was denounced, it appears, by a member of the body of censors, in a memorial to the throne, which, while accusing him of too great admiration for England, of being on bad terms with his assistant envoy, and of having written an indiscreet account of his voyage to England, based its principal accusations against him on the criticisms of his policy and social demeanor which have from time to time appeared in a Chinese newspaper, called the "Shên-Pao," published at Shanghai, and owned by a British subject. Immediately on his arrival at Shanghai, the Minister set to work to take the opinion of counsel in relation to bringing an action for libel against the "ShênPao," and intimated his intention of using every remedy, legal as well as political, against a journal which had done him such wrong. The steps taken by him induced the Shanghai paper to retract all it had said against Kuo, and the latter accepted the apology as sufficient. The Shanghai correspondent of the London "Times" calls Kuo "the most intelligent Chinaman that Englishmen are ever likely to see accredited to England, and the best and rarest type of the Chinese official." Tsêng How yeh, son of Tsêng Kuo-fan, the famous Viceroy of Nanking, has been appointed, in place of Kuo, Chinese Ambassador to England. He will have two secretaries of legation, one stationed at London and one at Paris, two attachés, several interpreters, and a number of servants-about forty persons in all.

In May and June General Grant paid a visit to China. At Tientsin, on May 20th, a grand

CUSTOM-HOUSE, SHANGHAI.

banquet was given to him by the Chinese authorities in the principal native temple. The Viceroy of Chihli, the Commander-in-Chief and Grand Secretary Li-Hung-Chang, presided. At Peking he received attentions such as had never before been bestowed upon any

foreigner. Calls were exchanged between him and General Kung.

The "Shên-Pao" of Shanghai, the leading native paper in China, published an edict issued by the two Empresses-Regent of China which systematized and reorganized the diplomatic service of the empire in foreign countries. Henceforth China will be represented abroad by ambassadors as well as envoys, and will have consuls-general, consuls, etc. The monthly salaries are fixed as follows: For ambassadors, £350; for envoys extraordinary, £300; for resident ministers, between £200 and £250; chargés d'affaires and consuls-general, £150; consuls, £125; and vice-consuls, £100. The resident medical officer on an embassy will receive a monthly salary of £50. These salaries are to be paid through the custom-house at Shanghai. The Chinese diploniatic representatives will also be repaid all expenses to which they may be put for lodg ings, traveling, diplomatic dinners, horses, and carriages. Henceforward every ambassador and envoy will be bound to telegraph direct to the two Empresses in all cases of emergency or pressing importance. But the regulation that no ambassador, envoy, or consul-general should be continued in the same post for longer than three years is still retained as a fundamental principle of Chinese diplomacy.

After the subjugation of the rebels in Yunnan, the Chinese Government set to work to convert the Mohammedan rebels to the state religion. The Yunnanites had hitherto withstood persuasion, theological argument, and tor

ture with stolid resolution; so the mandarins intrusted with the task of weaning them from their dogmatic errors adopted the cunning expedient of making it worth their while to become idolaters. A recent imperial decree ordained that every Mohammedan publicly renouncing his faith should be exempt from taxation, and that this privilege should be extended to his descendants for the period of one hundred years. The actual convert, moreover, should be distinguished by a mark of imperial favor -a peacock's feather or cap-button, according to his condition in life. Meanwhile, the Chinese Government caused five thousand gods, of every orthodox variety, to be manufactured for the especial benefit of the Yunnan metropolis alone. These deities were set up by the police in the porches and court

yards of every house in the town, and the heads of families were compelled to burn incense once a day before their unwelcome Lares, as well as to provide them with new clothes from head to foot at certain stated periods. The Chinese police is instructed to "look up" any householder proving a defaulter in the performance of these obligatory rites, and to stimulate him to the fulfillment of his duties by every convenient inducement.

