion of, re- specting Hamilton, 276. Taxation, right of, denied to Parlia- ment, 14. How distinguished from regulation of trade, 14. Inseparable
from representation, 14, 413. Diffi- culty of applying combined rule of wealth and numbers to, 414. Report of committee of detail respecting, 501. By general government, Mason's objections to, 666. See Colonies. Taxes, odious to the people of United States, 120. Power of Congress to collect, 518.
dent's power to pardon, different views respecting, 579. Treasury Department, first established, 22.
Treaty of Alliance with France, 104. Treaty of amity and commerce with France, Sweden, and the Netherlands, 188. Negotiations for, with the Neth- erlands, 189; with Sweden, 190.
Tender, state laws respecting, restraint Treaty of Peace signed and ratified, 104, on, 548.
Tender Law of Massachusetts, 181. See Debts.
Territory, power of Congress over, un- der the Confederation, 97. Authority of Congress over, under Constitution, 532; purpose of provision respecting, 542; diverse views concerning, 544. See Western Territory and Northwest- ern Territory.
Territorial Governments, power to frame,
in Ordinance of 1787, 535. Theory, danger of adhering too firmly to, 394.
THOMPSON, CHARLES, secretary of first Continental Congress, 8.
TICKNOR, GEORGE, cited for a saying of Jefferson concerning the Revolution- ary Congress, 44; for a saying of Tal- leyrand about Hamilton, 276. Tonnage, duty on, states prohibited to lay, 551; proposed exception respect- ing, 552.
Tories, how dealt with by Continental
Congress, 23; in New Hampshire, 45. Washington's opinion respecting, 45. Movements of, in the neighborhood of New York, 45; how met by Wash- ington, 46, 48. Steps taken by Con- gress to disarm, 47. Misunderstand- ing respecting, between Washington and Congress, 49. Subject referred to local authorities, 49. Relations of persons and property of, to the Union, 170.
Trade, inter-colonial, before the Revo- lution, 5. Regulation of, by Parlia- ment, distinguished from taxation, 14. With colonies prohibited by Parlia ment, December, 1775, 24. See Colo- nies, Commerce, Continental Congress, and Parliament.
Treason, definition of, in Constitution, origin and purpose of, 561. Nature of evidence of, 562. Punishment of, to be declared by Congress, 562; how limited by Constitution, 562. Presi-
125, 158, 160. Objects secured by, 168. How violated by certain states, 171, 173. Southern boundary of the United States fixed by, 210. Accompanied by a secret article, 210. Treaty Power under the Confederation, 219.
Treaties, supreme law of land, 422, 553,
554. Proposition that Senate should make, 457. Negotiation of, by numer- ous body, embarrassing, 463. Making of, proposals concerning, 465. Pro- vision respecting, origin of, 468; how modified, 579. Of peace, question re- specting, 581. Rule of Confederation respecting, 581. May be proposed by Senate, 581. Jurisdiction over cases arising under, 589. Cases arising un- der, how settled, 596. Power to make, under Confederation, 596. Trial by Jury, of the vicinage, one of the rights of the colonies, 14. Under Constitution, 586. Provision for, in civil cases, not in Constitution orig- inally, 588; supplied by amendment, 588. Guarantee of, required by many states, 589. For crimes, provisions re- specting, 590. Omission to secure, a strong argument with some against Constitution, 628.
TUCKER, George, cited about Madison, 282.
TYLER, JOHN, opposed to Constitution, 633.
Union, origin of, 1. Unknown to the colonial condition, 4. Proposal of, in 1754, 4. Power to form, a result of the Revolution, 5. Proposed in 1773, 6. Virginia recommends, 7, 321. As established by the Confederation, 98. Saved by the proposal of the revenue scheme, 126. Of the people, idea of, 252. Change in character of, 315. Preservation of, essential to indepen- dence of states, 319. Necessarily re-
publican, 320. Purposes of, at first | indefinite, 321. Previous history of, important, 321. "Exigencies of," 321; how only to be provided for, 325. Ob- jects of, embraced in two classes, 321; how ascertained, 321; different views respecting, 338. Proposed power in, to protect and uphold governments of states, 361. Dissolution of, Madison's views respecting, 399; Hamilton's views respecting, 399; at one time probable, 402. General interests of, power to legislate for, 422. Success of, to what attributable, 558. Sover- eignty of, and of states, no conflict between, 558. Capacity of, for ter- ritorial expansion, cause of, 559. Theory of, respecting domestic insti- tutions of states, 603.
"United Colonies,” term of, first adopted, 21.
United States of America, title of, adopt- ed, 36, 98.
