of which the new force is to be applied to machinery. The force is applied to the engine in the interior of the hollow sphere. With this engine Mr. Keely says he can attach a common steel wire to a steel bar of the chord of B flat, and associate with it two more bars of the same chord, and, bringing them into contact with a ton of quartz, disintegrate it in fifteen seconds. KENTUCKY. State Government.-The following were the State officers at the beginning of the year: Governor, J. Proctor Knott, Democrat; Lieutenant-Governor, James K. Hindman; Secretary of State, James A. McKenzie; Treasurer, James W. Tate; Auditor, Fayette Hewitt; Attorney-General, P. W. Hardin; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Joseph D. Pickett; Railroad Commissioners: J. P. Thompson, A. R. Boone, and John D. Young; Chief-Justice of the Court of Appeals: William S. Pryor, Thomas H. Hines; Associate Justices: Joseph H. Lewis and William H. Holt. Finances. When the last General Assembly convened in 1885, the receipts of the treasury were insufficient to meet the demands made upon it by existing appropriations, there being a deficiency of $293,185.52. This result was brought about chiefly by a defective system of assessments and collections, under the operations of which great inequalities prevailed in the valuations of property reported for taxation, while a considerable part of the taxable property of the State did not appear on the books of the assessors. The General Assembly of that year responded to the urgent demand for a change in the system by enacting an entirely new revenue law. Under its operation the auditor's report shows that, instead of a deficit, there was a balance in the treasury, on June 30, 1887, of $197,684.88. The total valuation under the new law has been increased to $483,497,690. Two years previously it was $390,827,963. This increase adds $400,000 to the revenue, of which the general expenditure fund receives $180,000 and the school fund $220,000. One of the virtues of the law is that the increase has been gained from personal property which has never before been reached by the tax-gatherer. By a decision of the Court of Appeals, given this year, all acts of the Legislature exempting private property from taxation were declared unconstitutional and invalid. The court held that, since a direct appropriation of public money in support of a private enterprise is forbidden, that support can not be given indirectly by exempting private property from taxation.

Education. The school population of the year numbered 549,592 white and 107,144 colored children, being an increase over the previous year of 10,623 white and 4,307 colored. The number of school districts was 6,639 white and 1.011 colored, being an increase over the previous year of 66 districts for white children and 8 for the colored. During the year the apportionment of the school fund for white schools was $1,044,224.80, being an increase of

$154,925.95 over the previous year; and for colored schools, $203,573.60, being an increase of $33,892.55 over the previous year. The total sum appropriated from the State treasury for school purposes amounted to $1,247,798.40, being a per capita of $1.90. The direct appropriation by the State for school purposes is greater than is devoted by any other State government, with one or two exceptions. A gratifying feature in the educational progress of the State was the completion of the building for the Colored Normal School. It was dedicated during the year and opened under favorable auspices.

Railroads. The railroad commissioners report that there were 2,341 miles of rallroad in operation in the State at the close of the year, 244 miles having been constructed during the past twelve months. The total cost of these roads was $76,513,920. The total assessed value of all railroad property amounted to $35,571,631, an increase over the previous year of $1,924,025. The gross earnings in 1886 were $10,937,177; in 1887, $12,399,724, an increase of over 13 per cent. The Governor recommends that the powers and salaries of the commissioners be increased, and that they be required to maintain a permanent office at the capital.

Mining. The report of the Inspector of Mines shows a satisfactory growth of the industry. There has been a constant and rapid increase of the out-put of coal, from 1870, when it amounted to only 4,228,000 bushels, to the present time; the yield for the year ending July 1, 1887, amounted to 44,830,000 bushels. When the river improvements now progressing, and the railways under construction and in contemplation, shall have reached the rich beds of coal recently discovered, the out-put will be limited only by the demand.

Public Buildings.-A branch penitentiary at Eddyville was in course of construction during the year, but greater appropriations will be needed for its completion. The commission appointed to construct a building at the Central Lunatic Asylum for the use of colored lunatics was unable to agree upon a site for a structure, and the Legislature will be required to make some changes in the law, in order to forward this work. The Governor, in his message to the Legislature, recommends a complete repair of the Capitol, and the construction of an additional wing.

