We firmly adhere to the principles declared by the Republican party in the platform adopted at Cincinnati in 1876. The education of the people of all classes is a matter of the first necessity to the welfare of the State, and it is a wise and most economical use of public resources to advance to the highest efficiency our common-school system, and we pledge our hearty support to any system of public schools that will advance that end. A convention should be called at the earliest practicable time to revise our State Constitution, and we urge upon all the people of the State the duty of voting on all proper occasions in favor of calling such convention.

We condemn in the strongest terms the gross mismanagement of public affairs in this State by the Democratic party, which has had entire control of the State for the past fourteen years. It has failed to foster a common-school system worthy of the name, and has robbed the children of the State. It has sacrificed the important interests of State internal improvements, and, while it makes a boast that the State has no debt, we have the mortifying spectacle of a State with no public works or enterprise, and meager, antiquated, and inadequate police institutions. By useless and reckless extravagance, the current expenses of the State are nearly three times as great as before the war, while there is no reason or excuse for their being any greater.

By continuous appeals to the lower passions of the people, and by the constant laudation and encouragement of that spirit of contempt for constituted authority lately rampant in the rebellion, the people of the State have been educated into a disregard of law and order, until the good name of Kentucky has been blasted in the estimation of our sister States. The frequent necessity for using the militia to suppress disorder, and the lawless spirit which stops short of no crime, from the lynching of obscure white and colored persons to the assassination of judges on the bench, is the natural outgrowth of the pernicious teachings of the Democratic party.

The Republican party demands such a change in the conduct of our State affairs as will encourage our own people to remain in the State, instead of going from us, and induce immigration into our borders that our soil may be tilled and our resources developed.

While we favor economy, we demand that it be practical in cutting off useless extravagances, and we favor a more generous and liberal expenditure of the public money for the purpose of fostering our internal welfare, and aiding and encouraging our citizens in the general betterment of the condition of the State.

It is a cardinal principle of the Republican party that the currency of the country shall be sound and uniform in value, regulated by the authority of the nation, and convertible into coin at the will of the holders. The national debt should be paid in the most scrupulous good faith. We are proud that the Republican party has already been able to pay off a large portion thereof, and fund the remainder at a low rate of interest. We are proud that the Republican party, in the face of bitter Democratic opposition, has been able to resume specie payment; that it has established a currency that circulates with equal readiness in all parts of the country; and that it has made such a record upon financial questions that the whole world has an abiding faith that, so long as it remains in power, our national credit will remain unimpaired.

The Federal and State governments are part of one system, alike necessary for the common prosperity, peace, and security, and ought to be regarded alike with cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment. Respect for the authority of each, and acquiescence in the just constitutional measures of each, are duties required by the plainest considerations of national, State, and individual welfare; but the Constitution of the United States and the laws made in pursuance thereof are the supreme laws, anything in the Constitution or laws of

any State to the contrary notwithstanding. The legis lative and judicial departments of the government are independent of each other, and each should be left to exercise its own duties under the Constitution. The right of the President to veto a measure is as clear as the right of Congress to pass it. We therefore witness with indignation the present lawless attempt on the part of the Democratic Congress to coerce the President into subserviency to its views by the threat of withholding appropriations. In the trying position in which the President is thus placed, he is entitled to the encouragement and support of all good citizens. The declared purpose on the part of the Democratic members in Congress, to refuse appropriations until he yields to their demand, is revolutionary in its spirit; and as in 1861 secession was resorted to by those who could not control the Government in their own way, so now this declared determination to rule or starve the Government is another exhibition of rebellion, and every consideration of duty to the country demands that the President shall resist, by every constitutional means in his power, this spirit of lawlessness.

The Republican party is committed to the doctrine that every voter is entitled to one vote, and but one. Holding this doctrine, it stands in no terror of those wise and timely laws enacted by Congress to secure honest elections.

We have seen with pride and pleasure the distinguished honors paid to ex-President Grant by all classes in Europe. His services in war, and his patriotism and ability in the discharge of the high civil duties to which the confidence of his countrymen respectively called him, his wisdom, prudence, moderation, and integrity of character, entitle him to this striking and remarkable exhibition of courtesy and respect abroad, and to the lasting gratitude of his own people. His name and fame are inseparably linked with the most important events in our country's his tory. It is our pleasure thus to declare our admiration and esteem for him, our gratitude to and our confidence in him.

