clearly and persistently be such as to prevent the members of the profession employed by it from serving the best interests of the pupils, and if repeated efforts to remedy the situation have been without avail, then an appeal should be made to the Commission on Professional Ethics.

13. Commission on Professional Ethics.-(a) There shall be a Commission on Professional Ethics operating under the Pennsylvania State Education Association. This Commission shall consist of the President of the Association er officio and four members of the profession, appointed by the President, with terms of four years each, one term expiring on July first each year. (b) It shall be the duty of this Commission to study the various problems of professional ethics arising from time to time, to give to inquiring members of the profession its interpretation of the meaning of various principles in this code, to arrange for investigations rendered advisable in connection with this code, to take such action in regard to their findings as may be deemed wise, to make recommendations to the State Education Association as to amendments or additions to the code and in general to have oversight of all questions arising in connection with the ethics of the teaching profession within the state.

VIRGINIA STATE TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION
Adopted November 1923:

CODE OF ETHICS

Regarding our pupils-As teachers, we first of all acknowledge our obligation to our pupils. It is our duty to give them what we ourselves have received and to make them what we ought to be. We are paid to help them; they give us the inspiration of trusting confidence and growing powers; and if our lives are to be immortal here and count in the great contests of the future, it must be so, it can be so, only through our pupils.

Regarding our employers-1. Generally, our employers are the parents and guardians of our pupils; specifically, they are the local boards of trustees, the superintendents, principals, and other school officials-all servants of the people-whose business it is to put us into our places, to keep us at our work, to provide proper equipment, and to see that our salaries are paid.

2. To our patrons, the parents and guardians of our pupils, we owe courtesy, consideration, and impartial justice. On

the other hand, from them we rightly expect sympathy, reasonableness, coöperation, and financial as well as moral support. 3. To trustees, superintendents, and principals we owe all frankness and honesty, as well as due respect, through the rules and regulations they have made.

4. In applying for a position, a teacher should urge. only the claims of professional fitness. Character, personal power, scholarship, and teaching skill shall be regarded as our only legitimate claims to consideration. The use of any religious, political, or fraternal influence shall be regarded as distinctly unprofessional.

5. In giving references for scholarship and teaching skill, we should expect consideration to be given only to the opinions of educational experts. In giving references for character and personal power, we have a right to expect that the judgment of any intelligent person, in or out of the profession, who has had adequate opportunity for acquaintance and observation, shall be credited at full value.

6. Teachers signing contracts to teach should regard these contracts as sacred and as binding as any other contracts and should endeavor to carry them out to the full letter and spirit. 7. A teacher should not give up a position in which she is expected to work without first giving the school authorities concerned definite notice. This notice should be given as long in advance as may be necessary to fill the vacated place without serious loss.

8. School boards, on their part, should always give a teacher definite notice in due time, if they expect to award the position to another.

9. When a teacher is elected to a position, whether in town or country, she should look upon herself as the permanent incumbent, and should be so regarded by others. If she desire to change her place of work, from year to year, she should give notice in advance; and if the board desire to supplant her at the end of a session it should give her definite notice in due time.

Regarding the general public-The teacher is a public servant, and should regard her service in promoting the general welfare of her community as her supreme office. Her work in the schoolroom is only a part of her work; the homes of the people, their churches, their fields and workshops, and their places of social entertainment are all within the proper sphere of her activities and influence.

Regarding the profession-1. No teacher has a right to lower the dignity of the profession by poor scholarship or unbecoming habits, or to bring reproach upon herself or any other

individual by improper word or act. It is the duty of the teacher to honor her profession with noble service and to raise its power by doing her full share in the promotion of trustworthiness and efficiency.

The profession has a right to demand adequate salaries, but must never trim the limits of service on account of small pay. Every profession is expected to give more than it receives, otherwise it can lay no just claim to professional character; it is merely a business.

3. The profession has a right to social pleasure and to social recognition, but must never allow mere social functions to absorb the energies that of right belong to classes and school organizations.