Rowan County.-Concerning the disturbances in this county during the year and previously, the Governor speaks as follows in his message:

The situation may be summarized by stating that a difficulty has existed between factions in that county since 1884. Though composed of only a small porby their violence in overawing and silencing the voice tion of the community, these factions have succeeded of the peaceful element, and in intimidating the officers of the law. Having their origin partially in party rancor, they have ceased to have any political significance, and have become contests of personal ambition and revenge; each party seeking apparently to possess itself of the machinery of justice, in order that it may, under the forms of law, seek the gratification of

personal animosities. During the present year the local leader of one of these factions came in possession of the office of police judge of the town of Morehead. Under color of the authority of that office and sustained by an armed band of adherents, he exercised despotic sway over the town and its vicinage. He banished citizens who were obnoxious to him; and, in one instance, after arresting two citizens who seem to have been guilty of no offense, he and his party, attended by a deputy sheriff of the county, murdered them in cold blood. This act of atrocity fully aroused the community. A posse, acting under the authority of a warrant from the county judge, attacked the police judge and his adherents on the 22d of June last, killed several of their number, and put the rest to flight, and temporarily restored something like tranquillity to the community. The proceedings of the Circuit Court, which was held in August, were not calculated to inspire the citizens with confidence in securing justice. The report of the Adjutant General on this subject shows, from information derived "from representative men without reference to party affiliations," that the judge of the Circuit Court seems so far under the influence of the reputed leader of one of the factions as to permit such an organization of the grand juries as will effectually prevent the indictment of members of that faction for the most flagrant crimes. Political. A regular biennial election for State officers was held this year. The canvass was opened by the Prohibitionists, who met in convention at Louisville on March 3 and nominated the following ticket: For Governor, Fontaine T. Fox; for Lieutenant-Governor, W. L. Gordon; for Auditor, A. T. Henderson; for Treasurer, R. K. Dyer; for Register of the Land Office, James T. Barbee; for Attorney-General, J. W. Harris; for Superintendent of Public Instruction, D. W. Stevenson. The following resolutions were adopted:

We indorse the National Prohibition party platform. The liquor traffic of this country is a public nuisance, debauching the citizens, corrupting the voter, robbing the laborer, endangering the peace and happiness of society; and we therefore demand the prohibition of the importation, manufacture, sale or traffic, by any and all persons, of all alcoholic, vinous, malt, fermented, distilled, or other intoxicating liquors, except for mechanical or medicinal purposes; and for the consummation of this purpose we further demand a constitutional amendment, State and national, and such congressional and legislative enactment as will be necessary to enforce these provisions. With regard to the present public affairs in Kentucky, we advocate the call of a sovereignty convention of the people, under and by authority of section 4 of the bill of rights in our present Constitution, to form another Constitution, more in harmony with the changed condition of affairs in the State and of the political advancement of the times.

We advocate the enactment of the following general laws: 1. A law to disfranchise any person who buys or sells a vote. 2. A law to prevent the competition of convict with free labor, or the hiring out the convicts in such a way as to produce such competition, and to brand all articles of every kind made by convict labor as convict made" when and before the same is put on the market. We indorse Mr. Powderly's opinion that the liquor traffic is the workingman's worst enemy. 3. A law to investigate

every ten years the condition of every office connected with the administration of the State government by commissioners selected by the General Assembly.

The Democratic Convention was held on May 4, and resulted in the choice of the fol

lowing candidates: For Governor, Simon B. Buckner; for Lieutenant-Governor, James W. Bryan; for Auditor, Fayette Hewitt; for Treasurer, James W. Tate; for Attorney-General, P. W. Hardin; for Superintendent of Public Instruction, Joseph D. Pickett; for Register of the Land Office, Thomas H. Corbett. The platform contains very little upon State issues. It declares that convict labor should not be brought into unfair competition with regular lines of business, and that legislation is needed to secure proper ventilation and other safeguards for mines and factories. One week later the Republicans placed in nomination the following ticket: For Governor, William O. Bradley; for LieutenantGovernor, Mat. O'Doherty; for Auditor, R. D. Davis; for Treasurer, J. R. Puryear; for Attorney-General, John W. Feland; for Superintendent of Public Instruction, W. H. Childers; for Register of the Land Office, T. J. Tinsley. The platform included the following paragraphs:

That a change is necessary in our State affairs which would curtail offices, reduce expenses, and enable the people of Kentucky to overhaul and examine virtually sealed against them. the books which for nearly twenty years have been

That we condemn the Democratic party of Kentucky for a useless waste of the people's money; for bringing convict labor into competition with that of for crippling education. honest workingmen; for retarding emigration, and

That we approve of and will support a tariff so adjusted as to protect and develop American industries, and also such State legislation as experience has proved to be necessary for the development of the material resources of this commonwealth.

That we favor material aid to internal improvement of our lakes, rivers, and harbors, and disapprove of the course of the President of the United States in re

fusing to sign a bill which promoted such improvements, causing the work already done to fall into decay.

