would neither extend nor forbid daylight time. Instead they would preserve sufficient flexibility to authorize daylight saving time where it is desired and to continue standard time elsewhere.

Our witnesses today will present some of the problems arising from our present clock confusion and outline their impact on transportation, commerce, and industry. Tomorrow we will hear from the Government agencies most directly concerned with the matter.

Now the ranking minority member of the committee will make a statement on his proposed legislation, S. 1195. Senator Cotton.

Senator COTTON. Mr. Chairman, this statement is a memorandum prepared at my request by the minority counsel of the committee which highlights the points of difference, as well as points of similarity, between S. 1033, the bill introduced by Senator Magnuson, and my own bill, S. 1195.

I think it is probably needless to add that the mere coincidence that Chairman Magnuson introduced a bill on this subject at the request of the ICC, and that I happen to be the minority ranking member, does not mean that there is the slightest partisan significance to either of these bills or any political difference of opinion on the subject.

I would like to read into the record this summary prepared at my request.

S. 1033, introduced by Senator Magnuson at the request of the ICC, would create standard time zones, and daylight saving subzones, for all governmental and commercial purposes. The agency charged with administration of the act would have the power to fix the boundaries of the standard time zones, and of the daylight saving subzones, which would have advanced time from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. The bill contains various administrative and enforcement provisions, including the use of fines, injunctions, and civil forfeitures. It would repeal the present Standard Time Act,. enacted in 1918. The bill does not designate the department or agency which would administer it.

S. 1195, introduced by Senator Cotton, is similar in many respects: to S. 1033. Its principal differences are: (1) S. 1195 would designate the Department of Commerce to administer its provisions, and (2) it would not give the Federal agency the power to set the time standards for States and local government. Under S. 1195 the federally established time zones would apply to common carriers in interstate commerce, including railroads, buslines, airlines, and communications companies. In addition, the Secretary of Commerce would be directed to promote the adoption of the uniform time standards by States and local governments the theory being that these two provisions would constitute a strong incentive for uniformity without having it directly imposed by the Federal Government.

Both bills are, in effect, neutral on daylight saving time. By permitting the establishment of advanced time subzones, the bill preserves: flexibility, provides daylight time where desired, and leaves standard time elsewhere.

Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Senator MCGEE. As I gather the point in the distinguished Senator's proposal, it is to sugar-coat the alternatives confronting the State governments rather than strong-arming them into action. Apparentlyit will leave them with a choice.

I am put in mind of a little bit of psychology that we have to use in our family once in a while. We never say to the little girls in the family any more, "Do you want to go to bed?" We always say, "Do you want to run upstairs to bed or do you want to walk upstairs to bed." They get the impression they had a choice, but the point is they go to bed.

Senator COTTON. I would say, Mr. Chairman, that is correct, and characteristic of my friend, the Senator from Wyoming-a very well put and well phrased analysis. My bill does, you may say, sugar-coat, But it is based on the theory of persuading and leading rather than enforcing. The chairman's bill does make it mandatory in the time schedules of common carriers and communications and I think that also it would perhaps be a practical beginning for Federal legislation and could well lead into a more standardized and comprehensible time system throughout the country.

I think that the simplest and most direct approach, of course, is undoubtedly in Senator Robertson's bill and I think he has rendered a service for the committee's consideration by introducing the bill. However, it is a flat daylight savings bill and may involve needless controversy. I know that where I come from, the farmers think that daylight saving is-well, I can't imagine the vote I could cast that would lose my farm vote more quickly. I think that perhaps this sort of thing has to be led into.

I'm sorry to take so much time.

Senator MCGEE. I had always understood that southern cows live a more leisuely life and they were less disturbed by 1 hour of adjust

ment.

Does the Senator from Michigan have any comment to make?

Senator HART. No.

Senator MCGEE. The first witness this morning is the Honorable Robert Ramspeck, chairman, Committee for Time Uniformity. He is accompanied by Mr. Robert E. Redding, vice president and general counsel of the Transportation Association of America.

Mr. Ramspeck is a former Member of the Congress and a former Chairman of the Civil Service Commission, and has a long and distinguished record of public service. We are happy to have you with us this morning.