There was also a National ticket nominated, as follows: For Governor, C. W. Cook; for Lieutenant-Governor, D. B. Lewis; for Attorney-General, I. H. Trabue; for Auditor, Henry Potter; for Treasurer, W. T. Hardin; for Superintendent of Schools, K. C. McBeath; for Register of Land-Office, Gano Henry.

The result of the election was as follows: For Governor-Blackburn, Democrat, 125,799; Evans, Republican, 81,882; Cook, National, 18,954. For Lieutenant-Governor-Cantrill, Democrat, 124,368; Deming, Republican, 81,201; Lewis, National, 18,487. For AttorneyGeneral-Hardin, Democrat, 224,495; Clark, Republican, 78,819; Trabue, National, 18,380. For Auditor-Hewitt, Democrat, 124,424; Williamson, Republican, 80,749; Potter, National, 18,364. For Treasurer-Tate, Democrat, 124,173; Stoll, Republican, 81,067; Hardin, National, 18,334. For Superintendent of Schools-Pickett, Democrat, 124,430; Mclntire, Republican, 80,858; McBeath, National, 18,342. For Register-Sheldon, Democrat, 123,688; Wilson, Republican; 46,298, O'Dogherty, Republican, 26,739; Henry, National, 18,192. In the Legislature the Democrats had a large majority.

The proposition for a Constitutional Covention was defeated.

LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR, Baron, a British statesman, born March 4, 1811, died June 27, 1879. His education was directed with a view to civil service under the East India Company, and in 1829 he received his first appointment as writer to the Company. He held in the succeeding years various posts, and on all occasions discharged his duties with such ability that in 1848 he was appointed Commissioner of the Trans-Sutlej Provinces. For short periods at about the same time he acted as Resident at Lahore. The second Sikh war, which broke out in 1848, resulted in the annexation of the Punjaub. A Board of Administration was appointed for the government of the new province, consisting of Mr. John Lawrence, his brother Henry, and Mr. Mansel; and in 1852 John Lawrence was made Chief Commissioner. Under this government the Punjaub was ruled so wisely and so satisfactorily to the native population that, although newly annexed, the province stood almost alone in its adherence to the English when neighboring and distant districts broke out in open mutiny against foreign rule. The new administrative system had greatly ameliorated the condition of the people of the Punjaub, and order and peace had taken the place of lawlessness. Upon the outbreak of the mutiny, the vigilance and energy of John Lawrence contributed materially to the work of upholding English supremacy in India. Skillfully turning to account the natural configuration of the province, he isolated it from the mutineers by stopping all means of communication. In 1858-59 he was the first Lieutenant-Governor of the province. In 1856 he was made a K. C. B., and in 1857 G. C. B. He was created a baronet in 1858, sworn a member of the Privy Council, and on the creation of the order of the Star of India was made K. S. I. The Court of Directors of the East India Company granted him a life pension of £2,000, which, under a special act of Parliament, he continued to enjoy, together with his full salary, when he became Viceroy of India. He succeeded Lord Elgin in that post in December, 1863, and held it for the usual period of five years. In April, 1869, he was created Baron Lawrence. After his final return from India, he took a prominent part in philanthropic and educational movements in England. On the formation of the London School Board in 1870 he was chosen its chairman, and he held that post until 1873, when he resigned. In questions of Indian politics he continued to take an active interest, and during 1878 and 1879 he frequently wrote letters to the "Times," in which he warmly opposed the Afghan policy of the Government -a policy which was a distinct departure from that which he had carried out, and which had

been described by the phrase of "masterly inactivity." In India the news of his death called forth expressions of grief and sympathy from all classes of the people, and the Viceroy in Council ordered that on July 1st, at all the seats of government throughout India, the flags should be lowered to half-mast, that thirtyone minute-guns should be fired at sunset, and that the last gun should be fired and the flag dropped at the same time.

