The rest of this disastrous campaign was a succession of disappointments. The Allies were at length no longer able to oppose the enemy. A reinforcement of 10,000 British troops, under Earl Moira, having arrived at Ostend, and marched with all speed to the relief of the Duke, on the 8th of July effected a junction. On the 14th of September Pichegru attacked the several posts which the Duke had taken along the river Dommel, and compelled him to retreat across the Meuse. The French crossed the Meuse in October, and on the 19th attacked the Duke's army. The Duke, after suffering severely, withdrew his troops across the Waal. On the 27th of October the French again compelled the Duke to move further off for security. A series of disasters succeeded, which terminated in the retreat of he British and their German auxiliaries through Westphalia. On the 14th of April 1795, the different British brigades embarked in the Weser for England. And thus terminated the warfare, under the Duke of York, in the years 1793, 1794, and 1795.

In February, 1795, the Duke of York was nominated to the situation of Commander-in-chief.

In 1799, the Duke again appeared in the field. On the 26th of August, the vessels, conveying a large British force, came to anchor near the shore of the Helder, and on the 27th the troops began to disembark. The first enterprise was the taking of the Helder. His Royal Highness himself landed in Holland on the 13th of September, and the force under him, including 1000 Russians, amounted to nearly 35,000 men. An engagement with the French took place on the 19th of September, which, owing, it is said, to the misconduct of the Russians, was unfavourable to the Duke. On the 8th of October another action took place. The right wing of the British was com manded by Sir Ralph Abercrombie, the centre division by General Dundas, and the left wing by Major-general Burrad. The French wers entirely defeated. In this engagement their loss exceeded 4,000 men and 300 prisoners, and the British lost about 1,500 men. In another engage. ment, which followed soon after, the British were again master of the field of battle, though the loss amounted to 1,200 British and 700 Rusians. The army directed its march towards Haerlem; but intelligence having been received that the French had succeeded in throwing up strong works in their rear and that a corps would be placed in their rear as they advanced. his Royal Highness was

forced to pause. General Daendels having attacked the right wing of the British on the 10th of October, under Prince William of Gloucester, he was under the necessity of falling back. On the 17th of October a suspension of arms was agreed on between Generals Brun and Daendels and the English and Russian commanders, and it was agreed on that the English and Russians should be allowed to evacuate Holland, on condition that 8,000 seamen, either Batavian or French, prisoners in England, should be given up to the French govern

ment

Upon his return to England, the Duke of York again directed his time and attention to the amelioration of the military system; each successive year. afforded fresh proofs of the benefits arising from his unabated exertions.

On the 27th of January, 1809, Gwyllym Lloyd Wardle, esq. commonly called Colonel Wardle, brought forward a motion in the House of Commons, for the appointment of a Committee to investigate the conduct of his Royal Highness the Duke of York, the Commander-in-chief, with regard to promotions, exchanges, and appointments to commissions in the army, aud in raising levies for the army.

On this occasion the Duke of York was acquitted by a majority of 278 to 196, but finding that a prejudice existed against him in the public mind, his Royal Highness waited upon the King, and rendered his resignation on the 18th of March, 1809.

One of the first acts of his present Majesty, after his being vested with the full powers of Regent, in 1811, was to reinstate his Royal Highness in his former office. Lord Milton brought this re-appointment before the House of Commons, and concluded with moving, "That it has been highly improper and indecorus in the advisers of the Prince Regent to have recommended to nis Royal Highness the reappointment of the Duke of York to the office of Commander-in-chief." When a division took place, there were only 47 for the motion, and 296 against it.

Since that time the Duke pursued the even tenor of his way, devoting himself to business with the greatest regularity. Every arrangement, the most minute, was submitted by the beads of departments, for his sanction; the memorial of every offi. cer, the petition of every soldier, engaged his personal attention, nor were any suffered to pass unnoticed.

In July, 1814, and again at the same period in the following year, both Houses of Parliament passed a vote of thaks to the Duke of York, for the benefits he had be

stowed on the nation as Commander-inchief in the wars then concluded.

