chiefs. The count d'España speedily cleared Lampoureau, the district where the greatest disorder existed, of all the rebels, who were shot, dispersed, fled across the frontier, or submitted themselves to the royal clemency. Very few serious engagements occurred; and where they did, the royal troops were generally successful. Large bodies of the insurgents laid down their arms from time to time; and at length the junta of Manresa made its submission, with the exception of the president Carajol, who escaped by flight. Thus, by the beginning of November, the insurgent army had ceased to exist, having no longer any organization, any chiefs, or any centre of operations; and in fact none of its number remaining in arms, except a few scanty and scattered bands, who took refuge from pursuit in the mountains. Ecclesiastics, monks, and officers, fled into France in great numbers, never ceasing to profess the honesty of their intentions, and deeming themselves worthy of reward, rather than punish. ment, for what they had done.

The insurrection, as such, being now at an end, measures were taken to punish some of the prominent offenders, and to prevent the recurrence of like disorders for the future. Peremptory orders were issued to all persons, of whatever rank and condition, except nobles, and others specially privileged,

who had taken no part in the late scandalous revolt, to deliver up all their arms, of whatever description, to the bailiffs of their respective villages. Numerous executions took place at Tarragona, of individuals, whose activity in the insurrection, or whose rank, rendered them fit subjects to be made examples of public justice, although many of the criminals so executed had submitted on the faith of a promised amnesty. But the government seemed to think it unnecessary to keep terms with incorrigible rebels and disorganizers ; and, therefore, showed little mercy to persons of this description. Justice was inflicted indiscriminately on clergy and laymen, notwith. standing the disposition of the ecclesiastics to insist upon their pri vileges, for the purpose of screening persons of their order. Four of the monks, who had participated in the rebellion, were sentenced to death by the military commission appointed for the trial of the rebels; but the archbishop of Tarragona, when required to degrade them from their clerical rank, ac. cording to the usages of the church, refused to comply. Notwithstanding his refusal, however, the priests were proceeded against as rebels apprehended in the fact, and stranggled, according to the laws of the country, it being impossible, in any other way, to maintain obedience to the laws, and the constituted go.

vernment. Some commercial privileges were bestowed upon Barce. lona, to conciliate the disaffected Catalonians, and Te Deum was sung in the churches in honour of the king's success, and thus ended the affair for the time.

But where the administration of affairs is so radically defective, and where a whole nation is thoroughly pervaded by faction, poverty, misrule and corruption, it is not the suppression of a single insurrection, or the execution of a single band of rebels, which can suffice to restore public tranquillity. Nothing but a complete revolution in the entire system, and the sub.

stitution of a firm, but moderate and equal government, in place of the present combination of despotism and anarchy, of violence and weakness, will renovate the fallen fortunes of distracted Spain. Whether this can be effected by the internal resources of the Spaniards themselves may be doubted. Had Spain been left free from foreign interference, after the fall of Napoleon, the high-minded citizens who then obtained the direction of affairs, might have gradually produced a state of qualified prosperity, such as the people of that unhappy country have long ceased to enjoy.

fare was essential to the salvation of the Turkish empire, and a more rigid subordination, and sterner discipline among the troops, equally essential to the stability of the reigning dynasty. The haughty attitude assumed by Russia in the late negotiations at Ackermann, not less than the obstinate resistance of the Greeks, proved the former fact. The growing insolence of the Janissaries clearly established the latter. This cele. brated militia had for centuries composed the main force of the armies of the Porte. Once they had been as famous for their courage, and their victories, as they now were for insubordination and corruption. These Prætorian bands of Turkey had, in fact, rendered themselves masters of the sultan and the government, not less than chosen champions of the empire. They deposed the Ottoman empe. rors at will, and continually bartered away the crown, to him who would bestow the richest largesses and greatest privileges in exchange. Being recruited from the very dregs of the populace, they were distinguished by the inveteracy of their prejudices against every salutary innovation, and lost all the merits of a barbarian soldiery, in the dissolute round of revolt and riot, which formed their chief occupation. They were no longer the bulwark of the Mahometan religion against the encroachments of sur

rounding Christian powers. Their fanaticism regarded all improvements in discipline, equipments, arms and tactics, as heresies from the true faith; and of course they had ceased to be capable of withstanding a modern army, appointed and manœuvred according to the usages of the states of christen. dom. Every maxim of policy, every principle of self-preservation, dictated the expediency and necessity of substituting a regular force for the undisciplined rabble, which now bore the name of a Turkish army.

A serious attempt to effect the object had already been made,within the present century. The remains of the garrison which defended St. Jean d'Acre so bravely, were form. ed by the sultan Selim into a body of troops called Nizamy-Gedid, or soldiers of the new regulations, who signalized themselves in Bul. garia and Roumelia, and rendered the advantages of European discipline apparent. But the jealousy of the Janissaries, combining with the fanaticism of the people, compelled Selim to disband the Nizamy.Gedid in 1807. Their entire dispersion, the dethronement of Selim, the short reign of Mustapha, and the succession of the present sultan, Mahmoud, quickly followed, and thus one attempt complete. ly failed of success. Afterwards an endeavour was made to attain the same object, by organizing se.