LINDERMAN, Dr. HENRY R., Superintendent of the United States Mint, born in Lehman township, Pike County, Pennsylvania, December 26, 1825, died in Washington, January 28, 1879. He studied medicine with his father, and completed his course at the University of New York. He returned home, and practiced his profession till 1853, when he was appointed chief clerk in the office of the Director of the Mint at Philadelphia, in which position he continued for twelve years, when he resigned to engage in private business. He was appointed Director of the Mint in 1867, and held that office for two years. On account of his great experience and thorough knowledge of such subjects, he was appointed by Secretary Boutwell to examine the mints on the Pacific coast and adjust some intricate bullion questions. He made many valuable reports to the Treasury Department upon various subjects connected with the mint service. In 1869-'70 he was associated with Comptroller Knox in the preparation of the coinage act of 1873, which was a codification of all the mint and coinage laws of the United States, with important amendments, and established the mint and assay offices of the United States as a bureau of the Treasury Department at Washington. When this act took effect, on April 1, 1873, he was appointed by President Grant Superintendent of the Mint, and organized the Mint Bureau in the Treasury Department, and from that time had the general supervision of all the mints and assay offices in the United States. His reports as Superintendent of the Mint are exceedingly valuable documents. The one for 1877 contained an elaborate and able argument in favor of the gold standard. He was the author of a volume on "Money and Legal Tender," published in June, 1877, which has received the highest praise. Dr. Linderman was socially a genial and kind-hearted gentleman, and accustomed to the practice of a liberal hospitality.

LITERATURE, AMERICAN, IN 1879. Contemporaneous American literature is not less distinctively national in character than that of former epochs, nor comparatively less prolific and nationally complete. Yet it has lost its more salient and effective national characteristics. The attention to literary correctness and aesthetic refinement, and the repugnance to

any kind of excess, which seem at present to be the dominant principles in American letters, can only be cultivated at the expense of spontaneous force and originality. The present movement is a true characteristic phase in the national literary development, not a factitious effort to correct national shortcomings upon foreign models. In accurate aesthetic perceptions and true artistic impulses the bellelettristic writers in America are now distinguished above those of any other nation. An analogous sagacity and balance of mind, a self-critical power, and the perception of the true aims of investigation and limits of speculation, characterize the scientific workers and authors and the scholars and historians of America. Although few publishers can say that it has been a satisfactory year, owing to the peculiar condition of the trade, the press has been unusually busy, and the public has consumed a large amount of literature this last year. Judging the state of the national intelligence by the quality of the books provided for its requirements which meet with the strongest demand, an encouraging elevation of the standard of literary taste is noticeable. A still more satisfactory phenomenon is the lively and widespread interest taken in science and in art. Science and the arts have come under the influence of the democratic spirit. Through cheap popular treatises, written in language which is universally understood, and by the auxiliary means of improved processes of pictorial reproduction, a knowledge of the elementary principles and leading facts in the sciences, and some acquaintance with the aesthetic purposes of art-production and familiarity with the best examples of art, have become a part of popular education.

In the departments of Religion and Philosophy the publications have not been numerous, but include some works of exceptionally high character. Religious literature has certainly fallen off in bulk, compared with other classes of books, of late years; but, when examined in all its aspects, the phenomenon does not prove discouraging to the friends of religion. The volumes of crude sermons, meditations, and rhapsodies, with which the press formerly teemed, are replaced by other popular reading, some of it more intellectually edifying. The sectarian controversies on minor dogmas have been silenced by the nobler warfare with anti-theological thought. The scientific assailants of religion are confronted by champions of the faith who are quite their equals in men tal culture and dialectical skill. The tone and substance of the religious and popular theological books which now issue from the press betoken an advancement in intellectual comprebension and refinement in the religious community. The character of the more serious doctrinal and exegetical works of the day shows a corresponding elevation of standard in scholarship and mental training among professional theologians. The learning of foreign scholars,

