30,400 acres in the first week of the following month. At the same season in 1879 the arrivals of new settlers ammounted to as many as 2,000 per week. The wheat-growing region of western British America is said to be more fertile than Minnesota, and, instead of possessing the polar climate which has hitherto been ascribed to it, to be so temperate that melons and cucumbers ripen in August, and stock can be wintered without shelter, and find ample nourishment in the succulent grasses which are kept green by the snow. Manitoba soil yields 20 bushels of remarkably fine flinty wheat to the acre, of 63 to 66 lbs. to the bushel. Oats, barley, rye, potatoes, turnips, beets, flax, and hemp thrive admirably. Wild fruits abound; the forests are full of game, large and small, and the lakes and streams of fish-whitefish abounding in the lakes, pike, catfish, sturgeon, etc., in the rivers, and trout in the brooks. The capital of the province, Winnipeg, formerly Fort Garry, has grown in three years into an intensely active business town of 10,000 inhabitants. The price of wheat, owing to the want of railway communications, is only 45 cents a bushel. When the Pacific Railway is completed and the country settled, the Canadians expect that Manitoba and the Northwest Territory will be able to undersell the Americans in both breadstuffs and meat and provisions, and supply the entire European demand for imported food materials. The area of their newly discovered wheat-fields is, according to a sanguine estimate accepted in Canada and Great Britain, at least 2,984,000 square miles, or three quarters of the area of entire Europe. The public accounts of the Dominion show a total indebtedness at the close of the fiscal year 1878 of $174,957,268, with assets of $34,675,834, against $174,675,834 of liabilities and $41,440,525 of assets in 1877. The Treasury receipts for the year were $22,375,011. The total expenditures were $23,503,158, in curred under the following heads: debt and subsidies, $11,659,523; charges on the revenue, $5,301,124; ordinary expenditure, $6,542,510. There was a decrease in the ordinary expenditure of $293,167, compared with the previous year. The estimates of public expenditures for 1879 were $23,427,882, a decrease of $241,171 compared with the appropriations of the previous year. The Finance Minister went to England about the middle of the year to negotiate a loan of £3,000,000, which he succeeded in placing on favorable terms.

According to the last volume of the census of 1871, the increase of population in the four provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia was from 2,312,919 in 1851 to 3,090,561 in 1861, and 3,485,761 in 1871. The area of these provinces is 337,524 square miles, making the population per square mile 6-8 in 1851, 9.2 in 1861, and 10-3 in 1871. Of the inhabitants of Canada in 1871, 20-26 per cent. were of English extraction, 15.77 per cent. of Scotch, and 24.48 per cent. of Irish

descent, while the descendants of the French original settlers comprised 31-07 per cent. The immigration from the United States was found to have been very considerable, the number of those born in the United States numbering more than half as many as the immigrants from Scotland. The inhabitants in the Province of Quebec who had come from the States exceeded in number the English-born settlers in that province. The most populous of the four provinces in proportion to its extent is New Brunswick. Quebec is the least thickly populated.

The religious statistics show that 42.80 per cent. of the population are Catholics, 16-27 per cent. Methodists, 15.63 per cent. Presbyterians, and 14.20 per cent. members of the Church of England. In Quebec the Roman Catholics form an absolute majority; in another province they are relatively the most numerous, and in a third are nearly equal in numbers to the most numerous religious body. In Ontario the Methodists exceed any other denomination in numerical strength, and in Nova Scotia the Presbyterians.

According to the trade and navigation returns, the aggregate import and export trade of the Dominion again shows a falling off, the value of exports having been $79,323,667 in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1878, against $75,875,393 in 1877, an increase of $3,448,274, while the value of imports was $93,081,787 in 1878, against $99,327,962 in 1877, a decrease of $6,246,175. The total for 1873 was $217,304,516; for 1877, $172,175,876; for 1878, $170,523,244. The trade with Great Britain in 1878 was made up as follows: imports, $37,431,180; exports, $45,941,539. The imports from Great Britain decreased $2,141,059 in 1878, while the exports increased $4,374,070 as compared with the previous year. The trade with the United States decreased $3,211,777 in 1878, the exports showing a reduction of $531,347, and the imports a reduction of $2,680,930. Trade with the British and Spanish West Indies fell off $700,000: in imports, $210,000; in exports, $490,000. Trade with Australia increased $185,000, which may be attributed to the impetus given to the export of Canadian manufactures by the Sydney Exhibition.

