The educational movement, which owes its origin to the Barrios Administration, continues to elicit the admiration of all interested in its progress. According to the report of the Minister of Public Instruction, there are at present in the republic, besides the University, the Normal School, the Instituto Nacional (the largest school in Central America), and other institutions for higher branches of study, about 600 primary schools (165 of which are for females), with an average daily attendance of 26,822 scholars. The monthly expenditure in teachers' salaries for these schools amounts to $12,375, of which $7,807 is paid by the central Government and the remainder by the municipalities. Unprecedented numbers of applications were made for admission to the various schools, and unusual energy displayed in the formation of new classes. The attendance at the Military School, which had for a few years considerably fallen off, has again risen to its wonted average; the Normal School, with a thorough reorganization under the auspices of a new director, began the year with an increase of nearly 50 per cent. in the number of pupils; and at the Instituto Nacional the new applicants were so numerous as to necessitate the enlargement of the already extensive edifice devoted to that highly creditable college. The Government had resolved upon the adoption of measures for educating the Indian population.

Judging from the report of the Minister of Finance, the condition of that department is no less flattering than it was in 1877, since which year no full returns have been published, and for which the revenue and expenditures were set down at $4,503,523 and $4,428,298 respectively, leaving a surplus of $75,225. In the volume of the "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1878, however, it is remarked that, "in the course of the year (1877), the Government made proposals for a new loan of $1,000,000 to meet current expenses and for the amortization of the convertible debt"; and as for 1879, the Government, it is understood, to provide for "immediate and pressing necessities, has issued a new internal loan, in bonds bearing interest at one per cent. per month; offered to the public at 80, and regarded so favorably that they are marketable at 78." This loan is to be paid out of the proceeds of the custom-house.

The total amount of the national debt was reported at $5,369,529 on January 1, 1879. A committee appointed by Congress to consider and report on the British debt, suggested that a special tax of 5 or 6 per cent. be levied on all taxable commodities in the republic, until such time as the accumulated interest is paid off, and that the first claim on the revenue of the state be for the payment of the sums annually due the bondholders. The suggestions were favorably received by Congress, and the urgency of their adoption unanimously sustained.

As complementary to the remarks in our volume for 1878 on the International Bank, we transcribe the subjoined extract from a report dated December, 1879:

Among the most successful and useful enterprises which have been inaugurated in Guatemala during late years must be reckoned the International Bank. Although but a little over a year in existence, this bank has not only just paid a second dividend of $700 per share, but has also laid the basis of a powerful reserve fund. Its capital consists of one hundred shares at $10,000 each. Up to the present, only $7,000 per share has been called in, with the results given above, which, of course, are highly satisfactory to the bondholders. All over the republic the notes issued by the bank are received at par.

The condition of commerce had not materially improved. The total values of the exports and imports for 1878 were $3,918,912 and $3,238,000 respectively, against $3,773,180 and $3,133,000 in 1877. Coffee was exported of the value of $3,349,740; cochineal, $220,000; muscovado sugar, $110,600; hides, $79,000; specie, $320,000; indigo, $1,300. The proportion of these articles taken by Great Britain represented a value of $1,130,000; the United States, $1,486,000 (New York, $149,126); France, $492,000; Germany, $490,000. The values of the imports from the countries just named were as follows: Great Britain, $994,000; United States, $461,000; France, $513,000; Germany, $407,000. Duties were increased 25 per cent., payable in cash. Ten days' notice of this change was given to Central American ports; thirty days' to Mexico, California, and the republics of the south coast; two months' to New York and the West Indies; and four or six months' to European ports, according to the class of vessels in which goods are embarked. The duties now charged on merchandise may be estimated when it is stated that entries at the custom-house during the month ending June 26th amounted to $140,405, on which the duties paid were $98,353, or over 70 per cent.! "The late change in the tariff is an added burden to commerce, which looks hopefully forward to good crops and a continuance of peace for an improvement in the situation."