notably the German, has been made use of, but not without subjecting it to the more alert and thorough critical methods of American thought and assimilating it to the national type of mentality. In speculative metaphysics there is no vitality, the theologians and their scientific antagonists occupying the whole arena of philosophical literature. Professor George D. Fisher's "Faith and Rationalism " is a temperate and philosophical defence of evangelical truths, written with considerable dialectical power (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons). "Practical Theology" is a manual of homiletics by Professor J. J. van Oosterzee (Boston, Houghton, Osgood & Co.). The late Rev. Dr. Charles Hodge's "Conference Papers" contain an able exposition of Christian doctrines. "Society the Redeemed Form of Man" (Houghton, Osgood & Co.) is a thoughtful expression of liberal religion by Henry James. A popular book by Professor Swing is "Motives of Life" (Chicago, Jansen, McClurg & Co.). "Studies in the Model Prayer" is an analysis of the Lord's Prayer by the Rev. Dr. George D. Boardman (New York, D. Appleton & Co.). "The Epiphanies of the Risen Lord," by the same author, is an elegant illustrated volume in which the appearances of Christ after the Resurrection are recounted. Dr. G. Uhlhorn's "Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism" (Charles Scribner's Sons) is a translation of a learned work on the rise of Christianity, vividly presenting the forces, intellectual and physical, which combined to crush the infant Church. The Rev. Dr. Joseph A. Seiss, in "A Miracle in Stone" (Philadelphia, Porter & Coates), gives a clear and popular account of the Great Pyramid of Gizeh, and insists on the miraculous nature of the coincidences detected by Piazzi Smyth and others between its proportions and various astronomical measurements and other physical facts. "Voices from Babylon," by the same author, is a volume of speculations on the fulfillment of prophecy. The American translation of Lange's Commentary on the Bible is completed by the issue of the volume on Numbers and Deuteronomy (Charles Scribner's Sons). A "Commentary on Paul's Epistle to the Romans," by Professor W. G. T. Shedd, is published by Charles Scribner's Sons. "The Book of Job: Essays and a Metrical Paraphrase" (D. Appleton & Co.), by Rossiter W. Raymond, contains besides the paraphrase thoughtful and scholarly comments and elucidations. "Sacred Cities," by the Rev. Dr. John S. Lee, is a popular description of Bibli cal places, of which a second edition has appeared (Cincinnati, Williamson & Cantwell). "Apostolic Fathers and Apologists of the Second Century," by the Rev. G. A. Jackson, is the first number of a series of "Early Christian Literature Primers" (D. Appleton & Co.).

The interest felt in the recent developments of Science is as keen in the United Sates as in any country; but the original investigators in science are yet comparatively few in America,

and the instructors upon whom the public relies for scientific information are most frequently the writers and scientists of other lands, particularly the English popularizers of science. Professor Ernst Haeckel's "The Evolution of Man," published by D. Appleton & Co., is the great text-book on Darwinism, the accepted and authoritative exposition of the theory of descent. Professor Haeckel in preparing this work had the double object in view of presenting and elucidating in one orderly whole his doctrine of evolution, and collecting and coördinating the evidence in its support, and that of instructing and convincing the general public. The task of rendering popularly intelligible a scientific exposition of new theories is most difficult to accomplish in any language, and is rarely attempted in German; but Haeckel, although as a pioneer of science obliged to invent many new terms, expounds his subject with remarkable lucidity, which is well preserved in the translation. "The Human Species," by Quatrefages, the distinguished French anthropologist and geographer, forms the twenty-seventh volume of the "International Scientific Series," published by D. Appleton & Co. of New York; this volume not only bears the impress of the author's unrivaled learning and profound grasp of his subject, but, with the exercise of a rare degree of literary skill, the theme has been enveloped in a most attractive garb and rendered exceedingly fascinating. Professor Rood's contribution to the "International Scientific Series," "Modern Chromaties," is more than a handbook of instruction; it is a work of original research in this difficult and inchoate branch of science, and a guide as well to the artistic use of color. Dr. B. Jay Jeffries's "Color-Blindness, its Dangers and its Detection" (Houghton, Osgood & Co.), is a systematic treatise on this defect, which has been the subject of much investigation of late in different countries, the results of which are digested in this volume. "The Multitudinous Seas" (D. Appleton & Co.) is a picturesque and scientific account of the ocean and its phenomena, by S. G. W. Benjamin. Elliott Coues's "Birds of the Colorado Valley," printed at the Government Printing-Office in Washington, is the first part of a great work on American ornithology, entitled "Passeres to Laniidae." The eminent naturalist who has undertaken this task has wisely sought to render the work intelligible to non-scientific readers by discarding the scientific nomenclature in his account of the life-history of the birds. Charles Pickering's "Chronological History of Plants" (Boston, Little, Brown & Co.) is a posthumous work containing a vast amount of recondite information, but which is imperfectly digested and faultily arranged, being published without revision in the unfinished form in which it was left by its author.