STATEMENT OF HON. ROBERT RAMSPECK, CHAIRMAN, COMMITTEE FOR TIME UNIFORMITY, ACCOMPANIED BY ROBERT E. REDDING, VICE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF THE TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA

Mr. RAMSPECK. Thank you, Mr. Chairman and members of the committee.

My name, just for the record, is Robert Ramspeck. I reside at 9516 West Stanhope Road, Kensington, Md. Over the years I have enjoyed the privilege of serving as Congressman from Georgia as well as Chairman of the Civil Service Commission. My experence with the transportation industry has included 5 years as executive vice president of the Air Transport Association, comprised of all the scheduled airlines. More recently, I served as vice president of Eastern Air Lines, Inc., from which position I have recently retired.

I appear here today in my capacity as national chairman of the Committee for Time Uniformity, with principal offices at 1710 H Street NW., Washington 6, D.C. The members of this committee are keenly interested in the growing difficulties surrounding the observance of time throughout the United States and wish to express their deep appreciation; first, to the Interstate Commerce Commission for submitting a legislative proposal last month intended to remedy the situation; second, to Chairman Magnuson for introducing the ICC draft bill which would implement its proposal; and third, to the entire Commerce Committee and its staff for the prompt scheduling of this hearing. We also appreciate the interest of Senator Cotton in helping to achieve greater time uniformity through the introduction of S. 1195, and thank him for his encouraging and stimulating statement in support of this bill on the Senate floor.

Since this statement was written, Senator Robertson, as has been announced, introduced a bill, which I have not had a chance to examine but I am glad to find the Senator interested in this subject.

It is quite significant, we think, that today's hearing, the first fullfledged congressional hearing on the time problem in 45 years, should be convened on the first full day in 1963 when daylight saving time will be observed in 25 States throughout the Union. The Committee for Time Uniformity, which I represent, was voluntarily formed on August 13, 1962, at a "uniform time conference" called by the Transportation Association of America here in Washington. This ad hoc, nonprofit, voluntary association of transportation, communications, finance, travel, farm, and other interests was formed as a result of the extensive efforts of the Transportation Association of America, TAA, to stimulate widespread interest in the growing confusion and chaos: resulting from clock juggling throughout the United States. The committee has also worked in close cooperation and harmony with many departments and agencies in the Federal Government, as well as: with a number of representatives of governmental interests at State and local levels. In the interest of conserving the committee's time, there are attached to my statement explanatory materials which will further describe the committee's operations and the many interests which have cooperated during the preliminary and subsequent phases of its work.

More specifically, these attachments include a committee brochure entitled "Joint Project Timesaver! It's Time To End Clock Confusion!" They also include pertinent excerpts from the remarks of Robert E. Redding, vice president and general counsel of the Transportation Association of America and executive director of the Committee for Time Uniformity, presented at the 33d annual meeting of the National Association of Motor Bus Owners on October 25, 1962. I hope that the committee will permit these attachments to be included in the record of this proceeding.

Senator MCGEE. They will be included at the end of your statement. Mr. RAMSPECK. Thank you, Senator.

At the conclusion of my testimony, Mr. Redding would like to present for the record a written statement by the Transportation Association of America in support of greater time uniformity. He will then be followed by key witnesses from the vitally affected national interests cooperating with the Committee for Time Uniformity,

who will present their respective viewpoints on the problem and the ways by which they are adversely affected today. It is my further understanding that many other interested organizations will be submitting written statements in support of affirmative action to end clock confusion, and I hope that the record of the hearing will be kept open for a few days for the receipt of such representations.

Senator MCGEE. The committee will keep the record open for a week after the hearings are concluded for those who wish to submit later statements.

Mr. RAMSPECK. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

I would now like briefly to summarize the prevailing conditions which not only warrant the committee's attention to the time problems of today but also justify some type of corrective action. Without exception, all citizens of the United States literally live by the clock almost automatically as a matter of habit. From the time a child is taught how to read the face of a clock until he becomes a senior citizen his entire existence is regulated by time.