The profession has a right to expect a provision on the part of school authorities that will enable teachers to attend summer schools and educational conferences without financial loss. The teacher should have an income every month in the year. But when such provision is made the teacher must not prove recreant to the trust by wasting her vacation in frivolity, or by diverting her attention to interests not contemplated in the generous provisions accorded her.

Regarding ourselves-The teacher, like the worthy member of every profession, must constantly act upon the principle, "Love thyself last." But this does not mean that she dare not enjoy her work or find great pleasure in life. Her chief aim is to give rather than to get; but he who gives, like him who forgives, is twice blest; and the true teacher receives her greatest rewards in the honor and love of those whom she faithfully serves. She has a reward that the world knows not of. The efficiency of her pupils is her own life made long; but for this glory she must give her life-not all her life, perhaps, but all her life while she is in the service.

For such a service the teacher must look upon her hands and heart, upon her voice, her beauty, her manner, her dress, her speech, all as having ethical values, as well as her mind and spirit. In using her powers best for the welfare of others she finds most happiness for herself. Her great lesson for the world is that the best things come to us while we seek other things.

TELEPHONES

UNITED STATES INDEPENDENT TELEPHONE
ASSOCIATION

Adopted Oct. 26, 1923:

CODE OF ETHICS

SECTION I

Declarations Governing Our Relations with Those From Whom We Buy

1. Recognizing the mutual dependence existing between the operators and the manufacturers of telephone equipment, and dealers in supplies, we seek to promote the co-operation, good will and personal friendship that is the necessary basis of mutual understanding.

2. Trust and honesty are to be observed in all dealings. No misleading statements are to be made to secure lower prices, nor are the prices of competitive firms to be shown to each other. 3. The seller who quotes the lower price, other considerations of quality and service being equal, deserves the business; it is not to be given to his competitor at the same figure.

4. An order once placed and accepted is not subject to cancellation, except for a change in circumstances, and in no case because of a decline in prices or the opportunity to buy more cheaply.

5. Discounts for cash can be taken only if payment is made within the time limit specified.

6. All bills for purchases shall be paid according to specified terms of sale. If long-term payments are desired, a legitimate interest charge shall be paid for the accommodation. 7. Arbitrary adjustments of bills for any cause whatsoever without notice is unethical.

8. The purchasing agent shall not accept for himself or others any gratuity, commission, allowance, or any indirect profit in connection with any purchases.

9. As a necessary factor in the maintenance of ethical business standards with those from whom we buy, we will make an effort to give business preference to those who uphold such standards as against those who manifestly ignore them.

SECTION II

Declarations Governing Our Relations with Those to Whom We Sell Service

1. We believe in the principle of one price to all. The rules laid down by Public Utility Commissions regarding uniformity of rates should be strictly adhered to. We believe it to be an evasion of these rules to make special reductions in rates, or to give extra service without adequate charge.

2. We recognize an obligation to render to our patrons a service that is prompt, efficient and satisfactory. If operating a non-competitive telephone system, we accept it as a duty to maintain the same high grade of service as if operating under competitive conditions.

3. We recognize our obligation to sell our service at a rate that is based upon a reasonable profit only, after the expenses of carrying on the business have been paid.

4. We recognize our obligation as public servants, to maintain a stock of supplies and spare equipment to provide properly for demands for new service, to the end that the public may be accommodated without undue delay.

5. On the basis of fair dealing, all accounts should be collected promptly. The patron who adds unnecessary expense to the collection of his accounts by delayed payment should not have an advantage over those who pay promptly.

6. Advertisements that are misleading or which do not conform to business integrity are unethical.

7. Employes who come in contact with the public should receive special instructions concerning the rules and regulations of the company, as well as instructions to be courteous, truthful and straightforward, and not to misrepresent or omit to state essential facts. The keen and the confiding buyer should be treated alike.

SECTION III

Declarations Governing Our Relations with Our Employes

1. We should manifest a reciprocal and team-work relationship with our employes.

2. It is our duty to interest ourselves in the personal welfare of our employes, and to encourage and assist them in thrift and self advancement.

3. Through stock owership, the employe as well as the employer receives a dividend on invested capital. The employe should be encouraged to own stock in the company for which he works.