United States, character of, at stake, 120. Laws and treaties of, supreme law of states, 422, 554. Guarantee by, of state institutions, 426. Became proprietor of crown lands, 540. Title of, to vacant lands, 543. Officer of, not to accept present, etc., from for- eign king, etc., 546. Resolutions re- specting supremacy of government of, 553, 554. Supremacy of, meaning and scope of, 555. Government of, unlike any other, 557; determines its own powers, 557; safeguard of, 558; success of, to what attributable, 558; Constitution, no impediment to growth of, 560. Treason against, definition of, 561. Importance of preserving federal character of gov- ernment of, 566. Relation of govern- ment to citizens of, 591. A party to a suit, jurisdiction of cases of, 599.
Valuation. See Land and Contribution. Vermont, provision for admission of,
543, 544. Within asserted limits of New York, 543.
Vessels, entry and clearance of, 522. Payment of duties by, 522. Teto, an essential power, 349. Bill may be passed notwithstanding, 484. Of president qualified, 485. Of king of England absolute, 485; how signi- fied, 485; in disuse since William the
Third, 485. History of, in Constitu- tional Convention, 486. Meaning of "two thirds" in provisions respect- ing, 486. Power of, proposed to be given to Council of Revision, 595. Vice-President, ex-officio president of Senate, 484. Has only casting vote in Senate, 484, 568. Reasons for hav- ing, 567. Ultimate election of, by Sen- ate, 568, 571. When to act as presi- dent, 568, 571. Changes in appoint- ment of, 571. Qualifications for, 571. Virginia, a provincial government, 2. Advises a Continental Congress, 7. Elects delegates, 7. Constitution of, formed, 83. Effect of claim of, to western lands, 91. Cedes the north- western territory, 94, 199. Repeals her act granting imposts, 117. Stop- law of, 171. Action of, concerning western posts, 174. Opposes the sur- render of the Mississippi, 212. Action of, leading to a general commercial convention, 230, 231. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 248. Measures of, respecting com- merce, 229, 284. First to declare for Union, 321. Plan of government pro- posed by, 368; Hamilton's doubts re- specting, 374; inconsistency in, 376, 377; reported to Convention, 381; vote on, 381; chasm in, 397. Opposed to election of senators by state legis- latures, 398; to equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, 400; to equality of states in Senate, 403, 407, 418, 453. Had ten representatives in first House, 408. In favor of census of free inhabitants, 410; of execu- tive holding office during "good be- havior," 424. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 448; money bills, 453, 454. Opposed to each state having one vote in Sen- ate, 460; to impeachments being tried by Senate, 482; to taxing ex- ports, 505. Vote of, respecting slave- trade, 511. Cession by, in 1784, 534. Strong opposition to Constitution in, 632. Statesmen of, 632, 633. Charac- ter of people of, 632. Great influence of Washington in, 632. Effect of ac- tion of New Hampshire on, 636. Con- vention of, meets at Richmond, 661, 662; parties in, nearly balanced, 636, 648, 673; anxiety respecting action of, 657, 661; eminence of members of,
662; responsibility resting on, 662; discussion on Constitution in, 664. Had ratified Constitution before news from New Hampshire, 680. Conven- tion of, final propositions of friends of Constitution in, 681. Ratification of Constitution by, how finally effected, 681. Form of amendments and Bill of Rights proposed by, 682. Address prepared by opponents of Constitu- tion in, 682. Adoption of Constitu- tion by, rejoicing at, 683. Virginia and Maryland, efforts of, to regulate the trade of the Potomac and the Chesapeake, 230.
Virginia Reservation, note on, 199. Voters, qualifications of, in different states, 441.
War, power to declare, proposed to be given to two branches of Congress, 463. To be declared by Congress, 527, 578. When states may engage in, 552. Ships of, not to be kept by states in time of peace, 552. And peace, power of president to make, 577. To be prosecuted by president,
WASHINGTON, appointed aud commis- sioned commander-in-chief, 21. Ar- rives at Cambridge, 21. Mode of his appointment as commander-in-chief, 27. Previous history and character of, 27, 29. Embarrassments of, in the early part of the war, 38. Opinions and actions of, respecting Tories, 45. Urges Congress to establish prize court, 52. On the necessity for a standing army, 63. Leaves Boston for New York, 63. Compelled to aban- don New York, 63. Retreats through New Jersey, 67, 68. Complains of his situation, 67. Asks for extraordinary powers, 69. Dictatorial powers con- ferred on, 69; apology for, 70. Proc- lamation by, at Morristown, in 1777, 73, 74. Requires oath of allegiance to United States, 74. Powers con- ferred on, in 1776, jealousy respect- ing, 73, 74. Opinion of, respecting an oath of allegiance, 75. Third effort of, to raise a new army, 76. Embar- rassments of, 76. Thwarted by the local authorities, 77. Adheres to a plan for the campaign, 77. Anxious about the falling off of Congress, 88.
