And all outstanding debts and obligations of any such school district shall be paid by such board of education. ['96, pp. 502-3; '97, pp. 148–9.

BOARD OF EXAMINERS.

1916. Board of examiners, how constituted. In each city of the first and of the second class there shall be a board of examiners, consisting of the city superintendent of public schools or the superintendent-elect, and two or more other members having practical experience as teachers, residents of said city, to be designated associate examiners. The associate examiners shall be elected by the board of education at their first meeting in June annually, and shall hold office for one year; but no candidate for examination as a preliminary to teaching in the public schools shall be an associate examiner. ['96, p. 503; '97, p. 149. State examination and diplomas, ?? 1764-1768. County examination and certificates, ?? 1794–1797. 1917. Chairman of examiners. The city superintendent of public schools, or superintendent-elect, shall be chairman of the board of examiners. ['96, p. 503; '97, p. 149.

1918. Compensation of associate examiners. The associate examiners shall receive such a stated compensation per diem for services actually rendered as may be allowed them by the board of education. The chairman of the board of examiners shall certify to the correctness of claims for services rendered by the associate examiners. ['96, p. 503; '97, p. 149.

1919. Teachers' examinations. Special meetings. Record. The board of examiners shall meet and hold examinations for the granting of teachers' certificates on such occasions only as may be authorized by the board of education. Special meetings, not for the purpose of conducting examinations, may be called by the chairman, when, in his judgment, the same are necessary. A record of the proceedings of the board of examiners shall be kept in the office of its chairman, and at all times be open for the inspection of the board of education; and such portions of it as may concern any candidate for a certificate, shall be open for the inspection of such candidate or his authorized representative. ['96, pp. 503-4; '97, p. 149.

1920. Power of board of examiners. Issue, renewal, and revocation of certificates. The board of examiners shall have power:

1. To adopt rules and regulations, not inconsistent with the laws of the state or the rules of the board of education, for its own government and for the examination of teachers, and to fix standards of proficiency for the granting and renewing of certificates, either heretofore or hereafter issued, subject to the approval of the board of education.

2.

To prepare questions on the various subjects prescribed by law, and examine by written or oral examination all candidates for any of the following certificates:

First. A city high school certificate, valid for one year only, unless renewed, and authorizing the holder to teach or serve as principal in any primary, grammar, or high school in such city.

Second. A city grammar certificate, valid for one year only, unless renewed, and authorizing the holder to teach in any primary or grammar school, or serve as principal in any primary school, in such city.

Third. A city primary certificate, valid for one year only, unless renewed, and authorizing the holder to teach in any primary school in the city.

The board of examiners shall report the result of all examinations to the board of education, who, through the president and clerk thereof, shall issue to the successful candidates the certificates to which they are entitled.

3. To recommend to the board of education the renewal of the various renewable certificates, in accordance with such regulations as they may adopt, or

as may be prescribed by the board of education; whereupon said board of education, through its president and clerk, may renew such certificates from year to year.

4. For immoral and unprofessional conduct, profanity, intemperance, or evident unfitness for teaching, to recommend to the board of education the revocation of any certificate previously granted by said board of education.

5. In case of necessity, to grant, by the chairman of the board of examiners, temporary certificates to teachers of experience of whose ability to pass the regular examination, there is no doubt; provided, that such temporary certificate shall be valid only until the next regular examination, and under no circumstances shall be issued more than once to the same person. ['96, pp. 504-5; '97, pp.

149-50.

CERTIFICATES.

1921. Qualification of applicant for certificate. No certificate of permission to teach shall be issued to any person not eighteen years of age. No certificate shall be granted to any person whose moral character or habits are known by the board of examination, or by the board of education, to be bad. ['96, p. 505; '97, pp. 150-1.

1922. Certificates granted only after examination. No certificate shall be granted by the board of education or upon its authority, except to successful candidates in a regular or special examination conducted by the board of examiners in accordance with the provisions of law. ['96, p. 505; '97, p. 151.

1923. Examination for grammar and primary certificates. City primary and city grammar certificates shall be granted only to applicants who are found, upon examination, to have a practical knowledge of pedagogies and school management, and to be proficient in and qualified to teach the following branches, namely reading, writing, spelling, English grammar, geography, arithmetic, physiology and hygiene, United States history, and such other English branches as the board of education may prescribe; provided, that the examination of applicants for such certificates shall be specially adapted to discover their fitness to teach all the branches named to pupils of primary or grammar grades respectively. ['96, p. 505*; '97, p. 151.

1924. Id. High school certificate. City high school certificates shall be granted only to applicants who pass satisfactorily the examination required for grammar certificates, and, in addition thereto, sustain a satisfactory examination in civil government, physical geography, elementary physics, elementary algebra, botany, and such other branches as the board of education may prescribe. ['96, pp. 505-6; '97, p. 151.