The desire of the Chinese Government to reestablish its rule over all territory that had ever been under its dominion, which had been manifested in the past years in the cases of the Tungani, Kashgaria, Kulja, and even in Burmah and Nepaul, also showed itself in the case of the Loochoo Islands, which were claimed and occupied by Japan. Although the authority of China in these islands had long been merely nominal, it resented their occupation by Japan, and serious difficulties between these two countries seemed to be imuninent. (See JAPAN.)

A treaty was concluded with Spain relating to the condition of the Chinese in Cuba, and a special embassy was sent to that island. (See SPAIN.)

Twenty-six Protestant missionary societies have agents and churches in China. Ten of them are American, one is Canadian, thirteen are British, and two are Continental societies. The missions have grown very fast within a few years. The most careful estimate that has been made of their aggregate force showed that in 1877 there were connected with them 91 stations, 431 out-stations, 312 churches, 473 missionaries and missionaries' wives, and 18,035 communicants. Later reports from only a part of the societies make the number of missionaries and assistants not less than 938, and of communicants 16,335, showing an increase of more than 10,500 communicants since 1868, when the number was 5,743, or of about one thousand a year. The principal denominations are represented in the missions, each by two or more societies, as follows: Baptist, 85 missionaries and assistants, 1,819 members; Congregationalist, 53 missionaries and preachers, 2,986 members; Episcopal and Anglican, 173 preaching agents, 1,330 members; Methodist, 149 missionaries and assistants, 2,860 members; Presbyterian (with which is included the Reformed Church in America), 213 preachers, 2,687 members; undenominational missions, 99 agents, 905 members; Continental Lutheran and Reformed missions, 79 missionaries and assistants, 1,748 members. Educational work has not been prosecuted by the missionaries as rapidly as the organization of charches, and appears less prominent than do the educational efforts of missionaries in other fields. The reports to the Shanghai Missionary Conference in 1877 gave 207 boarding and day schools for boys, and 120 for girls, with a total of 5,680 pupils; 20 theological schools, with 231 students; 115 Sunday-schools, with 2,605

Missiona

scholars and 290 school-teachers. ries have been employed as professors in the Imperial College at Peking, and the Protestant Episcopal Church is endeavoring to establish a missionary college at Shanghai. One thousand and seventy-six religious and more than two hundred secular publications, in the general language and eleven dialects, were issued from the missionary presses between 1810 and 1875. Sixteen missionary hospitals reported 3,730 inpatients treated and 87,505 applications from out-patients in 1876, besides which 41,281 cases were administered to in the same year in 24 missionary dispensaries.

COLLINS, Judge THOMAS WHARTON, born in Louisiana, June 23, 1812, died November 3, 1879. He was admitted to the bar in 1833. Though self-educated, he was a man of great attainments. He was a remarkable linguist. In 1834 he was appointed French and Spanish translator to the State Senate. After this he edited the "True American." He was Chief Deputy Clerk of the United States District and Circuit Court of Louisiana from 1836 to 1838; District Attorney for New Orleans from 1840 to 1842; Judge of the City Court of New Orleans from 1842 to 1846. In 1852 he was a member of the Constitutional Convention. In 1856 he was elected, by a majority of 5,000 votes, Judge of the First District Court of the Parish of Orleans. At the close of the war in 1865 he resumed the practice of the law. In 1867 he was made Judge of the Seventh District Court, which position he retained until that court was abolished. He was the author of "Humanics," "The Eden of Labor," and of various political, scientific, and ethical essays.

COLOMBIA (ESTADOS UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA).* The President of the Republic is General Trujillo (inaugurated April 1, 1878); and the Cabinet is composed of the following Ministers: Interior and Foreign Affairs, Dr. Ancízar (1879); Finance and Public Works, Dr. Wilson (1879); Treasury and National Credit, Señor S. Camacho Roldan; War and Marine, Señor M. Hurtado.

