Surabaya, City of Work: A Socioeconomic History, 1900-2000Ohio University Center for International Studies/Ohio University Press, 2002 - 541 halaman Surabaya is Indonesia's second largest city but is not well known to the outside world. Yet in 1900, Surabaya was a bigger city than Jakarta and one of the main commercial centers of Asia. Collapse of sugar exports during the 1930s depression, followed by the Japanese occupation, revolution, and independence, brought on a long period of stagnation and retreat from the international economy. Not until the export boom of the 1990s did Surabaya regain prominence as Southeast Asia's leading non-capital-city industrial area. |
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... Especially after construction of Fort Prins Hendrik at the then mouth of the Kali Mas in 1837 , the entrance had advanced very rapidly and was now about three and a half kilometers from the town . Cargo was dis- charged into lighters ...
... especially those on the surrounding private estates . Most of the non- primary employment , almost another third of the total , was associ- ated with the service sector , especially household servants , “ coolie ” laborers , traders ...
... especially along canals and rail lines ( figs . 6.5 , 6.6 ) . The breakdown of the modern sector of the economy forced more and more people to eke out a subsistence on the margin . Many turned to whatever informal occupations would earn ...
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Southeast Asian Studies: Debates and New Directions Cynthia Chou,Vincent Houben Pratinjau terbatas - 2006 |