The total number of vessels registered in the Dominion of Canada in 1878 was 7,469, measuring 1,333,015 tons. This gives Canada the fourth largest merchant marine in the world, Great Britain, the United States, and Germany alone leading her. The number of steamers registered was 834, with a gross tonnage of 183,935 tons. The estimated value of the total shipping is $39,990,000. The number of vessels built during the year was 329, measuring 100,873 tons. The number of ocean-going ships which visited the port of Montreal during the year was 516-249 iron ships, with an aggregate tonnage of 311,968, and 267 wooden ships, with a tonnage of 85,298; 482 of the vessels, with a tonnage of 382,056 tons, were British.

The products of the fisheries in 1878 were valued at $13,373,486, against $12,029,957 in 1877. The increase took place in the takings of cod, mackerel, lobster, and salmon. The exports of fish amounted to $6,929,366, an increase of $1,055,006.

The latest report of Canadian railway statisties gives the length of the roads in operation as 6,143 miles, of rails laid in partially constructed roads as 721, and of railways under construction as 1,042; making a total length of 7,906 miles, against 5,594 miles in operation and 1,996 under construction at the time of the preceding report. The total nominal capital outlay represented is about $360,000,000: of this, $122,176,000 consists of the ordinary share capital, $69,155,000 of preferred stock, and $83,710,000 of the bonded debt. The amount subscribed and guaranteed by the Government and municipal authorities was $87,456,000, which was reduced $1,887,000 by paid-up securities. The aid received from the Dominion Government amounted to $65,939,000, that from the provincial Governments to $14,291,000, that from municipal sources to $7,224,000. The capital investment per mile is $45,995. Steel rails are laid on 3,583 miles. The tonnage of freight handled during the year ending June 30, 1878, was 7,883,472 tons, an increase of 15 per cent. over the business of the preceding year. The total earnings amounted to $20,520,000, an increase of $1,778,000; the earnings per mile were $3,479, an increase of $61. The net profits were $4,419,000, an increase of 28 per cent. The revenue from the canals has decreased by $42,898, or 11:38 per cent., the decrease on the Welland Canal amounting to $37,959.

DORSEY, Mrs. SARAH A., died in New Orleans on Saturday, July 4th. She was the daughter of Thomas G. Ellis, a planter in Mississippi, and was born in Natchez, February 16, 1829. She received a careful education, and enjoyed the advantage of extended foreign travel. Her mother was the sister of the poetess and novelist Mrs. Catherine Anne Warfield, née Ware, authoress of "Poems by Two Sisters of the West," "The Household of Bouverie," ," "Beauseincourt," and other romances marked by a certain wild, untutored originality. This lady, who died in 1877, exercised a formative influence on her niece, who became her literary executor, Mrs. Warfield having left in her hands a mass of manuscript, the greater part of which is still unpublished. After her mother's second marriage, Sarah Ellis, on January 19, 1853, married Samuel W. Dorsey of Ellicott's Mills, Maryland. At the time he was practicing law and planting in Tensas Parish, Louisiana. Mr. Dorsey was a man of ability, wealth, and social position, and, despite disparity of years, the union proved a happy one. Mrs. Dorsey was fond of society, travel, and literature. Having no children, she gave herself unreservedly to the indulgence of these tastes. She spoke fluently several modern lan

guages, was a proficient in Greek and Latin, and an ardent student of Sanskrit. She published a biography of Governor Henry W. Allen of Louisiana, and the novels " Athalie," "Lucia Dare," "Agnes Graham," and "Panola." Of these "Panola" is the latest, having appeared in 1877, and Agnes Graham "is the best known. In addition she wrote a treatise on the Aryan philosophy, and was an industrious contributor to various journals and periodicals. Mrs. Dorsey was at one time an Episcopalian with high ritualistic tendencies. She built a chapel on her plantation, and devoted herself to the religious instruction of her slaves. Her studies of comparative theology and investigations of Eastern systems for a while unsettled her covictions; but these doubts passed away, and during her lingering illness she was sustained by the faith of her childhood. She was widely known in literary circles at home and abroad. She kept up an active interchange of ideas with savants in India, Germany, Italy, France, and England. Among her correspondents were the Rossettis, Dean Stanley, Carlyle, Herbert Spencer, and other celebrities.