The chief magistrates of the nine States are: Antioquia, General T. Renjifo; Bolívar, Señor B. Noguera; Boyacá, Señor J. E. Otalora; Cauca, Señor M. Garces; Cundinamarca, Señor D. Delgado; Magdalena, Señor L. A. Robles; Panamá, Señor B. Correoso; Santander, Señor M. A. Estrada; Tolima, Dr. J. Manique. There is at present no Colombian Minister accredited to the United States. The Colombian Consul-General in New York is Señor Miguel Salgar. The United States Minister Resident at Bogotá is Hon. E. Deichman.

The strength of the Federal army in time of peace is 3,000; in time of war, each of the States is required to furnish a contingent of one per cent. of its population.

The subjoined table exhibits the amount and

For territorial divisions, and detailed statistics concerning area, population, etc., reference may be made to the "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1974 and 1877.

It should here be observed that in the expenditure of the Finance Department is included an item of $813,177, amount of the cost of collection of the revenue, or rather more than one eighth of the entire national income! On comparing the revenue for 1878-'79 with that for the year immediately preceding, an increase of $2,033,992 is observable in the former. The year 1877-'78 was marked by a deficit of $2,433,113.

In the budget for 1878-'79, the revenue and expenditures were estimated at $5,998,644.84 and $9,622,709.81 respectively; a state of things which, had it become real, would have saddled the country with a deficit almost equal in amount to the revenue itself, and embarrassed the Government beyond all hope of immediate recovery, or indeed of relief otherwise than by resorting to a new loan, which, under existing circumstances, could not have been negotiated without considerable sacrifice. As it is, President Trujillo in his message to Congress frankly stated that the financial situation was not good, and that he saw no probability of improvement before peace should be reëstablished throughout the country, and more serious and united efforts made toward the development of the sources (abundant in themselves) of national wealth. In order to the attainment of this end, "it is indispensable not to damp the public spirit of the people by inaction, or suffer the destruction of the results of labor, but to direct the endeavors of the State authorities and of Colombian capitalists in one common channel with those of the Federal Government." To obIviate the serious difficulties attendant upon a deficit, the President found it necessary to avail himself of the powers with which he was invested by the law (No. 60) of 1878 to order, in just such an emergency as the one referred to, the emission of Treasury notes (pagarés del Tesoro) to the amount of $2,500,000. Means

were used to effect certain payments which, like those on account of the foreign debt, etc., have to be made in coin; and it was suggested as expedient to unify the various public obligations, at present so confusing from their variety in the market as "not only to prejudice public interests, but also to affect at times the good name of the Government itself." Financially speaking, however, the Trujillo Administration has not proved less successful than those immediately preceding it; bonds payable out of the proceeds of the custom-house and of the salt monopoly have been redeemed to the amount of $1,004,431; and other liabilities, contracted in part by former Administrations, have been liquidated to the amount of $1,586,614; the disbursements in coin on account of the foreign debt having reached $745,388.60, and those for ordinary current expenses, $1,509,691.60, during the same period.

As seen by the foregoing tables, the yield of the customs department for the year 1878-79 was $4,025,112, or $1,025,112 larger than that for the year 1877-78; but a considerable falling off is apprehended in this branch of the revenue consequent upon a sensible decrease in the exports, while the imports scarcely experienced any change either in quantity or value-a state of things regarded as bidding fair to continue for one or two years at least. One inconvenience immediately attendant upon such a state would be the necessity for merchants to resort to specie shipments to cover their balances abroad; besides which there would be the possibility of a greater evil, dependent on the first. namely, a monetary crisis which might well assume the proportions of a real disaster if added to the already complicated situation. The attention of the Congress was earnestly called to these matters. A revision of the tariff was suggested, together with the expediency of requesting merchants to communicate to the members of the Legislature their views on that important subject. With a view to the extension of the foreign trade, it was recommended that the Executive should be empowered to make treaties with the different friendly commercial nations for the admission, duty-free or at much lower rates of duty than those now in existence, of such Colombian staples as rice, sugar, coffee, hats, etc., with similar concessions on the part of Colombia regarding imports from those countries.

