tongue. Patera. Patavinity we believe no man can say. Morhof believes it to be useful. It is to be remarked, that the deepest coloured Patella a singular turn of expression, and some phrases peculiar husks afford the finest and deepest purple: they must be Patella. to the Paduese. All we certainly know about it is, used while the animal in them is in the maggot form; that it was a fault in the language of Livy, not in the for when it is changed into the bee state the shell is dry sentiments or manners. In all probability, it is one of and colourless. Lister, who first observed these patella, those delicacies that are lost in a dead language. Dan. went so far, on comparing them with the common Georg. Morhof published a treatise De Patavinitate kermes, as to assert that they were of the same nature Liviana, at Kiel, in 1685, where he explains, very with that production: but his account of their being learnedly, the urbanity and peregrinity of the Latin the workmanship of a bee, to preserve her young maggot in, is not agreeable to the true history of the kernes; for that is an insect of a very peculiar kind. He has in other instances been too justly censured for his precipitancy of judging of things, and perhaps has fallen into an error by means of it here. It is very possible that these patellæ may be the same sort of animals with the kermes, but then it produces its young within the shell or husk, which is no other than the skin of the body of the mother animal; but as there are many flies whose worms or maggots are lodged in the bodies of other animals, it may be that this little bee may love to lay its egg in the body of the proper insect, and the maggot hatched from that egg may eat up the proper progeny, and, undergoing its own natural changes there, issue out at length in form of the bee. This may have been the case in some few which Dr Lister examined; and he may have been misled by this to suppose it the natural change of the insect. PATARA, (Livy, Mela); the capital of Lycia, to the east of the mouth of the river Xanthus; famous for a temple and oracle of Apollo, thence called Patareus, three syllables only; but Pataraus, (Horace). For the six winter months, Apollo gave answers at Patara; and for the six summer at Delos, (Virgil, Servius): these are the Lycia Sortes of Virgil. The town was situated in a peninsula, called Liciorum Chersonesus, (Stephanus), Acts xxi. 1. St Paul in bis passage from Philippi to Jerusalem, came to Miletus, hence to Coos, then to Rhodes, and from Rhodes to Patara; where having found a ship that was bound for Phoenicia, he went on board and arrived at Jerusualem, to be at the feast of Pentecost. PATAVIUM (Tacitus, Strabo), a town of the Transpadana, situated on the left or north bank of the Medoacus Minor; founded by Antenor the Trojan, (Mela, Virgil, Seneca); Patavini, the people. (Livy); who himself was a native, and by Asinius Pollio charged with patavinity. Now Padua in the territory and to the west of Venice. E. Long. 12. 15. N. Lat. 45. 30 PATAY, a town of France, in the province of Orleannois, remarkable for the defeat of the English in 1429, and where Joan of Arc did wonders. E. Long. 1. 43. N. Lat. 48. 5. PATE, in Fortification, a kind of platform, resembling what is called an horse's shoe. PATEE, or PATTEE, in Heraldry, a cross, small in PATELLA, or KNEE-PAN, in Anatomy. See ANA- PATELLA, or LIMPET, a genus of shell-fish belong- PATELLA, in the History of Insects, a name given by Lister and other authors to a little husk or shell, found on the bark of the cherry, plum, rose, and other trees, containing an animal within, and useful in colouring. These patella are of the form of globes, except where they adhere to the tree, and are for the most part of a shining chesnut colour. The husk itself strikes a very fine crimson colour on paper, and within it is found a white maggot which is of no value: this, in time, hatches into a very small but beautiful bee. The size of this bee is about half that of an ant. They have a sting like bees, and three spots placed in a triangle on the forehead, which are supposed to be eyes. They are of a black colour, and have a large round whitish or pale yellow spot on the back. The upper pair of wings are shaded and spotted, but the under pair are clear. It might be worth while to try the shells or husks in order to discover whether the colour they yield might not be PATENT, in general, denotes something that stands open or expanded: thus a leaf is said to be patent, when it stands almost at right angles with the stalk. PATENT, or Letters Patent. See LETTER. PATER NOSTER, the Lord's Prayer, so called from the two first words thereof in Latin. PATER Noster, islands of Asia, in the East Indian sea, so called because of the great number of rocks, which sailors have likened to the beads with which the Papists tell their pater-noster. They abound in corn and fruits, and are very populous. PATER Patratus, was the name of the first and principal person in the college of heralds called Feciales. Some say the Pater Patratus was a constant officer and perpetual chief of that body; and others suppose him to have been a temporary minister, elected upon account of making peace or denouncing war, which were both done by him. See FECIALES. PATERA, among antiquaries, a goblet or vessel used by the Romans in their sacrifices; wherein they offered their consecrated meats to the gods, and wherewith they made libations. See SACRIFICE and LIBA Pater, earth; and they used to inclose it in urns with the ashes Paterculus. of the deceased, after it had served for the libations of the wine and liquors at the funeral. The patera is an ornament in architecture, frequently seen in the Doric frieze, and the tympans of arches; and they are sometimes used by themselves, to ornament a space; and