In Mechanics and the applications of science to the practical uses of life, the American nation is not behind the others, nor its literature

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poorer or less extensive. A description of late electrical inventions is given in George S. Prescott's "The Speaking Telephone" (D. Appleton & Co.). A valuable practical treatise on surveying and locating railroads has been written by William F. Shunk, entitled "The Field Engineer" (New York, D. Van Nostrand). “Railroad Accidents," by Charles Francis Adams, Jr. (New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons), is an account of the more noteworthy catastrophes on railroads and a practical inquiry into the causes and the means of preventing such accidents. Other works on mechanical subjects are William M. Burr's manual on fuel combustion, published by Yohn Brothers of Indianapolis; Emory Edwards's "Marine Steam-Engine" (Philadelphia, H. C. Baird & Co.); W. Kent on the Strength of Materials" (New York, D. Van Nostrand); "Manual of Power for Machines, Shafts, and Belts," and "History of Cotton Manufacture in the United States," by S. Webber (D. Appleton & Co.). A systematic and exhaustive treatise on breeding domestic animals to develop desired points and qualities, by Dr. Manly Miles, is entitled "Stock-Breeding" (D. Appleton & Co.).

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The medical profession of America is distinguished for its progressive activity. A very extensive special literature is published embodying the latest researches in Medical Science, American and European. A popular literature for the spread of medical and hygienic knowledge has lately appeared, which is more satisfactory in its character and more effective in its form than anything of the kind which has preceded it. Besides the excellent "Health Primers" published by D. Appleton & Co. (see LITERATURE, BRITISH, IN 1879), a similar series of "American Health Primers" has been issued by the Philadelphia publishers, Lindsay & Blakiston, the contributors to which are American physicians exclusively it includes "Summer and its Diseases," by Dr. James C. Wilson; "Winter and its Dangers," by Dr. Hamilton Osgood; "The Throat and the Voice," by Dr. J. Solis Cohen; "Eyesight, and How to Care for it," by Dr. G. C. Harlan; "The Mouth and the Teeth," by Dr. J. W. White; and "Hearing, and How to Keep it," by Dr. Charles H. Burnett. Dr. Richard McSherry's "Health, and How to Promote it" (D. Appleton & Co.), is an excellent work of the same class, as is also "Emergencies, and How to Meet them" (G. P. Putnam's Sons), by Professor Burt C. Wilder. "The National Dispensatory" (Philadelphia, Henry C. Lea), by Drs. Alfred Stillé and John M. Maisch, is a much-needed comprehensive, critical digest of the material contained in the last edition of the "United States Pharmacopoeia," presenting the present condition and reflecting the latest accepted principles of materia medica. A presentation of the homoeopathic views on the action of medicinal remedies is given by Dr. Carrol Dunham in "Leotures on Materia Medica" (New York, Francis Hart & Co.). Among the new works on special

medical subjects may be mentioned the translation by J. O. Green of Hermann Schwarze's treatise on the pathological anatomy of the ear (Houghton, Osgood & Co.); F. Mortimer Granville's "Common Mind-Troubles" and "The Secret of a Clear Head" (Salem, S. E. Cassino); a translation of Hoffmann and Ultzmann's treatise on urine examination (D. Appleton & Co.); Galabin's text-book of female diseases (Lindsay & Blakiston); and J. Gamgee's treatise on yellow fever (D. Appleton & Co.), which he thinks originates on ships.