The work on the Central Railway was progressing with unremitting activity, and an official report published in the Government journal under date of December 20, 1879, speaks of the completion of two or three miles of the line at the San José (Pacific coast) end of the line; the arrival of some rolling-stock; the expected early arrival of more; and the presence of a locomotive in operation to aid in the transport of materials, etc. Indeed, it is understood that the entire necessary material had been purchased early in the autumn: the woodwork, etc., in San Francisco; the locomotives and other rolling-stock in Philadelphia; and the rails in London. This railway is essentially an American enterprise, the company having been organized at San Francisco, and the shareholders and directors of the works

(Colonel Schlessinger and Mr. Nanne) being citizens of the United States. In the contract which the Government signed with Mr. Nanne, it is stipulated that, at various times during the progress of the work, sums of money shall be paid to him by the Government, such suns to amount altogether to $210,000, to be paid, us understood, in seven installments. Owing to various causes, the Government not being (February, 1879) very well off as regards ready money, and Mr. Nanne being naturally anxious to arrange these payments upon a secure basis, so that there might be no trouble or indecision as to his receiving them when they fell due, all doubt in that respect was completely set at rest by the spontaneous offer of a number of the largest capitalists in Guatemala City to guarantee the whole amount promised by the Government; and not that alone, but also any further sums which the Government might contract to pay in a like manner for similar enterprises.

Of telegraph lines (the property of the Government) there were over 1,150 miles, with 52 officers; and the Minister of Public Works reports that, on February 20th, telegraphic communication was formally opened with the republics of Honduras, San Salvador, and Nicaragua. A treaty has lately been made in New York by Mr. J. Baiz, Consul-General, on the part of the Guatemala Government, with the Central and South American Cable Company (a branch of the Western Union Telegraph Company), to connect with the United States on the Gulf coast near to the Mexican frontier. The tariff will be 75 cents per word for dispatches, against $2.28 per word via Panama. Cheapness will not be the only advantage offered by the direct cable: there will likewise be a very material economy of time, since the minimum loss of time via Panama is five days, as dispatches have to be transmitted thence northward or vice versa by steamer.

By the terms of a new Constitution, promulgated on December 12, 1879, with upward of a hundred articles, all of a liberal and progressive tendency, and consequently the reverse of those of the rejected Constitutions of 1873 and 1874, the term of office of the President of the Republic is extended to six years, from four; the duties of the executive and the legislative powers are clearly defined; the law of habeas corpus is introduced, and complete liberty of conscience guaranteed; the conferring of military rank above that of colonel is an attribute of the legislative power, the promotion to be proposed by the executive; the legislative power declares war and makes peace; primary instruction is compulsory, and that given under the auspices of the Government is secular and gratuitous; perfect freedom in matters of religion is established, etc., etc. Agreeably to one of the articles of the new Constitution, the Presidential term of

*See "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1878.

office begins on March 1, 1880; consequently elections were to be held before that time. Several candidates were already in the field, but none with any apparent element of popularity. The general desire seemed to be for the reelection of General Barrios, or, if he should not consent, to elect Sr. Martin Barrundia as his successor.

A new immigration law was promulgated in February, in which liberal inducements are offered to foreigners to settle in the republic, with the guarantee of protection of all their rights and interests.

GUEST, JOHN, a naval officer, born in Missouri in 1821, died at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, January 12, 1879. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1837, and in 1843 became a passed midshipman, in 1853 a lieutenant, in 1866 a captain, and in 1873 a commodore. He served with distinction on the eastern coast of Mexico in the Mexican war, and took part on shore in several sharp engagements. In 1854 he was second in command of the seamen and marines of the United States steamer Plymouth in a severe and victorious fight with the Chinese rebels of Shanghai, who endeavored to plunder the foreign residents of that city. Captain Guest commanded the Owasco, of Admiral Porter's mortar flotilla, in the bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip prior to and during the passage of Farragut's fleet by the forts on its way to New Orleans, April 21, 1862. He also commanded the same vessel at the bombardment of Vicksburg in the summer of the same year, and received the highest praise from his superiors. He was in command of the Itasca at both of the Fort Fisher fights, in which engagements he added to his previous enviable reputation as a gallant and discreet officer.

GURNEY, WILLIAM, an army officer, born in Flushing, Long Island, August 21, 1821, died in New York, February 3, 1879. He was in business in New York at the outbreak of the civil war, and was a lieutenant in the Seventh city regiment. In April, 1861, he entered the United States service with that regiment for the three months' term. Returning from that, he accepted a commission as captain in the Sixty-fifth New York regiment (the Fighting Chasseurs), and served with that regiment through the early campaigns of the war. In 1862 he was appointed an assistant inspector-general an 1 examining officer on the staff of Governor Morgan. In July, 1862, he received authority to raise a regiment of his own, and in thirty days he recruited the 127th New York regiment, at the head of which he returned to the field, joining the Twenty-third Army Corps. He was assigned to the com mand of the Second Brigade of General Abercrombie's division in October, 1862, and in 1864 he went with his brigade to join General Gillmore's command, on the South Carolina coast. In December, 1864, he was severely wounded in the arm in an engagement at De

voe's Neck, and was sent North for treatment. When convalescing he was assigned to the command of the Charleston post. While in command of Charleston he was promoted for gallantry in action to the rank of brigadier-general of United States volunteers; but he returned to New York with his regiment, and was mustered out in July, 1865. He returned