The national debt in 1878 stood as follows:

Coffee culture in the State of Panamá, particularly in the district of Chiriquí, bids fair to prove most satisfactory. The first regular shipment, made in December, 1879, was of 7,140 lbs., being the first crop of an estate the yield of which was expected to reach 300 quintals (of 100 lbs. each). The coffee was represented as of excellent quality, fine color, and delicious aroma, and evidencing careful preparation for market. Indeed, the superior quality and regular fullness of the bean afforded proof of the entire adaptability of the soil and climate of Chiriquí for the production of a class of coffee second to none on the American Continent."

The article COLOMBIA in the "Annual Oyclopædia" for 1878 contains (page 104) some interesting particulars concerning the export trade of the republic.

Referring to railway matters, President Trujillo, in his message already alluded to, expressed a doubt that Mr. Ross, the contractor of the line which is to place the three northern States of the Union in communication with the Atlantic seaboard, would be able to carry his project into effect. The time fixed upon in the contract for the commencement of the work had expired, and the Executive recominended the raising of a loan of $2,500,000 for the prosecution of the work. Several railways and other enterprises, for which a Mr. F. T. Cisneros is contractor, were spoken of in commendatory terms. The progress in each was satisfactory. Steamers for the navigation of the upper Magdalena were being built at New York, and would be ready for service within a few months. The benefits of cheap and rapid transport thus secured would be shared by an extensive section of country containing, among other natural sources of wealth, important copper and coal mines. The Antioquia and Cauca Railways were progressing satisfactorily, and the intention was announced

of sparing no efforts to push on the work to completion at an early day.*

The Legislature of the State of Bolívar passed a law tending to encourage the navigation of the Dique and Magdalena Rivers, and offering a subvention and a guarantee of 7 per cent. interest on a capital of $200,000 to any company willing to embark in the enterprise.

The President's message contained some brief remarks on new mining interests of considerable promise. Satisfactory reports had been made of a survey of the coal mines of the valley of Dupar and of the Goajira Peninsula. The San Andrés coal mines in the State of Bolívar were represented as of great value, and the assurance given that their development would prove most profitable to the country. A company had been organized for the working of the Samacá iron mines in Boyacá, on which American engineers had reported favorably. General Trujillo suggested the expediency of giving Government aid to the enterprise, either by purchasing stocks or by granting a subvention to the company. The Torrá gold mines were spoken of, on the authority of a competent engineer, as being as rich as any that ever excited the cupidity of the conquistadores. Measures were being adopted for their development.

But more than even the building of new railways or the organization of companies for the working of her mines, the navigation of her rivers, and the extension of her commercial relations abroad, Colombia needs the establishment of peace and order at home and the permanent conciliation of State and Federal interests. The revolutionary era, reopened a few years ago after a lull hitherto unexampled for its duration in the annals of Spanish America, has since been perpetuated by party strife and rebellions aimed, now at one or other of the local governments, now at the Central Government, and causing in some instances considerable effusion of blood. An atrocious episode of one of these outbreaks was reported as follows from Ocaña on September 11, 1879:

Horrible butchery in Bucaramanga! The day before yesterday the Commune was proclaimed in that city, and, headed by the Alcalde, Pedro Collazos, took full possession. The German Consul, Schrader, and Messrs. Obdulio Estevez and Eduardo Mutiz, were asSeveral stores were destroyed. The greatest constersassinated. Another German was seriously wounded. nation prevails among people possessing any means. The Communists are intrenched and hold two cuarteles (military barracks). General Wilches will attack them to-day. Families are fleeing to the mountains for safety. Stores and dwellings are completely sacked and destroyed. It is not known in Barranquilla whether the movement is purely communist, or the beginning of a revolution against the State government. In either case it will no doubt be promptly suppressed and vigorously punished.