Mrs. Dorsey was far more distinguished as a conversationalist than as a writer. Her quick intellect and fervent affections gave her a peculiar charm. By temperament she was a hero-worshiper. She was enthusiastic and unchanging in her friendships. Although her means were much diminished after the war, the hospitality of her home was as freely extended as ever. There Mr. Jefferson Davis and his family were frequent and honored guests during the years of poverty and misfortune following the failure of the Confederacy. Mrs. Dorsey made no secret of her intention to constitute Mr. Davis or one of his children her heir, and thus do her part toward repairing his losses. Having given liberally to her own family during her lifetime, and deriving her entire means from her husband, she felt herself entitled to make this disposition of her property, and only regretted the smallness of the legacy. The appraised value of her whole estate is under twenty-five thousand dollars. After the death of Mr. Dorsey in 1875, she removed from her plantation in Tensas Parish, and resided at Beauvoir, a small place on the Gulf-shore. Here she continued to employ herself in literary labors, chiefly acting as amanuensis to Mr. Davis, in the progress of whose autobiography she felt a profound interest. These occupations she never intermitted, although suffering from the ravages of an hereditary malady, an internal cancer, which would have disabled one with less powers of endurance. When it became necessary, she faced the alternatives of life and death with composure. Removing to New Orleans, she submitted calmly to a surgical operation which proved unavailing. She died professing her. self at peace with the world and in the Christian faith, and left behind her an unblemished character.

EASTERN ROUMELIA, an autonomous province of Turkey; area, 13,664 square miles; population, 751,000. The dissatisfaction in this province with the division of Bulgaria continued in 1879, and led to serious excesses against the International Commission and its agents. Thus, in February the financial director Schmidt was mobbed at Haskioi, Slivno, and other places. Not even the presence of General Stolypine, the Russian Governor, was sufficient to restore order, and it was necessary to send for troops for this purpose. The population elected delegates to the Bulgarian Constituent Assembly, which met in Tirnova on February 22d; but these delegates were not admitted. The disordered state of the country gave rise to a Russian note to the Powers, in which a mixed occupation of the country was suggested. (See RUSSIA.) The Russian note was immediately followed by a Turkish note complaining of the treatment the Mohammedans in Eastern Roumelia received at the hands of the Bulgarians. It was as follows:

The situation of the Mussulman population in Roumelia had never ceased to be precarious, full of dangers and difficulties, but there was reason to believe that with time the exclusive and hostile spirit which animates the Bulgarians would give way to juster and more humane sentiments. This hope has not been realized, and it is with the greatest pain that the Sublime Porte finds itself obliged to observe that the condition of the Mussulman inhabitants of Eastern Roumelia has become almost intolerable in every part of the province, and especially at Bournar, Yamboli, and Sagra. They are constantly subjected to acts of oppression and violence on the part of their Bulgarian fellow countrymen. The latter seem to pursue a system of extermination which the repeated measures of our authorities have not been able to check. The victims, in despair, are leaving their homes and seeking safety in expatriation. The emigration is considerable. Adrianople has already received a great number of emigrants within its walls, and their number, daily increasing, is becoming a source of serious embarrassment for our newly installed authorities there. Please to call the serious attention of the Government to which you are accredited to this situation. We appeal to the humane feelings of the Powers to deliver the Mussulman population of Eastern Roumelia from the persecution to which it is subjected, and to obtain security for their persons and property. You will not fail to point out that the Treaty of Berlin, conforming to the most elementary principles of justice, meant that all sections of the population of Eastern Roumelia, without distinction of race or religion, should be treated on the footing of the most perfect equality. It is therefore impossible that the signatary Powers of that treaty should allow a certain class of inhabitants openly to seek the suppression or systematic exclusion of another class, which has the same rights and which should enjoy the same protection.