HALE, Mrs. SARAH JOSEPHA (BUEL), was born in Newport, New Hampshire, in 1795, and died in Philadelphia on April 30, 1879. This amiable lady was married in 1814 to David Hale, and left a widow with five children in 1822. She resorted to the pen as a means of support, publishing in 1823 The Genius of Oblivion, and other Original Poems." In 1827 she published "Northwood, a Tale of New England," and during the same year was invited to take charge of a ladies' magazine which was about to be established in Boston. After some hesitation she decided to accept, and in 1828 she removed to that city. In 1837, the "Ladies' Magazine" having been united with "Godey's Lady's Book," published in Philadelphia by Mr. Louis A. Godey, Mrs. Hale became editress of the consolidated periodical, remaining in Boston, however, until 1841, when she removed to Philadelphia. In this position she advocated woman's advancement, urging that teachers of girls should always be of the female sex. She suggested the observance of a national thanksgiving in 1846. The idea of educating women for medical and missionary service in heathen lands was another thought of Mrs. Hale, and she devoted much labor to the securing of its practical adoption. In 1850 the first medical college for women ever founded was established in Philadelphia, and thus the opportunity was presented. The Ladies' Medical Missionary Society was formed, and under its auspices two ladies prepared for the work of treating the diseased bodies and undeveloped minds of women in heathen nations. In 1860 the Woman's Union Missionary Society for Heathen Lands was formed. Mrs. Doremus was the first President of this Society, Mrs. Hale succeeding her and holding the office nine years. In 1877 she retired from editorial labor. Among her published volumes are: "Sketches of American Character," "Traits of American Life," several tales, a manual for housekeepers, and "Woman's Record from the Creation to A. D. 1854." She wrote pleasing poetry, and was respected and esteemed by all who knew her.

HARTRIDGE, JULIAN, a lawyer and member of Congress, born in Savannah, Georgia, about 1831, died in Washington, D. C., January 8, 1879. He received a collegiate education at Brown University, Rhode Island, gradnated at the Harvard Law School, and com

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to Charleston in October, 1865, and established himself in business. In October, 1870, he accepted the position of Treasurer of Charleston County, which he held for six years. He was Presidential Elector for South Carolina in 1872, and in 1874 was appointed by President Grant a Centennial Commissioner, being elected a vice-president of the Commission.

menced the practice of law in his native city. After having held various public positions in the State of Georgia, and serving as a member of the Charleston Convention in 1860, he bore arms in the Confederate army during the first year of the war, and was subsequently a member of the Confederate Congress. In 1871 he was chairman of the Executive Committee of the Democratic party in Georgia, and in 1872 was delegate-at-large from that State to the Democratic National Convention, and electorat-large on the Democratic ticket. He was elected to Congress as a Democrat in 1876 from the First Georgia District, and was reëlected in 1878.

HAYMERLE, KARL, Freiherr von, an Austrian statesman, born December 7, 1828. He is descended from an old German family of Bohemia, one of the members of which was knighted by the Empress Maria Theresa. He was educated at the Oriental Academy of Vienna. Together with other students of this institution, he took part in the revolutionary movements of 1848. He was made prisoner, and was sentenced to death by Prince Windischgrätz, but was saved by the intercession of an old friend of the family. He completed his studies in 1850, and in the same year went to Constantinople as assistant interpreter to the Austrian embassy. During the Crimean war he was intrusted with a difficult and important mission to Omer Pasha, regarding the protection of Austrian subjects, which he carried out to the full satisfaction of his Government. In 1857 he went to Athens as secretary of legation, and in 1861 in the same capacity to Dresden, and in the following year received an appointment to the Bundestag in Frankfort, where he also remained during the Congress of German Princes. In 1864 he was appointed chargé d'affaires in Copenhagen, where he brought about a good understanding between the Austrian and Danish courts. After the war with Prussia he was appointed chargé d'affaires in Berlin, and here also through his ability restored good relations with his Government. In 1868 he was recalled to Vienna, where he was employed for a short time in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and then went to Constantinople as chargé d'affaires. In 1869 he was appointed Ambassador to Greece, and in 1872 to the Netherlands. In 1876 he was created a Baron (Freiherr), was appointed Ambassador to Italy

in 1877, and in 1878 was one of the Austrian delegates to the Congress of Berlin. When Count Andrassy retired from his office, it was thought desirable that one of the delegates to the Congress of Berlin should succeed him. As Count Karolyi, the second delegate, declined, Freiherr von Haymerle was appointed. He is regarded as one of the ablest men of the empire, and is described as very pleasant in company. He is the first Austrian who has held the office of Minister for Foreign Affairs since the establishment of the dual monarchy, Count Beust being a Saxon and Count Andrassy a Hungarian.