The occurrence of election riots in Cundinamarca, the capital of which State is Bogotá, elicited from President Trujillo remarks in his

For railways and telegraph lines already in operation in Colombia, see Annual Cyclopædia" for 1877.

message on the absurd position of a Government which, according to the Constitution, is bound to preserve peace, secure its servants in the exercise of their functions, render effective the guarantees for the safety and well-being of its citizens, and the immunities and prerogatives of diplomatic agents resident in the capital, and yet is not permitted to call the sectional government to account for the failure or otherwise of its efforts to restore and maintain order. This anomalous state of affairs has received the attention of each President who has at any time been opposed by the government of Cundinamarca, and various States have petitioned to set apart a section of territory for the use of the national Government; but the evil still continues. Colombia has no capital. Its Federal head is located in a city where the municipality has more absolute authority than the Executive of the nation. A very important paragraph is that relating to the means of conciliation adopted by the Government toward those who were lately in rebellion against its authority. Amnesty is declared, and the banished may return to resume the occupations, associations, and, in many cases, the properties which their own acts destroyed or placed in peril. Sales of confiscated properties have been stopped, and they have, as far as possible, been returned to their owners, who are guaranteed protection under the laws.

"The triumph of the Independent party," writes a Colombian journalist in November, 1879, "in almost all the States of the Union -a party (the Liberal) whose platform is respect for all rights, strict and honest administration of all departments, and individual guarantees to citizens of all political parties-is an evidence that the country is about to enter upon a course which will lead to days more happy and bright with promise for the future than those through which the republic has so lately passed. Peace is necessary to prosperity and progress, and the great natural wealth of the country but awaits a period of prolonged tranquillity for an amazing development. A large proportion of the public men of all parties are disposed to rally around the government of Dr. Núñez, the President-elect, and lend their assistance in the great work of the regeneration of the country. Every friend of Colombia will hope sincerely that such happy auguries may be fully realized."

The candidates for the Presidency were four: Dr. Rafael Núñez, above mentioned, Sr. Tomás Renjifo, Sr. Camargo, and Sr. J. R. Carsola. The last two appear to have obtained but one vote each, so that Núñez (10,059 votes) and Renjifo (559), the respective representatives of the two recent divisions of the Liberal party, proved the real contestants. (See INTEROCEANIC CANAL.)

COLORADO. The session of the second Legislature of Colorado commenced on January 1st, and closed on Sunday morning, February 9th. In the Senate, James P. Maxwell

....

13,972 11,984 2,604

FOR ATTORNEY-GENERAL.

Charles W. Wright, Republican..
C. Yeaman, Democrat..
Alpheus Wright, National..

FOR AUDITOR.

E. K. Stinson, Republican.. John H. Harrison, Democrat.. G. W. King, National..

...

FOR SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS. J. C. Shattuck, Republican.... O. J. Goldrick, Democrat.. A. J. Chittenden, National.. Tuesday after the meeting and organization of On January 14th, which was the second the Legislature, an election for Senator in Congress was held. In the Senate the vote was as follows: Nathaniel P. Hill, 19; W. A. H. Loveland, 7. In the House the vote was as follows: Hill, 34; Loveland, 12; Richard G. Buckingham, 1. Nathaniel P. Hill was elected.

The following memorial to Congress passed the House without reference to a committee: To the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled:

Your memorialists, the Senate and House of Representatives of Colorado, most respectfully represent:

That the present Ute reservation, extending along the western boundary of this State, includes an area three times as great as that of the State of Massachusetts, and embraces more than twelve million acres of land, and is occupied and possessed by three thousand Indians, who cultivate no land, pursue no useful occupation, and are supported by the Federal Govern

ment.

That said reservation is watered and enriched by many streams and great rivers, and contains many large and fertile valleys and plains.

That it embraces a great area of the best grazing lands within the State of Colorado, and contains nearly one third of the arable land within the entire State. That it comprises several districts rich in gold and silver and other precious metals.

That the territory embraced within said reservation will support a population of many thousands, and is destined to become one of the most prosperous divisions of our State.

That the only approach by wagon-roads to five extensive and productive mining districts is across said reservation."