The proposal for a mixed occupation at first met with general approval, but was finally abandoned, as no agreement could be reached by the Powers in the settlement of the details. In its stead a plan proposed by the Turkish Government, of prolonging the supervising au

thority of the European Commission, was adopted. On April 14th the Turkish Government nominated Aleko Pasha, Prince Vogorides, as Governor. (See ALEKO PASHA.) This nomination was confirmed by all the Powers. The time for the withdrawal of the Russian troops from the province fixed by the Treaty of Berlin was May 3d, the evacuation to be completed within three months-by August 3d. In accordance with this provision, the Russians began to withdraw from the province on May 2d. The organic statute for the province was approved by the Porte. It provides that the Governor shall be in full possession of the executive powers in the province. He is to have at his disposal military and gendarmerie, and is to be allowed to call for Turkish troops when necessary, to proclaim a state of siege, to submit financial and other bills to the Provincial Assembly, and to open and close its sessions. The Sultan has the right to occupy the frontiers, to call the Governor-General to account, to nominate his General Secretary, to sanction the laws voted by the Provincial Assembly, and to approve the officers of administration and justice nominated by the GovernorGeneral. In the administration the GovernorGeneral is to be aided by a Senate, consisting of the commander of the militia and gendarmerie, and the heads of the departments of Justice, Finance, Public Education, Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works. The making of laws is vested in the Provincial Assembly. Besides this, the province has to send deputies to the Turkish Parliament at Constantinople. The Provincial Assembly has besides the right to modify all laws promulgated by the Porte so far as they regard Eastern Roumelia. The province is divided into six circles and twentyeight districts, the former having each a council. The official language with the Porte is to be the Turkish, but in the circles and districts the language will be that of the majority of the inhabitants, whether Bulgarian, Turkish, or Greek. In respect to the financial obligations of the country, the International Commission estimated the yearly income at 800,000 Turkish pounds. Three tenths of this amount, £240,000 Turkish, is to be paid to the Porte. Besides this, Eastern Roumelia will share in proportion to her income in Turkey's financial burdens for the maintenance of order and peace, as well as for the expenses of the national administration. The gendarmerie will, when occasion requires, be helped by the country militia. The militia is based on the principle of universal service; that is to say, every man is obliged to serve for four years on active duty. The manner of putting this statute into execution was a question of considerable difficulty. The military and gendarmerie, com

posed of all sections of the population, and commanded by officers named by the Sultan, as provided for by the statute, had not been created, so that when the Russians began to evacuate the tranquillity of the province would in the interval have to be intrusted to the Bulgarian militia, organized by Prince DondoukoffKorsakoff, and officered in a great part by Russians. As the Bulgarians had hitherto shown themselves hostile to the Commission, it seemed doubtful whether this militia could be relied upon to suppress disorders. The Governor-General had by the treaty the right to call in Ottoman troops; but the exercise of this right would inevitably cause serious disturbances. The Porte, also, which at first had insisted upon occupying Burgas and other points, had abandoned this project, and therefore no Turkish troops were in a position to promptly answer such a call. If the extreme party among the agitators should get the upper hand, it might even be impossible for the Commission to remain at Philippopolis. These difficulties were fully recognized both by the Porte and the foreign diplomatists; but, since

the abandonment of the scheme of a mixed occupation, no one seemed to know what should be done. This state of uncertainty soon had serious consequences. The Mussulmans, afraid of being left alone with the Bulgarians, emigrated in great numbers from Roumelia, so that in the beginning of May from 50,000 to 60,000 were in Adrianople.