After the death of Queen Charlotte in 1818, the Duke of York was appointed, with a Parliamentary grant of 10,000l. per annum, Custos of the person of his afflicted Father.

His Royal Highness had laboured under a dropsy since the month of July 1826, for the relief of which his Royal Highness underwent an operation on the 3d of September. The result of this operation, aided by the favourable effects of medicine afterwards, was the removal of the constitutional complaint; bnt its partial influence on the limbs, producing a mortification of a considerable portion of the shin of both legs, althoug, this was checked, and hung in suspense for a time, the powers of his frame sunk ultimately in the struggle.

M. PESTALOZZI.

Feb. 17. At Neuhof, in Switzerland, aged 82, M. Pestalozzi, a "a benefactor of the human race."

Pestalozzi was born at Zurich, in 1746. Having lost his father at an early age, he was brought up by his mother, who procured for him the advantages of a good education. His intention was to have devoted himself to the bar; but becoming deeply interested in the various plans which were agitated in Zurich for bettering the condition of the lower orders, he abandoned the study of the law; and was afterwards induced to undertake a manufacturing speculation, with a view of entering into closer contact with the poor. His plan seems to have been somewhat similar to that pursued by Mr. Owen at Lanark; so far, at least, as connecting the instruction of the young with the labours of their parents.

But a series of unfortunate circumstances ruined his establishment. In the retirement that ensued on his failure, he composed his tale of Leonard and Gertrude, a work which may vie in popularity with the Pilgrim's Progress, or Robinson Crusoe. It became popular in Germany as well as in Switzerland, and the author was encouraged to renew his exertions. Between the years 1781 and 1797, he published his Weekly Journal for Country Folks, Letters on the Education of the Children of indigent Parents, Reflections on the March of Nature in the Education of the Human Race, &c.

After the abolition of the ancient Swiss Governments, and the meeting of the Helvetic Legislative Council at Aran, M. Pestalozzi addressed to the Council a tract,

entitled "Reflections on the Wants of the Country, and principally on the Education and Relief of the Poor." He was ap pointed principal editor of the Helvetic Journal, a paper devoted to the moral and religious interests of the People. In 1799 he was nominated director of an orphan institution, which the Government had established at Stantz. This appointment enabled him to reduce some of his theories to practice; at Stantz, he became at once the teacher, steward, and father of the institution; and there he formed the plan of interrogative education, which has since been known througout Europe by his name. "I wished to prove," writes he to his friend Gessner, "by the essay I was about to make, that public education is of value, only as far as it resembles private. Every system of education, which is not carried on in the spirit of domestic relations tends to demoralize man. The instructor should live among his pupils, as in the bosom of his own family. This turn of mind I felt within myself, and I wished that my pupils should discover from every word, action, and look, that I loved them with all my heart, that their pleasures were my pleasures, and that their happiness constituted mine." After struggling with the difficulties of his position for several months, Pestalozzi was enabled to discern the fruits of his labours. Many of his pupils manifested good abilities, and in a short time were seen above seventy children, taken almost all from a state of poverty, living together in peace and friendship, full of affection for one another, and with the cordiality of brothers and sisters. He had just succeeded in introducing some manual employment into his school, when the thread of his labours was rudely snapped by political changes; and exhausted in mind and body, he sought to recruit his powers by retirement and relaxation. After an interval of repose, Pestalozzi, under the patronage of the Swiss government, resumed his labours at Burgdorf, in the canton of Berne. At this period he was joined by several inen of various degrees of talent and attainment; and the patronage of the Swiss government augmented his pecuniary resources, and furnished him with a locale for his exertions. But political changes once more broke up the rising institution.