HAYS, ISAAC, a scientist and eminent physician, born in Philadelphia in 1796, died there, April 13, 1879. He graduated from the department of arts in the Pennsylvania University in 1817, and from that of medicine in 1821. His literary labors were very extensive an valuable. He edited Hall's edition of Wilson's "American Ornithology" (Philadelphia, 1828); Hoblyn's "Dictionary of Medical Terms," etc. (1846); a new edition of the same, from the last London edition (1855); Lawrence's "Treatise on Diseases of the Eye" (1847), and successive editions; and Arnott's "Elements of Physics" (1848). He was the editor of the "American Journal of the Medical Sciences," which is still published. It was originally started in 1820 as the "Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences," and was edited by the late Professor Nathaniel Chapman. In 1826 Dr. Hays joined the editorial staff, and in 1827 it was converted into the "American Journal of the Medical Sciences," of which he was thenceforth sole editor until 1869, when his son was associated with him. He was elected a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1818, and was its president from 1865 to 1869. He was an active member of the American Philosophical Society, and for a number of years a member of its Council. He was one of the founders of the Franklin Institute, and in early years its secretary, and at the time of his death was the oldest living member. He was one of the oldest members of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, and for a number of years one of the censors. He was one of the founders of the American Medical Association, and author of its code of ethics, which has since been adopted by every State and county medical society in the Union. Many other honorary positions were held by him in scientific bodies in this country and abroad.

HEALTH, NATIONAL BOARD OF. The evil results of quarantines, established at every country town or even cross-roads by irresponsible boards, wholly inefficient to protect the public health, but destructive of trade and prosperity, plainly pointed out the necessity for a National Board of Health. The Constitution gives no specific power to the General Government to make sanitary regulations. The "power to regulate commerce

with foreign nations," however, implies the control of that which interferes most materially with it. Epidemics destroy commerce; it may be conceded, then, that their preven tion should be intrusted to the long purse and strong arm of the central Government, which alone can enforce obedience to its mandates. The act constituting the National Board of Health was approved on March 3d. The Board consists of eleven members, viz., seven civilian physicians, one army surgeon, one navy surgeon, one medical officer of the Marine Hospital service, and one officer from the Department of Justice. The duties prescribed are, that they should obtain information upon all matters affecting the public health, and advise the several departments of the Government, the executives of the several States, and the Commissioners of the Dis trict of Columbia, on all questions submitted by them, whenever in the opinion of the Board such advice may tend to the preservation and improvement of the public health. They are to cooperate with the Academy of Sciences, and to collect the views of leading sanitary organizations and scientists in order to perfect a plan, to be submitted to Congress at its next session, for a permanent health organization. This is explicit, and the Board has clearly understood and complied with these injunctions.

On June 3d the national quarantine law was passed. This is vague in terms, and gives little or no authority to do any specific work. The Board may request the President to appoint medical officers to assist consuls in foreign ports from which infection may be im ported. To prevent the introduction of infec tious diseases from foreign ports, or from one State to another, the National Board is to coöperate with State and municipal boards. The extent of this cooperation and the means by which it is to be carried out are not provided for. Should local provisions appear inadequate, the National Board is to report to the President, who may order it to make rules and regulations to meet the case. If the Presi dent approve these, the Board is to promul gate and the State authorities to enforce them. Should the State authorities fail in this duty. it is discretionary with the President to detail an officer to see to their enforcement.

In regard to the rules and regulations to be observed by vessels coming from infected ports, the Board has no more definite authority. It has power to obtain from consuls, and medical officers assisting them, weekly bulletins of the sanitary condition of foreign ports from which danger is apprehended. These warnings are invaluable. It is authorized to collect and publish weekly reports of the health of towns and cities throughout the United States. It is expected to procure information relating to the climatic and other conditions affecting the public health. It is to supply information and suggest rules and regulations concerning ves sels, railroad trains, and other modes of in