On May 27th Áleko Pasha entered Philippopolis. He wore on this occasion a Bulgarian bonnet, although the Sultan had ordered him to wear the Turkish fez. The question, in spite of its apparent insignificance, had become a warmly debated one. The fez is regarded as the emblem of the old Turkish régime, and the hat as that of the new European administration. The Russians had undertaken to use their influence in favor of the hat, and obtained from Aleko Pasha a formal promise that he would not wear the fez. Relying upon this promise, Generals Obrutscheff and Stolypine publicly declared upon several occasions that the new Governor-General would wear the hat, and thus manifest that he did not belong to the old school of Pashas. On May 30th Aleko Pasha was formally installed as Governor-General. After the reading of the two firmans of the Sultan sanctioning the organic statute, and appointing Aleko Pasha, the following manifesto of the new Governor-General was read:

MY DEAR FELLOW COUNTRYMEN: His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, our august sovereign, desiring to procure a revival of prosperity for your province, which has suffered so much in consequence of recent events, and to insure tranquillity for all the inhabitants with out distinction, has appointed me Governor-General of Eastern Roumelia for a period of five years, with a view of carrying into effect the organic statute prepared by the Mixed Commission which was formed for that purpose, and which was composed of Commissioners from the great Powers signataries to the Treaty of Berlin. The reforms which the Porte de

sires to introduce into the government of Eastern Roumelia are contained in detail in the above-mentioned statute, and I think it is needless to enumerate them here. It is sufficient to add here that the union of all is necessary to insure a faithful and complete application and fulfillment of the statute, as well as the submission and good will of the inhabitants. I earnestly recommend people not to allow themselves to be discouraged by the recollection of past evils, but to endeavor, on the contrary, to profit by the advantages granted them by the Forte, as well as by the principles applied by virtue of the organic statute above mentioned, and to endeavor thereby to repair all past misfortunes. You are not ignorant of the fact that in all situations and in all countries the fruits of skill and of labor, as well as the continued growth of public riches and prosperity, depend mainly upon order and good understanding in general and between individuals. It is the duty of all of you, therefore, to employ your best efforts to maintain public tranquillity while steadily pursuing your own occupations and labors. The entry of Ottoman troops into the interior of Eastern Roumelia being dependent upon the maintenance of public order and upon my own request for that purpose addressed to the Porte-a request which is not to be made except upon my personal appreciation of the circumstances requiring it-I rely with confidence upon those of the inhabitants who are attached to their country that they will abstain from all acts of a character which would justify the entrance of the Ottoman troops. Those who seek to create a belief that the entry of Turkish troops will be carried out, thereby causing alarm to the inhabitants of Eastern Roumelia, completely ignore the real intentions of the Sublime Porte; for whenever the Imperial Government shall deem it necessary to occupy by its troops the frontiers and certain other localities, this will only be done in conformity with the stipulations of the Treaty of Berlin, without giving cause for alarm to the inhabitants. What proves this is the fact of my arrival in the chief town of the province without the presence of any Ottoman troops. Therefore I entreat you not to listen to the malevolent suggestions, but to manifest your gratitude to the Porte for its anxiety for the well-being and interest of your country, and by employing all your efforts in facilitating the literal execution of the organic statute which assures you a free administration. In conclusion, I salute you, and offer up most hearty prayers to the Almighty for your good health and a happy life.

The question of hoisting the Turkish flag had been considered, and for that purpose a flag-staff had been erected at the gate of the konak. The Prince having been informed that the display of the flag might cause demonstrations and disorder, he consulted the Commissioners, observing that if disorder did occur he should immediately resign and leave for Constantinople. The Commissioners thereupon had a meeting to consider this question. The chief Ottoman Commissioner having explained that it was not customary to hoist a flag before a konak which was not a fortress, the Commission decided that, as the formality of the hoisting or not of the Ottoman flag could have no influence upon the execution of the organic statute, the Commission considered that the Governor-General alone could decide upon the opportuneness of observing this formality. The Prince acted upon this decision, and, wishing to avoid all risks of disturbance, directed that the flag should not be hoisted. The troops then defiled before the GovernorGeneral, and the ceremony ended. On June 3d the Governor made the following nomina