Believing with the lamented Lincoln that it is the duty of the nation "to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and orphans," we hold that the people of the United States owe an ever-living debt of gratitude to the soldiers and sailors who saved the republic, and we hereby disapprove of and condemn the veto of President Cleveland of the bill which provided for their relief.

The nominees of the Union Labor party were: For Governor, A. H. Cardin; for Lieutenant-Governor, O. N. Bradburn; for Auditor, John M. McMurky; for Treasurer, George Smith; for Attorney-General, J. P. Newman; for Superintendent of Public Instruction, R. M. McBeth; for Register of the Land Office, Gaius Henry.

The election was held on the first Monday of August, and resulted in the success of the Democratic ticket, but by a greatly reduced plurality. Official returns for Governor gave Buckner 143,270 votes; Bradley, 126,473; Fox, 8,394; and Cardin, 4.434. Bradley ran 3,000 votes ahead of his ticket. The Democratic plurality at the last gubernatorial election, in 1883, was 44,434, and in 1884 President Cleveland carried the State by a plurality

of 34,839. The successful candidates assumed their offices on August 30.

The people also voted at the same election, in accordance with an act of the last Legislature, on the question whether a convention should be called to prepare a new Constitution for the State. The vote from all but 11 counties was 162,557 in favor and 49,795 against; number not voting, 65,956. Should the next Legislature order a similar vote in 1889, and the result be again favorable to a convention, it may then be called to meet in 1890.

KIRCHHOFF, GUSTAV ROBERT, a German physicist, born in Königsberg, Prussia, March 12, 1824; died in Berlin, Oct. 17, 1887. He was graduated at the university of his native city in 1846, where he gave special attention to mathematics and physics. In 1847 he went to Berlin, and a year later began his career at the university as a lecturer on mathematical physics. He was called in 1850 to be Assistant Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Breslau, and in 1850 accepted the chair of Physics at Heidelberg, passing thence in 1874

GUSTAV ROBERT KIRCHHOFF.

to a similar appointment in the University of Berlin, where he remained until his death. His scientific work began in 1845, a year before he received his degree by the publication of a paper in Poggendorff's "Annalen" "On Electric Conduction in a Thin Plate, and especially in a Circular One," soon followed by other researches on electric questions, among which are those on conduction in curved sheets, on Ohm's law, on the distribution of electricity on two influencing spheres, on the discharge of the Leyden-jar, on the motion of electricity, on the determination of the constants on which de pends the intensity of induced currents, and two important papers on induced magnetism. Another series of investigations dealt with the equilibrium and motion of elastic solids, especially in the forms of plates and solids, including also careful experimental determinations of the value of Poisson's ratio for different substances.

Besides these papers he published several noteworthy memoirs on important propositions in the thermo-dynamics of solution and vaporization, on crystalline reflection and refraction, on the influence of heat in a special case of propagation of sound, on the optical constants of aragonite, and on the thermal conductivity of wire. In 1859 he made his discovery of the cause of Fraunhofer's lines in the solar spectrum, and was the first to announce and prove the now-accepted law that "the relation between the power of emission and the power of absorption of one and the same class of rays is the same for all bodies at the same temperature." He associated with himself Robert W. Bunsen, and together they evolved the method of spectrum analysis, and in 1860 perfected it in its essentials. It was at once recognized as a classical discovery, and its great value as an analytical method of investigation in terrestrial and celestial chemistry can not be overestimated. The history of spectrum analysis has from that date been one of unbroken progress. In astronomy the constitution of the heavenly bodies and their motions directly toward or away from the observer, have all been investigated or determined by this method. The atmosphere of a star, comet, or nebula yields its composition to the analyst, who can also approximately determine the temperature and pressure of the glowing gas. In chemistry, new metals have been found by its means. Cæsium and rubidium by Bunsen, thallium by Crookes, gallium by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, and scandium by Nilsen. Were it only for its part in completing the relation of the atomic weights of the elements by Mendelejeff's law, the indebtedness of chemistry to it would be great. His latest work was in electricity, and in 1884-'85 he published papers on the changes and distribution of electricity in certain bodies which he examined for this purpose. Prof. Kirchhoff became in 1870 a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, and was an honorary or corresponding member of the leading scientific societies of the world, including his relation as one of the very few foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States. His own Government honored him with the title of "geheimrath," or privy councilor, and conferred on him the Prussian order "Pour la mérite," the highest honor awarded in Germany. His collected papers were published as "Gesammelte Abhandlungen, von G. Kirchhoff" (Leipsic, 1882). His other works are "Untersuchungen über das Sonnenspectrum und die Spectren des chemischen Elemente" (Berlin, 1861), translated as "Studies of the Solar Spectrum and the Spectra of Simple Bodies" (London, 1862); with Bunsen, "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtung" (Vienna, 1861); and his lectures on dynamics, "Vorlesungen über analytische Mechanik, mit Einschluss der Hydrodynamik und der Theorie der Elasticität fester Körper" (Leipsic, 1874).