The next period of Pestalozzi's career commences with the formation of two separate establishments, consisting. for the most part, of his former pupils. The children of the poorer class took up their abode at Munch Buchsee, a little village about five miles distant from Berne. Here

Pestalozzi was much aided by M. de Fellenberg, who has since applied his principles of education, with some important modifications, to the instruction of both rich and poor. At Yverdun, in the canton de Vaud, Pestalozzi resumed his labours for the instruction of the higher and middle ranks of society. The fame of his method was now very generally spread through Switzerland and Germany. Many young men assembled under his paternal roof to act as instructors, and pupils from every part of Europe constituted one happy family around him. Each class had at its head an instructor, who lived with his scholars, and joined in their amusements as well as their studies; and thus connecting himself not only with their duties but with their pleasures, was enabled to win their affections, and gently mould them to his purpose. The character of Pestalozzi was the bond that united them; the kindness with which their masters treated them, and which overflowed in every word and action of Pestalozzi himself, contributed to impart a character of good humour and benevolence to the whole groupe. At Yverdun the principles of the method were applied to other branches of instruction, and the former plans were materially improved. A committee of masters watched over the moral and intellectual welfare of the institution, and drew up essays, or arranged exercises, for the approbation of the whole body. This may be dated as the most flourishing period of Pestalozzi's undertaking, though his pecuniary resources were by no means free from embarrassment. This circumstance co-operated with other causes to introduce divisions among the masters; a separation took place; and from that moment the institution at Yver

dun declined. Disputes and dissension, between some of the individuals who had been connected with his establishments

much embittered Pestalozzi's declining years; and, by withdrawing his attention from the school itself, diminished its use. fulness, and hastened its dissolution. In 1825 Pestalozzi left the canton de Vaud, and retired to his little estate at Neuhof, in the canton of Argau, where he occupied himself till his death in preparing elementary works. His last production was entitled" Advice to my Contemporaries."

In 1803 M. Pestalozzi was one of the deputation which Buonaparte summoned from the Swiss Cantons, to deliberate on the means of restoring tranquillity to Switzerland; but he returned home before any arrangement could be effected.

Benevolence was the prevailing feature in Pestalozzi's character. It burned in him

with the intensity of a passion, and nee ed sometimes the sober restraints of judg ment. It was as discernible in the affec tionate simplicity of his ordinary manners, as in the persevering exertions, and disinterested sacrifices, which marked his long life of trial and suffering. His genius was original, profound, and fertile, rising supe rior to the most overwhelming difficulties, but too frequently negligent of ordinary resources. The style of his writings is vi gorous, pathetic, and piquant, but unpolish ed and irregular; in his philosophical works heavy, involved, and obscure. His conversation was particularly animated, playful, and entertaining, abounding in un expected turns of thought, with an occasional felicity of expression that made an indelible impression on the hearer's mind.

GEN. CAULAINCOURT.

Feb 20. At his hotel, 57, Rue St. Lazare, Paris, aged 54, Lieut-General Armand Augustine Louis Caulaincourt, created by Buonaparte Duke of Vicenza, and formerly Grand Ecuyer of the Empire of France and Minister for foreign Affairs.

Descended from an ancient family, M. Caulaincourt was born in Picardy in 1772 Devoted to the profession of arms, he was at the commencement of the Revolution an officer of cavalry. He did not emigrate, but served under the revolutionary stand ard; and, after making several campaigns as a colonel of dragoons, he became Aidde-camp to Buonaparte when First Consul. Having obtained the confidence of his as piring master, he was regarded as a suitable agent for the arrest of the Duc d'Enghien. In the course of the same year, he was named grand Ecuyer of France, made General of Division, and presented with the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour. He subsequently received various onders of Knighthood, from Bavaria, Saxony, Frussia, Russia, and Austria. At the time when Buonaparte was carrying on his plans against Austria, Caulaincourt was sent as Ambassador to St. Petersburgh. He was four years resident at the Russian Coan, and received from the Emperor Alexander the cross of the order of St. Ann of the first class. Regarded, however, with dislike by the Russian nobility, he was sad jected to various mortifications; and at length, under the well-understood pretext of ill health, he solicited and obtained his recal, and returned to France in 1811. In Buonaparte's famous expedition against Russia in 1812, Caulaincourt was his che sen Aid-de-camp and companion; and 2 ter a narrow escape from fire, sword, and

frost, he returned with his Master in a sledge.