1925. Teachers exempt from examination. Holders of normal diplomas and certificates issued after March first, eighteen hundred and ninetytwo, by the University of Utah, and holders of state diplomas or state certificates, shall be exempt from all further examinations during the term of validity of such certificates as provided by law. Teachers engaged in the exclusive teaching of music, foreign languages, drawing, penmanship, kindergarten, and physical culture shall be exempt from all examinations except such as pertain to the special departments over which they may preside. ['96, p. 506*; '97, p. 151.

1926. Special certificates. Special certificates shall be granted only to applicants who pass satisfactorily an examination in a special or departmental subject (such as music, foreign language, drawing, penmanship, kindergarten, physical culture, etc.,) and such other subjects as are calculated to discover applicants' fitness to teach in public schools. ['96, p. 506; '97, pp. 151-2.

TEXT BOOKS.

1927. Board to select text books. In each city of the first and of the second class the board of education shall decide what text books shall be adopted

in all public schools of the city, and their use shall be mandatory therein, for the period of five years thereafter. ['96, p. 506*; '97, p. 152.

Neither legislature nor state board may prescribe text books, Con. art. 10, sec. 9. Adoption of text books in district schools, 2 1854.

1928. Notice to publishers. The board of education shall give notice at least sixty days prior to the expiration of any contract regulating the supply and use of text books in such city, by publication in a newspaper having a general circulation in this state, of its intention to adopt text books for the public schools of the city, calling for bids and terms from publishers of text books for schools, stating approximately the number and kind of books required; that separate and sealed proposals will be received by the board of education for furnishing each kind of book, the place where, and the day and hour when, all proposals will be opened, and that the board reserves the right to reject any and all proposals or any part thereof. ['96, p. 506; '97, p. 152.

1929. Opening bids. At the time and place specified in said notice the board shall meet and publicly open and read all the proposals which shall have been received, and shall make their decision within thirty days thereafter. p. 507; '97, p. 152.

['96,

1930. Samples and prices on books. Sealed proposals must be accompanied with sample copies of the books proposed to be furnished, together with a statement of the introductory or exchange price and of a wholesale, and a retail price, at which the publisher agrees to furnish each book within the city during the full time that may be required by the board of education. ['96, p. 507; '97, p. 152.

1931. Unsatisfactory proposals. If no satisfactory proposals are received, the board, in its discretion, may advertise anew, and the books in use shall be continued in use until satisfactory proposals shall have been received and accepted. ['96, p. 507; '97, p. 152.

1932. Contract with successful bidders. Bond. The publisher or publishers whose proposals shall be accepted, must enter into a written contract with the board of education, and shall give a bond with two sufficient sureties in a reasonable sum, to be fixed by the board, for the faithful performance of such contract. ['96, p. 507; '97, pp. 152-3.

CITY SCHOOL TAX.

1933. School property exempt from taxation and execution. All property, real and personal, held by the board of education shall be exempt from general and special taxation, and from all local assessments for any purpose, and shall not be taken in any manner for debt. ['96, p. 507; '97, p. 153. Property exempt from taxation, Con. art. 13, sec. 3.

1934. City one taxation district. For purposes of taxation the whole city shall constitute one school district. ['96, p. 507; '97, p. 153.

Each city unless divided shall form a school district, 2 1800.

1935. Distribution of state funds to cities. All cities organized under the provisions of this chapter shall receive their pro rata share of any state taxes levied for the support of district schools or any funds that may be realized from any source which under the operation of law are required to be divided pro rata for the benefit of children of school age residing in the state. ['96, p. 507; '97, p. 153.

1936. Tax, estimate, levy, rate, and collection. Limit. The board of education shall, on or before the first day of May of each year, prepare a statement and estimate of the amount necessary for the support and maintenance of the schools under its charge for the school year commencing on the first day of

July next thereafter, also the amount necessary to pay the interest accruing during such year, and not included in any prior estimate, on bonds issued by said board, also the amount of sinking fund necessary to be collected during such year for the payment and redemption of said bonds; and shall forthwith cause the same to be certified by the president and clerk of said board to the officers charged with the assessment and collection of taxes for general county purposes in the county in which the city is situated, and such officers, after having extended the valuation of property on the assessment rolls, shall levy such per cent as shall, as nearly as may be, raise the amount required by the board, which levy shall be uniform on all property within the said city as returned on the assessment roll, and the said county officers are hereby authorized and required to place the same on the tax roll. Said taxes shall be collected by the county treasurer as other taxes are collected, but without additional compensation for assessing and collecting, and he shall pay to the treasurer of said board, promptly as collected, who shall hold the same subject to the order of the board of education; provided, that the tax for the support and maintenance of such schools shall not exceed in any one year five and one-half mills on the dollar upon all taxable property of said city, and shall not exceed one mill additional on the dollar in one year, to be used exclusively for the purchase of school sites and the erection of school buildings. ['96, pp. 507-8*; '97, pp. 153-4.

Levy of county and district school tax, ?? 1815, 1865, 2593.