LAW AND ORDER LEAGUE OF THE UNITED STATES, a national organization or alliance of local leagues, which has for its object, as expressed by its constitution, "to maintain the principle that the enforcement of law is essential to the perpetuity of good government, and by promoting the formation of State and local leagues, to secure in all proper ways the enforcement of existing laws relating to the liquor-traffic, and all offenses against morals and the peace and good order of society, and to encourage and assist the authorities in maintaining the same." The honor of precedence in the lawand-order movement is claimed by a "Society for the Prevention of Crime," organized early in 1877 in New York city, under the leadership of Dr. Howard Crosby, which was instrumental in closing many of the saloons of that city. Later in the same year a similar society was formed in Chicago, to which the movement, perhaps, owes its first effective impetus, and which is regarded as the parent of the present national league. It was observed during the railway riots of that year that a large portion of the rioters consisted of half-drunken youths, and subsequent inquiries elicited the information that not fewer than 30,000 such persons habitually frequented the drinkingsaloons of Chicago, and were furnished with liquor in defiance of the law against sale to minors. Aroused by these discoveries, a company of energetic men, among whom Frederick F. Elmendorf and Andrew Paxton were prominent, organized on September 25 a "Citizens' League of Chicago for the Suppression of the Sale of Liquor to Minors." The procedure adopted was simple and effective; the prosecuting agent, Mr. Paxton, or his assistants, visited each saloon in order, and whenever a minor was found drinking, a complaint was made before a magistrate, and prosecution and conviction followed. The law, which for seven or eight years had been a dead letter, only two prosecutions and no convictions having been made under it, became at once an effective instrument to eradicate a growing evil. The saloonkeepers were forced to submit, and in the course of a few years fully five sixths of the sale of liquors to minors was effectually suppressed. At the same time the field of labor for the organization was gradually widened till it embraced all forms of legal opposition to the liquor-traffic.

The knowledge of this work and of other similarly successful work by the New York society soon led to the formation of leagues in Cincinnati, Louisville, and other large centers, which became valuable agencies in their separate fields. All these were united into a national league, at a convention held in Boston, Feb. 22, 1883, containing delegates from eight

different States, and representing twenty-seven leagues. Mr. Elmendorf, president and founder of the Chicago league, was chosen president of the national organization. This meeting was followed by the formation of a State league in Massachusetts, and of numerous local leagues in other parts of the country. So rapid was the growth of the movement at this time that at the second annual meeting held near Chicago in August, 1884, the number of leagues then in existence was estimated by the secretary at about 500, with an aggregate membership of at least 60,000. Ex-Gov. John D. Long, of Massachusetts, was chosen president of the league by this meeting, Mr. Elmendorf having died in October, 1883. The present incumbent of that office, Hon. Charles C. Bonney, of Chicago, succeeded ex-Gov. Long in 1885.

Although primarily and chiefly an organization to enforce the laws against the liquortraffic, and though in some States, as in Massachusetts, confined entirely to that work, the constitution of the league does not restrict it to any narrow line of activity, and local clubs have frequently attacked other evils. The league at Cincinnati not only fought the liquordealers, but attacked and closed the Sunday theatres of that city. In Louisville a crusade against gamblers was undertaken; they were driven out of the city, and the Kentucky Legislature was induced to make gambling a felony. More recently the league at Seattle, Washington Territory, found an opportunity to work on the side of law and order by protecting the Chinese when they were terrorized and hunted from that place. The work of the league is the aggregate work of its local organizations. No attempt has been made to collect statistics from these, but the efforts of any one are indicative of the character of all. The report of what has been done in Boston is here presented. The Secretary says:

We believe that not less than 15,000 children were patronizing the saloons in the city of Boston when we began our work. It is now a difficult matter to find of the saloons were open, doing business on the one of these little children entering a saloon. Most Lord's day. Hundreds that were then open are now closed. The Sunday arrests for drunkenness were reduced, during the first year of our work, more than about half as many as they were during the year be one third; during the past year they have been only fore the Law-and-Order League was formed. The members of our association have conducted an agitation for an increase in the license fees of the city with success, and as a result $666,904 has been paid into the treasury in excess of the amount that it would have received from this source if there had been no Law-and-Order League. We found ourselves unable to secure any active work on the part of our police force in the enforcement of this law. We began and carried forward an agitation which culminated in an of the board controlling our police force, and having act of the Legislature taking the power of appointment charge of the administration of the liquor law, from

the municipality and investing it in the Governor of the State. We now have a police force with an impulse behind it, which means a faithful performance of duty in respect to this law as well as to others. In cousequence of this change, there are 633 fewer places licensed in Boston this year than there were last, and those who have received licenses are held to a more

strict compliance with the law which permits them to carry on this business.