Letters of, to the states, in 1782, 105; to the president of Congress, 107, 109. Situation of, 106. Warns Cougress respecting the officers, 112. Painful position of, 112. Proceedings of, upon the Newburgh Addresses, 113. On the want of a revenue power, 122. Relations of, to the country during the war, 135. Opinions of, at the close of the war, 135. Address of, to the states, on resigning, 135. On a peace establishment, 147, 148. Re- signs as commander-in-chief, 158. Address to, 159. On the insurrection in Massachusetts, 184. Plans com- munications with Western settle- ments, 209. Opinions of, respecting the navigation of the Mississippi, 209, 212. Opinions of, in 1785, on the state of the country, 224. Connection of, with the plan of a general Conven- tion, 230, 285. Pressed to attend the general Convention, 246, 268. On the idea of a monarchical government for the United States, 250. At Mount Vernon, 265. Views of, on public af- fairs, 266. Declines to attend the general Convention, 269; reconsiders and attends, 270. Reception of, at Philadelphia, 270. Placed in the chair of the Convention, 270. Opin- ions of, 270. Character of, as a states- man, 272. Meets the Alexandria com- missioners at Mount Vernon, 230, 285. Failure of civil power to sustain, 322. Difficulty experienced by, as presi- dent, in preserving neutrality and excluding foreign influence, 362. In Convention, confined himself to du- ties of presiding officer, 451. Sugges- tion of, respecting ratio of representa- tion in Congress, adopted, 451. In favor of tax on exports, 497. Early nominated for president, 565. ceived no pay as commander-in-chief, 573. Practice of, respecting cabinet, 576. Leading man in Constitutional Convention, 615. Tradition respect- ing words of, before signing Consti- tution, 622. Views of, respecting consequences of rejection of Consti- tution, 622. Unbounded confidence of people in, 628. Great influence of, in Virginia, 632. Copies of Constitu- tion sent by, with expression of opin- ion, 635. Opinion of, respecting ac- tion of Maryland on Constitution,
657. Not a member of Virginia con- vention, 662. Justifies course of Fed- eralists in New York convention, 688. Washington, City of, an object of affec-
tion and pride, 492. See Seat of Gov- ernment.
WEBSTER, DANIEL, compared with Ham- ilton, 281.
WEBSTER, NOAH, recommends a new government, 236.
WEBSTER, PELATIAH, recommends general Convention, 236.
Further legislation respecting, and further trusts declared, 199. Admis- sion of states from, 200. Further cessions of, urged, 201. Proposition by Rufus King to exclude slavery from, 201. Cession of, by Massachu- setts, 201; by Connecticut, 202. Or- dinance for disposing of lands in, 202. Cessions of, by Virginia, modified, 202; by South Carolina, 202; by North Carolina, 202; by Georgia, 202. See Northwestern Territory.
Weights and Measures, standard of, fixed West Indies, trade with, 514. by Congress, 524.
West Florida, secret article respecting, in the Treaty. of Peace, 210. West Point, academy at, suggested, 147. Western Lands, claims of the states to, 90. Conflicting interests of the states concerning, 91. Surrender of claim to, by New York, 92. Cessions of, urged by Congress in 1780, 92. Mo- tives of the cessions of, 92, 93, 94. Surrender of claim to, by Virginia, 94.
Become the bond of the Union, 97. Power of Congress over, under the Confederation, 97.
Western Posts. See Military Posts. Western Settlements, position of, after the peace, 208. Connection of, with the Atlantic coast, 209. Alarm of, about the Mississippi, 214.
Williamsburg, convention at, 7. WILLIAMSON, HUGH, views of, respect- ing rule of suffrage for House of Rep- resentatives, 398; money bills, 454. Proposition of, for a periodical cen- sus, 410.
WILSON, JAMES, birth and career of, 308. Sent to the Constitutional Con- vention, 308. Services of, 309. Made a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, 309. His defence of the Constitution, 309. Death of, 310. In favor of larger House of Represen- tatives, 451; tax on exports, 497. One of the ablest framers of the Constitu- tion, 642. Position and arguments of, in Pennsylvania convention, 643. Views of, respecting Bill of Rights, 643.
necticut convention, 648.
Western States, prospective character of, WOLCOTT, OLIVER, influence of, in Con- 508. Vast resources of, 514. Western Territory, controversy respect- ing, before the adoption of Articles of Confederation, 196. Cessions of, invited, 197; Congress declares cer- tain trusts respecting, 197. States to be formed in, 197. Cession of, by New York, 197; by Virginia, 199. Power of Congress to deal with, 198.
Yeas and Nays, one fifth of members present in either House of Congress may require, 483. To be taken on passing bill over veto, 484. Yorktown, Revolutionary Congress as- sembles at, 79.
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