1937. Delinquent taxes to be paid to board. The respective boards of county commissioners shall pay over to the boards of education as fast as collected or realized their proportionate amount of delinquent taxes, interest, and costs on all tax sales heretofore or hereafter made. ['96, p. 508; '97, p. 154. Distribution of delinquent taxes, interest, and costs, ? 2654.

1938. Special election for tax for sites, etc. The board of education may, at the annual school election or at a special election, in its discretion, submit to the voters of the district the question of levying a special tax, for one or more years, to buy sites, build and furnish schoolhouses, or improve the school property under its control. If the voters declare in favor of such tax, it shall be levied and collected as other school taxes, and the board of education may apply any money available, raised from taxation, to the building on or the improving of the school property under its charge. ['96, p. 508; '97, p. 154.

1939. Id. Notice of election. Issuance of bonds. The board of education shall give such reasonable notice of such submission as it may deem proper; and if submitted at a special election, may follow the procedure, so far as applicable. for the issuance of bonds. ['96, pp. 508-9; '97, p. 154.

CITY SCHOOL BONDS.

1940. Bond election. Petition. The board of education may, when in its judgment it is advisable, or shall, when petitioned by a majority of the resident taxpayers of the school district, as appears by the county assessment roll of the last preceding year, call an election in each municipal ward of the city and submit to the taxpayers of the district, whether bonds of such district shall be issued and sold for the purpose of raising money for purchasing school sites, for building or purchasing one or more schoolhouses and supplying the same with furniture and necessary apparatus, for improving the grounds, and for the refunding and redemption of all or any portion of any bonds outstanding in any such district. ['96, p. 509; '97, p. 154.

District school bonds, election, 1882. Election to incur additional indebtedness, ? 1876.

1941. Notice and conduct of bond election. The election provided for in the preceding section shall be called by publishing, for not less than ten days, a notice signed by the president and clerk of the board of education, in a newspaper published in the city, and by posting said notice at the polling places

in each municipal ward of the city for the same length of time next preceding said meeting. The board of education, before any notice is published or posted, shall appoint three electors in each municipal ward to conduct the elections herein provided for, who shall take and subscribe an oath of office, and who shall make returns thereof to the board as herein provided. Such notice shall contain: 1. The time and place of holding the same.

2. The names of the judges at each polling place to conduct the same. The time during which the polls will remain open.

3.

4. The amount and denomination of the bonds, the rate of interest, and the number of years, not exceeding twenty, the whole or any part of said bonds are to run. ['96, p. 509; '97, p. 155.

1942. Ballot. Informalities in election. The ballot used at such election shall be furnished by the board of education, and shall express upon its face the questions the board desires to submit to the taxpayers. No informalities in conducting such election shall invalidate the same, if it shall have been otherwise legally conducted. ['96, pp. 509-10; '97, p. 155.

1943. Qualifications of voters. Challenges. Every registered voter residing in any ward in which any election is held for the purpose of determining the question of issuing bonds for such school district, and who shall have paid a property tax therein in the year preceding such election, shall be entitled to vote at any such election. Challenges for cause by any qualified voter shall be allowed at such election, and promptly decided by the judges conducting the same. ['96, p. 510; '97, p. 155.

Registration for school election, 2 816.

1944. Canvass and returns. Issue of bonds. Tax for interest and redemption. Bond limit. Immediately after the closing of the polls, the persons appointed to conduct the same shall proceed to count and canvass the ballots cast at such election, and make returns thereof to the board of education ; and said board shall, within five days after said election, meet and canvass said returns, and if a majority of the ballots cast at said election are in favor of issuing such bonds, then the board shall cause an entry of that fact to be made upon its minutes, and shall immediately file with the clerk of the county in which such school district is situated, a certified copy of the order of the board of education, and certified copies of the notices published or posted, calling such election, with an affidavit showing when and where said notices were published or posted, and that they were published or posted as required by law and the order of the board of education. The board shall also file with said clerk a statement showing the number of inhabitants and the value of taxable property in the district; that the amount of bonds proposed to be issued including existing indebtedness, does not exceed two per cent of the value of taxable property in the district; that the election at which the question of issuing bonds was submitted was lawfully called and held; that all proceedings in relation to the proposed issue of bonds in said district were lawfully conducted, and that such bonds may be lawfully issued; and thereupon said board of education shall be and it is hereby authorized and directed to issue the bonds of such district to the number and amount voted for at such election. The money for the redemption of said bonds, and the payment of the interest thereon as it shall become due, shall be raised by taxation upon the taxable property of said district; provided, that the total amount of bonds so issued, including existing indebtedness, shall not exceed two per cent of the taxable property of the district as shown by the last equalized assessment roll for city purposes. ['96, pp. 510–11*; '97, pp. 155-6.

1945. Denomination of bonds. Interest. Payment and redemption. The denomination of the bonds which may be issued under the provisions of this chapter shall be fifty dollars or some multiple of fifty, not exceeding one thousand dollars, and shall bear interest of not exceeding the rate of five per cent per annum, payable semi-annually, or annually, in accordance with interest