At the close of 1887 the number of leagues was estimated at between 700 and 800, with a membership of 100,000 or more, distributed through nearly every State and Territory and in Canada. There are 13 State organizations. Massachusetts leads with 95 societies; Illinois and New York have about 50 each, Pennsylvania about 30, Maine, Michigan, Ohio, Connecticut, and others, from 10 to 20 each. Branches are found in all the large cities, North and South. The present officers of the League are: President, Hon. Charles C. Bonney, Chicago, Ill; Secretary, L. Edwin Dudley, 28 School Street, Boston, Mass.; Treasurer, John H. Perry; General Agent, Andrew Paxton, Chicago, Ill. The last three meetings of the league have been held in Cincinnati, Albany, and Philadelphia.

LAZARUS, EMMA, an American poet, born in New York city, July 22, 1849; died there, Nov. 19, 1887. She was the daughter of a Jewish merchant. While a mere child, she wrote verses of decided promise, and, still in her teens, she gave to the public a volume (now rare) of original poems and translations from Schiller, Heine, Dumas, and Hugo. In 1871

EMMA LAZARUS.

What

appeared her " Admetus and Other Poems," dedicated to Ralph Waldo Emerson, who took a warm interest in her literary career. ever may have been the influence of this friendship, it did not affect the style of the young writer. Indeed, at this time she seems rather to have assimilated, in such poems in the volume as "Lohengrin " and "Tannhauser," something of the sonorous, limpid rhythm of Tennyson in his Arthurian legends, although she shows a subtlety of thought and vigor of expression, particularly in descriptive passages,

66

that are quite her own. In the poem that gives its name to the collection, Emma Lazarus may be said to have established her reputation as a writer of originality and power; and to have done this with a theme already successfully treated by some of the most famous of her contemporaries, may well have called forth such eulogiums as were showered on her "Admetus" by English critics. The Westminster Review" declared that in some points the poem would bear comparison with "Balaustion's Adventure." The "Illustrated London News" considered her "far happier than Mr. Browning in her half adaptation of Euripides,' " and that "the conflict between Hercules and Death, and the return to life of Alcestis, are represented with more force as well as grace in this poem than in that of Mr. Browning." The true artist is shown in her withdrawing into the darkness of the night the contending figures in Alcides's awful struggle, which is followed by a gentle calm, thus exquisitely expressed:

"Through the open casement poured
Bright floods of sunny light; the air was soft,
Clear, delicate, as though a summer storm
Had passed away, and those there standing saw,
Afar upon the plain, Death fleeing thence,
And at the door-way, weary, well-nigh spent,
Alcides, flushed with victory."

These lines, together with the following pretty picture from the same poem, give a fair idea of Miss Lazarus's style at this time:

"To river pastures of his flocks and herds Admetus rode, where sweet-breathed cattle grazed, Heifers and goats and kids and foolish sheep, Dotted cool, spacious meadows with bent heads, And necks' soft wool broken in yellow flakes, Nibbling sharp-toothed the rich, thick growing blades."

In

"Alide," a prose romance founded on the story of Goethe's love for Frederika Brion, appeared in 1874, and won for the writer the praise of Tourgéneff. "Lo Spagnoletto," a tragedy, was printed privately in 1876. 1881 she brought out "Poems and Ballads of Heine," translations that easily surpass previous attempts to put into English the verses of that difficult poet. The rendering of "Donna Clara" is particularly happy, retaining the musical flow of the refrain of the original.

In 1882, when the civilized world stood aghast at the relentless persecutions of the Jews in Russia and Roumania, and thousands of the fugitives were driven to our shores, Emma Lazarus's passive Judaism, fired by this fanatical outburst against her race, found indignant expression in such an indictment as "The Crowing of the Red Cock":

"When the long roll of Christian guilt
Against his sires and kin is known,
The flood of tears, the life-blood spilt,
The agony of ages shown,
What oceans can the stain remove

From Christian law and Christian love?"

and in such stirring lines as the following from "The Banner of the Jew," in which the poet calls to mind the time when