After the desperate battles of Lutzen and Bautzen in 1813, the deceased was appointed to negociate with the Russian and Prussian plenipotentiaries. The armistice, to which he was a party, was soon broken; and the defeat of Buonaparte, at Leipsic, ensued. After hostilities had been removed from Germany to France, Caulaincourt, who had been elevated to the post of Minister for Foreign Affairs, was sent to negociate with the allies at Chatillon, but, on some temporary success atchieved by Buonaparte, was instructed to raise his claims; the consequence of which was, that the allies broke off the conferences, and marched to Paris.

On the abdication of Buonaparte at Fontainbleau, Caulaincourt, then Duke of Vicenza, was the abdicator's chief negocia tor; and he signed the treaty of the 11th of April between the ex-Emperor and the Allies.

On the restoration of the Bourbons, Caulaincourt became a private man; and, before a month was at an end, he made an attempt to justify himself respecting the arrest of the Duke d'Enghien. On this subject he published a letter from the Emperor Alexander: his object in this was to shew that when the arrest took place, he was employed at Strasburgh on other business-that General Ordonner was the officer who arrested the prince,-and that Ordonner alone was employed in that affair. Soon afterwards, however, a pamphlet appeared, with the title "On the Assassination of Monseigneur the Duke d'Enghien, and of the justification of M. de Caulain court." The pamphlet was anonymous: but it was forcibly written, and, by references to diplomatic documents, it formed a decisive refutation of Caulaincourt's assertions.

Caulaincourt about the same time married Madame de Canisy, a lady who had been divorced; and with her he retired into the country till Buonaparte returned from Elba. He was then (March 21) made Minister for Foreign Affairs. He was extremely active in his endeavours to re-establish the Corsican dynasty; and he was incessant in his assurances to all the Foreign ministers-whose missions were in fact, at an end---that Buonaparte had renounced all projects of conquest, and that his only desire was peace. He addressed circular letters, of the same tendency, to all foreign courts, but equally without ef fect. One of these circulars came efterwards, with a letter from Buonaparte, to his present Majesty, then Prince Regent.

These curious documents were both laid before Parliament. A conciliating and even humble letter was sent by Caulaincourt to the Emperor of Austria; but, like the others, it received no answer. On the 2d of June, Caulaincourt was named by Buonaparte a Member of the Chamber of Peers. On the 17th, he announced to that body, that hostilities were about commencing. He was again employed as one of the Commissioners on the final deposition of his master.

When Louis XVIII. was reinstated, Caulaincourt quitted France, and for some time resided in England. He endured a long illness with great fortitude, and his funeral took place on the 28th of February in the Church of Our Lady of Loretto.

CHRISTOPHER GORE.

March 1st. 1827. Died at Boston, Massachusetts, Christopher Gore, in the 69th year of his age.

Christopher Gore was born in Boston, in the year 1758. His father was a highly respectable mechanic, who by a course of honest and skilful industry had acquired a large property. At the breaking out of the treubles between this and the mother country, he went to Halifax; as he was favourbly disposed toward the royal government under which he had always lived. But he afterwards returned to Boston, and died there in the year '95.

The son received his early instruction at the public schools of that town. He then entered Harvard University, and was graduated there in 1776, at the early age of seventeen. Soon afterwards he commenced the study of law with the late Judge Lowell, and continued with him through his whole period of study, both as a pupil and a member of his family. This was a situation combining moral and intellectual advantages, such as are rarely offered to any young man; and Mr. Gore was able to appreciate and improve them. When

he entered on the practice of his profession, he came to it not only with a mind prepar d by a judicious course of study, but with the enviable recommendation of an uncorrupted youth.

He rose rapidly in public esteem, as a sound lawyer, as a politician, in the most generous sense of that word, as a true patriot, and as an honest man. He stood among the first at the bar, where his practice was extensive and lucrative. His fellow citizens manifested the regard in which they held him, and the confidence which they placed in him, by sending him, before he had attained the age of 30, with Han

cock and Samuel Adams, to the Convention of his native State, which considered the adoption of the national constitution.