A few books have been published during the year upon subjects connected with the Law, which, from their character or the form in which they are presented, are of interest to the lay public. A contribution to the question of international copyright, treating of the the ories of ownership in literary property which guide legislation and judicial decisions in both Great Britain and America, and arguing in favor of an international guarantee of authors' rights, is Eaton S. Drone's "Treatise on the Law of Property in Intellectual Productions " (Boston, Little, Brown & Co). G. H. Putnam and Appleton Morgan have published opinions on the same subject, the former in one of G. P. Putnam's Sons "Economic Monographs," and the latter in an open letter to Secretary Evarts, published by Aug. Brentano, Jr., of New York. E. M. Gallaudet's "Manual of International Law" (New York, A. S. Barnes and Co.) is based on Calvo's French treatise. A revised and final edition of Professor Woolsey's standard work on this subject has been issued. A popular treatise on a legal subject of much interest to the investing community is "A Treatise on the Law of Railroad and other Corporate Securities," by Leonard A. Jones (Houghton, Osgood & Co.). "The Law of the Road," by R. Vashon Rogers, Jr. (San Francisco, Sumner, Whitney & Co.), aims to instruct the general public in legal principles; and to render the study attractive, the book is interspersed and enlivened with wit and anecdote. It is one of a series of such books, another of which, by the same author, is "The Law of Hotel Life." A manual of the laws relating to shipping and admiralty according to British and American decisions has been compiled by Robert Desty (Sumner, Whitney & Co.); and the same subject is treated in Theodore M. Etting's essay on "Admiralty Jurisdiction in America" (Philadelphia, Rees, Welsh & Co.). In the series of "Economic Monographs," published by G. P. Putnam's Sons of New York, is an interesting tract by E. R. Squibb on the subject of the adulteration of food and its legislative prevention. The law of extradition is set forth in a special treatise by S. T. Spear (Albany, Weed & Parsons). Other new works are G. W. Brandt's treatise on "The Law of Suretyship and Guaranty," and M. T. Cooley's "Treatise upon Wrongs and their Remedies" (Chicago, Callahan & Co.); a "Treatise upon the Law of

Principal and Agent," by W. Evans (Chicago Legal News Co.); a compilation of the insolvent statutes actually in force in the different States and Canada, by Raphael J. Moses, Jr. (New York, Baker, Voorhis & Co.); "Commentaries on Lunacy Laws," by James Ordronaux (Albany, J. D. Parsons, Jr.); a treatise on the "Law of Eminent Domain," by H. E. Mills, and one of Seymour D. Thompson on the "Liability of Stockholders" (St. Louis, F. H. Thomas & Co.).

In Philology America produces her share of books. The completest dictionary of the English tongue is the product of American scholarship; and the enterprise of its publishers and the learning and industry of American scholars are sufficient to prevent this great work from becoming antiquated. The new edition of Webster's "Unabridged Dictionary," edited by Chauncey A. Goodrich and Professor Noah Porter (Springfield, G. & C. Merriam), contains an appended biographical pronouncing dictionary, and a vocabulary of five thousand new words which have gained currency since the last edition was issued. Andrews's edition of Freund's Latin lexicon had been for a generation the instrument with which American students have obtained their knowledge of Roman literature. In Harper's "Latin Dietionary" the old work has been thoroughly worked over and considerably augmented by Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. Professor W. Dwight Whitney has published an improved grammar of classical Sanskrit and the older dialects (New York, B. Westermann & Co.). "The English Language: its Grammatical and Logical Principles," by Harris R. Greene (Houghton, Osgood & Co.), is an elementary theoretical treatise on English grammar. R. Morris's "Elementary Lessons in Historical Grammar" deals with accidence and word-formation (D. Appleton & Co.). Brother Azarias's "Development of English Litersture" is an excellent text-book (D. Appleton & Co.), as also J. H. Gilmore's "The English Language and its Early Literature." Rasmus B. Anderson has published an English translation of the "Younger Edda" (Chicago, S. C. Griggs & Co.).

An improvement can be remarked year by year in the methods and quality of the instruction in American schools, and a system of pedagogics adapted to the national needs is slowly and quietly developing. Among the works treating of the methods of Education may b mentioned the study of James H. Hoose "On the Promise of Methods of Teaching," the tract of Fitch on the art of questioning, and that of Bennett on national education in different countries (Syracuse, Davis, Baldwin & Co.). also the essays of Hamerton, McCosh, and others on the higher education (New York. A. S. Barnes & Co.). A hand-book of the requirements for admission into the different colleges, by A. F. Nightingale, is published by D. Appleton & Co. The lectures delivered