That reference to "senior citizen" applies to me now, since I have retired. Whether it involves going to a movie, watching a favorite television show, maintaining appointments in the office, or shopping for Christmas presents, we all live by the clock. Books have been written about the technicalities of time observance throughout the world and beyond to the universe. Most of us, however, conduct our day-to-day affairs with family, friends, and business associates merely by a glance at our timepiece countless times each day. I would venture the guess that the time bills under consideration by your committee are probably the only bills in the Congress which directly affect every American citizen.

The history of time observance in this country is summarized in Mr. Redding's remarks, attached to my statement, which I will not repeat. It was the railroad industry which adopted its own system of timekeeping 80 years ago, followed ultimately by the enactment of the Standard Time Act of 1918, currently administered by the Interstate Commerce Commission. During World War I and World War II the Congress adopted nationwide daylight saving time to enhance the war efforts. During the intervening peacetime periods, however, the observance of daylight saving time has been left to the States and local communities, resulting in a veritable patchwork of conflicting and confusing time practices.

The extreme contrasts in time regulation are exasperating. The "cesium atomic clock" has been developed with an accuracy equivalent to the loss or gain of only 1 second in 3,000 years. Also, recently the United States and England utilized radio transmission via the Telstar satellite to synchronize clocks within 10 millionths of a second. On the other hand, the common everyday time observances by the general public are so confusing that it is little wonder that the United States is described by Dr. William Markowitz, the leading time scientist at the U.S. Naval Observatory as the "worst timekeeper in the world." Undoubtedly the Chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission will explain to your committee the present scope of the Standard Time Act of 1918, as well as its claimed omissions and deficiencies. It appears that this Federal law, which established our commonly known standard time zones, is regarded as applying only to Federal functions

and interstate commerce. Its inapplicability to State and local activities has led to considerable confusion in many areas.

The situation which currently prevails in the State of Indiana, for example, has resulted from the limited scope of this Federal law. There is no official State time in Indiana. The boundary line between the eastern standard time and central standard time zones splits the State in a north-south direction, with slightly more than half of 100 counties located west of this line. Seventeen Indiana counties and parts of five others observe central standard time during the fall and winter months. The balance of the counties west of the line-twice as many in number-observe central daylight time during the same period or "informal eastern standard time."

Late in 1962 St. Joseph County, including South Bend, joined the latter group. This action was taken, however, after bus schedules and folders had been printed on the assumption that central standard time prevailed. As a consequence many football fans chartering bus service to the Notre Dame football games arrived 1 hour after the games began.

In another instance the boundary between mountain standard and central standard time cuts the State of South Dakota into two equal halves. The State legislature recently considered legislation to place the entire State on central standard time notwithstanding the zonal boundary line maintained by the ICC.

The observance of daylight saving time throughout the country acounts for the principal confusion which now prevails. Some States observe daylight saving time on a statewide basis, others on a community or local option basis. In 1962, 28 States utilized daylight saving time, plus the District of Columbia; 14 of these States did so on a statewide basis, and the others did not. The instances of confusion are legion, only a few of which I will briefly mention.

Among the States which observe daylight saving time there is widespread variation as to the period of time during which it is in effect. In 1962 daylight saving time became effective on dates ranging from April 29 to June 3. It was then discontinued on dates ranging from August 25 to October 28. The most commonly accepted dates were from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October, yet there were only 11 of the 28 States which had adopted both of these switchover dates. It was the concern of the transportation industry about the lack of uniformity in switchover dates which initially gave impetus to the formation of the Committee for Time Uniformity.

It came as a considerable surprise to us that no governmental agency anywhere maintains any accurate information about the time practices observed throughout the Nation. The U.S. Naval Observatory receives more inquiries on this subject than any other agency but it has never compiled or maintained such data. Accordingly the Transportation Association of America conducted a 1962 survey collecting such information from all States in the continental United States.

A 1963 survey of State time practices has also been instituted, although I regret to say that we have not yet heard from State officials of all 50 States. The results of the survey thus far are shown on the two maps contained in the Project Timesaver brochure attached to my statement. These two maps are also attached to my statement, one of which shows the States which currently observe daylight saving