judge who is versed in the science of applying economic truth and natural law so as to conserve mankind.

Engineering, therefore, being a vocation in life requiring specialized intellectual attainment in the domain of judicial, economic and scientific inquiry and practice, is a profession, and is subject to all the opportunities and restrictions heretofore recited and commonly found to be needful to professional life.

IX. The engineering profession has public duties. In a sense the engineer is in part a public servant. Engineering education is fostered by public and privately endowed institutions, it is aided by the state and national government by special investigations and publications. This is because the state and the public are keenly alive to the public character of the engineering profession's responsibilities. The life, safety, health, comfort and convenience of the public is dependent upon the work of the engineer.

In return, then, the engineer has public responsibilities to meet and public duties to perform. These are chiefly as follows:

(a) In all engineering problems the public safety ranks

first and is above all other considerations.

(b) In the development of the art of engineering, it is incumbent upon the engineer to educate the public up to a right perception and appreciation of engineering problems.

(c) The engineer should always stand ready to voice publicly, safety and security and sound economics in the public administration of engineering.

(d) Service to the public, directly or indirectly, is the appropriate and natural opportunity of the engineer, and that it is even less well paid than private service is, perhaps, in part due to the fact that the engineering profession is indebted to the public primarily. Public service is, therefore, a peculiarly honorable service and should be especially respected.

(e) General engineering advice may in certain emergencies, and with reason and caution, be appropriately tendered to the public without charge, but not to the prejudice of careful investigations where necessary or to the discouragement of inquiry requiring ample funds, or to the cheapening or discrediting of the public problem in hand.

RECAPITULATION

X. To recapitulate, the ethical standards of the engineering profession should be those of a fraternity. The engineer should recognize that he is endowed by the profession and the state with specialized knowledge for peculiar judicial and respon

sible public service involving the life, safety, comfort and convenience of his own and coming generations, and that in response to these he should so conduct himself as to be appreciative of his indebtedness to his profession for his opportunity and make return by every effort, by a life of special usefulness devoid of unseemly greed, and filled, if possible, with a multitude of those small courtesies, the practice of which encourages the spirit of forbearance and is helpfully conducive to the fine art of living well together.

ENGRAVING

ENGRAVOGRAPHIA

Approved July 7, 1921:

TRADE CUSTOMS AND ETHICS

"We hold it to be the Duty of every man engaged in business to at least try to co-operate with others in an endeavor to build up and improve the business that affords him a livelihood, to aid effectively in establishing proper trade customs and fair competitive conditions, and to Refrain from all practices and customs that are obviously injurious to the business as a whole."

1. In the conduct of our business and in our relations with our competitors, our customers and our employes, justice and fair dealing should characterize every transaction. We must prove to our competitors that we are as sincere and honest in all matters as we wish them to be.

2. We must refrain from and discourage the practice of disparaging the equipment, output or personnel of a competitor. Rather, maintain such an attitude toward competitors as will enable you to meet them and discuss frankly the means whereby the objects of Engravographia may be advanced.

3. Every member of Engravographia shall be accorded the widest liberty of individual action not inconsistent with the best interests of all, and this association distinctly leaves to the determination of each member all questions of selling prices, labor, hours and wages, and avows its position in such matters to be that of the strictest observance of the law, but we realize that only through exact knowledge of the cost of production can employing engravers sell on a fair margin of profit, and this association specifically urges that every member learn his cost of production so that he may deal fairly with the public, with himself, and his competitors.

4. We recommend the retention of all commercial engravings, in fact, all other engravings except personal card plates. 5. We advise against competitive or free sketches.

6. As questions constantly arise as to the responsibility of engravers for delayed shipments or for loss or damage to goods in transit, we recommend that engraving houses generally refuse to assume responsibility on this account. The courts hold that the shipper's responsibility ceases as soon as goods are

delivered in good order and condition at shipping point and receipt therefor taken, the senders or shippers having no legal claim after goods are delivered to carriers properly consigned, as the ownership has passed to the consignee.

7. The indiscriminate distribution of samples to trade customers or middlemen is an evil for which we are partly responsible. We recommend that a proper charge be made when samples are sent to new customers; credit may be allowed after the customer has shown his good faith by sending a sufficient amount of orders to justify the expense.

8. In the realization that high business standards are to be attained through the education of our members, we must each maintain an open mind toward all things which tend to better business practices.

9. We must strive for quality and service in our own establishments and use these rather than lower prices as selling arguments.

10. Hiring employes away from a competitor, or inducing them by other means to leave his service must be recognized as a sure way to invite reprisal and a general demoralization of labor conditions. It is unquestionably the right of the workman to use all reasonable efforts to better his condition but employers should consider the general good as well as their own before they become bidders for an employe's services.

11. "A fair wage for a fair day's work" should be the governing thought in arriving at the rates of pay for our employes, having also due regard to general living conditions. Securing a fair profit on all work we do is doubly necessary-for the protection of the employer and the just remuneration of the workman, that he may maintain himself under such proper living conditions as will conduce to good citizenship and good workmanship.

12. We should recognize that only by training all the apprentices which conditions allow, can there be maintained a sufficient body of trained workmen in this growing industry, and that it is the duty of every employer to do his share in this most important work. Therefore, the selection of apprentices should not be left to chance, but rather be given the careful study of the employer himself, to the end that the industry be not harmed by the introduction of unsuitable or undesirable men, and when an apprentice is taken into the shop, much care should be taken in seeing that he be properly trained and given the opportunity to become a thoroughly proficient workman.

13. Intensive competition for business established by

your competitor should be discouraged as it has a tendency to tear down what another has built up, but competition in developing new business is to be commended and should be encouraged.

14. And finally, let the employing engraver be ever diligent in business, and jealous of its good name; ever mindful of the rights of others; as ready to take blame as to place it on others; courteous and considerate of others, particularly if they be less fortunate than himself; all to the end that our chosen business may be known as a genteel business as well as a fairly prosperous one.