In 1789, Mr. Gore was appointed by President Washington, United States At torney for the District of Massachusetts. He was the first person who held the office; and coming to it in times of great trouble and distraction, he had many serious difficulties to encounter in discharging its du ties. These difficulties resulted chiefly from the popular sympathy in the French revolution conflicting with the duties of the national government. In the excited state of public feeling, not even the high reputation of Washington could prevent a portion of the citizens from countenanc ing the most alarming breaches of neutrality. Boston was one of the principal scenes of these insults, and to such a pitch of insolence did the French agents arrive, that Washington was compelled to recal the exequator of the consul at that port for his violation of our neutral rights. The legal proceedings in this and other cases subjected Mr. Gore to a temporary loss of popularity, and to many difficulties in the execution of his official duties. But he encountered them with the manly intrepidity and unbending rectitude, for which he was always remarkable; and it was probably his conduct in this critical situation, which obtained for him the appointment from the Chief Magistrate to be one of the Commissioners under the fourth article of Jay's treaty, to settle our claims for spoliations. The appointment was made in 1796; and Mr. Gore's colleague was the late celebrated William Pinkney.

While in England, Mr. Gore secured, by his gentlemanly deportment and amiable qualities, the respect and attachment of all who became known to him; at the same time that by his assiduous attention to business, his profound knowledge of commercial law, his laboured arguments, and his personal influence, he recovered sums to a vast amount, for citizens of the United States.

Mr. Gore's and Mr. Pinkney's great exertions during this commission which last ed nearly eight years, are well known, but it is not so generally understood, that to to Mr. Gore one large description of sufferers are principally indebted for the recovery of their claims. Mr. Pinkney, whose eminent talents are universally admitted, had great doubts as to that class of cap tures, which were made under the rule of 1756. Mr. Gore made a very elaborate and powerful argument in favour of these claims, and by his perseverance and exertions, many hundred thousand dollars were

secured to the citizens of the United States.

He remained abroad in the public service till 1804. When his friend, Mr. King, then the minister of the United States at the court of London, returned to this country in 1803, he left Mr. Gore there as charge d'affaires; in which station he bore himself honourably and ably.

The friendship which subsisted between Rufus King and Mr. Gore was so long continued, and so rare, that no sketch of the character of either would be complete without adverting to it. It commenced at the University, and was uninterrupted for the space of fifty years. It was more confidential, and more affectionate than almost any which we have ever known, or of which we have any account, and is honourable to the character of them both.

Upon Mr. Gore's return in 1804, he was welcomed home by the strongest marks of public favour. He was elected to the Senate of Massachusetts, from the county of of Suffolk, two successive years; * and the next year to the House of Representatives, from Boston. In 1809 he was chosen Governor of the State.

Mr, Gore was Governor of Massachusetts but one year. At the next annual election the political sentiments of the majority of the people had changed, and the opposing candidate, Mr. Gerry, was chosen to succeed him.

In 1814, Mr. Gore was again brought into public life, being appointed by Governor Strong, during a recess, Senator to Congress, and afterwards chosen to the same office by the Legislature at their meeting. He served in this capacity about three years, and then withdrew into final retirement.

Though Mr. Gore cannot, perhaps, be called a man of genius, in the common acceptation of the term, because reason and not imagination reigned paramount with him, yet it not easy to be understood how a person can be without genius, who has the power within him, of comprehending extensive and intricate subjects, of seizing strongly on their prominent points, and of presenting them to others in a persoasive and convincing manner. It may not make him a poet or an eloquent orator; but it conducts him to the same results, and is not liable to the abuses of what is commonly denominated genius. Mr. Gore's mind was clear, acute, and discriminating. It was of a steady and decided cast, and yet liberal, unprejudiced, and open to conviction. He had cultivated it with asside

* In 1806 and 1807.