tions, and submitted them to the Sultan for approval: M. Christovitch, Secretary-General and Minister of the Interior; M. Kessakoff, Minister of Justice; M. Vulcovitch, Minister of Public Works; and M. Schmidt, Minister of Finance. The International Commission on the same day unanimously decided to transfer immediately the financial administration of the province to the Governor-General. The action of Aleko Pasha brought upon him the displeasure of the Turkish Government, and it informed the Powers that the refusal of Aleko to wear the fez was a violation of engagements between him and the Porte. The Government would wait until Eastern Roumelia was evacuated, when it would summon Aleko Pasha to wear the fez and hoist the Turkish flag. In fact, if the demand should not be complied with, the Porte would request the Powers to sanction Aleko's removal, and would send a body of Turkish troops to occupy the Balkans. In other respects also Aleko Pasha was charged with acting contrary to the wishes of the Porte, and contrary even to the letter and spirit of the existing enactments. Thus he appointed none but Bulgarian officials, to the utter neglect of the Greek and Turkish elements in the country. Of the Bulgarian Ministers nominated by him, one, M. Kessakoff, the brother of General Kessakoff, late commander of the Eastern Roumelian troops until the arrival of General Obrutscheff, ag tated for the reunion of Eastern Roumelia and Bulgaria by main force. The advocate of rebellion a few weeks before Aleko Pasha's arrival, he was at once made Minister of Justice. In the latter part of June the Porte approved the entire Ministry with the exception of M. Kessakoff. To his non-confirmation by the Porte Aleko Pasha replied that the organic statute did not absolutely oblige him to obtain the ratification of his nominees; that he considered M. Kessakoff a fit person, and that he (Aleko), having been elected for five years, should not be interfered with during his term of office.

The Russian evacuation proceeded rapidly, and on July 27th the last Russian troops embarked at Burgas, leaving the country in the hands of the authorities. A tumult occurred in Philippopolis as soon as General Stolypine had left that town. A Bulgarian flag was raised, which Aleko Pasha ordered to be lowered, adding that in the event of non-compliance he would leave the country and return to Constantinople. His demand was complied with. Disorders continued to occur in various parts of the country, caused both by Turks and Bulgarians. In the beginning of September the Mohammedans at Philippopolis presented a petition to the representatives of the European Powers, complaining of the ill treatment they were receiving at the hands of the Bulgarians. They declared that they were insulted, attacked, wounded, and assassinated by Bulgarians. Should any of them repair to the

Government konak to complain of these mis. deeds, they were driven away with blows of the whip by the officer on duty. They no longer, they said, demanded restitution of their property, but asked merely that their lives and honor should be protected. They had, however, no hope of obtaining even this small measure of justice so long as all the judges and officials were Bulgarians.

The relations of the Government with the Porte also continued in an unsatisfactory state. The Government of Eastern Roumelia having delayed the restoration of returning Mohammedan refugees, the Turkish Government sent numbers of them back to their homes, where, of course, no provision had been made for them; and they would certainly have starved if they had not been cared for by their co-religionists.

The Provincial Assembly was opened November 3d by Aleko Pasha, who in his speech recommended the impartial enforcement of the organic statute and the strict administration of justice. He further asked the Assembly to devote its attention to the budget, and to discuss the best means of improving the condition of the population.

In November Aleko Pasha paid a visit to Constantinople, after he had repeatedly refused to do so when requested by the Porte. The visit was productive of good results. Most of the differences existing between Philippopolis and Constantinople were removed, and an understanding was come to on the most important point, that of the Mohammedan refugees. All the European Powers had also taken steps to urge upon Aleko Pasha the necessity of something being done to remedy the existing state of affairs. The principal difficulty in the way of the repatriation of the fugitives having been the preparation of the necessary means of subsistence for them, the proposal formerly made by M. Schmidt, of the International Commission, to provide by a loan for these requirements, which had been rejected both by the Porte and the Government of the province, was now seriously entertained by both governments. After the return of Aleko Pasha from Constantinople a gradual change occurred in the public sentiment. The bearing of the Bulgarians became very friendly toward the Mohammedans, and even the Provincial Assembly refrained from touching any question which might disturb the peace.

EATON, MARGARET L., widow of General John Henry Eaton, Secretary of War in the Administration of President Jackson, was born in 1796, and died at Washington on November 8, 1879. Her maiden name was O'Neil. In her youth she possessed high personal beauty and a peculiar fascination of manner, which, combined with a persistent will and high ambition, enabled her to attain a prominent position in society. Her first husband, by whom she had several children, was Mr. Timberlake, a purser in the United