in this case it is common to hang a string of husks or drapery over them: sometimes they are much enriched with foliage, and have a mask or a head in the centre. PATERCULUS, CAIUS VELLEIUS, an ancient Roman historian, who flourished in the reign of Tiberius Cæsar, was born in the year of Rome 735. His ancestors were illustrious for their merit and their offices. His grandfather espoused the party of Tiberius Nero, the emperor's father; but being old and infirm, and not able to accompany Nero when he retired from Naples, be ran himself through with his sword. His father was a soldier of rank, and so was Paterculus himself. He was a military tribune when Caius Cæsar, a grandson of Augustus, had an interview with the king of the Parthians, in an island of the river Euphrates, in the year 753. He commanded the cavalry in Germany under Tiberius; and accompanied that prince for nine years successively in all his expeditions. He received honourable rewards from him; but we do not find that he was preferred to any higher dignity than the prætorship. The praises he bestows upon Sejanus give some probability to the conjecture, that he was looked upon as a friend of this favourite, and consequently that he was involved in his ruin. His death is placed by Mr Dod. well in the year of Rome 784, when he was in his 50th year. He wrote an abridgement of the Roman History in two books, which is curious. very His purpose was only to deduce things from the foundation of Rome to the time wherein he lived; but he began his work with things previous to that memorable era; for, though the beginning of his first book is wanting, we yet find in what remains of it, an account of many cities more ancient than Rome. He promised a larger history; and no doubt would have executed it well: for during his military expeditions he had seen, as he tells us, the provinces of Thrace, Macedonia, Achaia, Asia Minor, and other more easterly regions; especially upon the shores of the Euxine sea, which had furnished his mind with much entertaining and useful knowledge. In the Abridgement which we have, many particulars are related that are nowhere else to be found; and this makes it the more valuable. The style of Paterculus, though miserably disguised through the carelessness of transcribers, and impossible to be restored to purity for want of manuscripts, is yet manifestly worthy of his age, which was the time of pure Latinity. The greatest excellence of this historian lies in his manner of commending and blaming those he speaks of; which he does in the finest terms and most delicate expressions. He is, however, condemned, and indeed with the greatest reason, for his partiality to the house of Augustus; and for making the most extravagant eulogies, not only upon Tiberius, but even upon his favourite Sejanus: whom, though a vile and cruel monster, Paterculus celebrates as one of the most excellent persons the Roman commonwealth had produced. Lipsius, though he praises him in other respects, yet censures him most severely for his insincerity and partiality. "Velleins Paterculus Pate (says he) raises my indignation: he represents Sejanus as endowed with all good qualities. The impudence of Pati this bistorian! But we know that he was born, and died, to the destruction of mankind. After many commendations, he concludes, that Liva was a woman more resembling the gods than men: and as to Tiberias, he thinks it a crime to speak otherwise of him than as of an immortal Jove. What sincere and honest mind can bear this? On the other hand, how artfully does he everywhere conceal the great qualities of Cæsar Germanicus! how obliquely does he ruin the reputation of Agrippina and others, whom Tiberius was thought to hate! In short, he is nothing but a court-prostitute. You will say, perhaps, it was unsafe to speak the truth as those times I grant it; but if he could not write the truth, he ought not to have written lies: none are called to account for silence." La Mothe le Vayar has made a very just remark upon this occasion: "The same fault (says he) may be observed in many others, who have written the history of their own times, with a design to be published while they lived." It is strange, that a work so elegant and worthy to be preserved, and of which, by reason of its shortness, copies might be so easily taken, should have been so near being lost. One manuscript only has had the luck to be found, as well of this author among the Latins as of Hesychius among the Greeks: in which, says a great critic of our own nation, "The faults of the scribes are found so numerous, and the defects so beyond all redress, that notwithstanding the pains of the learned and most acute critics for two whole centuries, these books still are, and are like to continue, a mere heap of errors." No ancient author but Priscian makes mention of Paterculus: the moderns have done him infinitely more justice, and have illustrated him with notes and commentaries. He was first published from the manuscript of Morhac, by Rhenanus, at Basil in 1520: afterwards by Lipsius at Leyden in 1581; then by Gerard Vossius in 1639; next by Boeclerus at Strasburg in 1642; then by Thysius and others; and, lastly, by Peter Burman at Leyden, 1719, in 8vo. To the Oxford edition in 1693, 8vo, were prefixed the Annales Velleiani of Mr Dodwell, which show deep learning and a great knowledge of antiquity. PATH, in general, denotes the course or track marked out or run over by a body in motion. For the path of the moon, &c. see Moon, &c. ASTRONOMY Index. PATHETIC, whatever relates to the passions, or that is proper to excite or awake them. The word comes from the Greek wabos, passion or emotion. See PASSION. PATHETIC, in Music, something very moving, expressive, or passionate; capable of exciting pity, compassion, anger, or other passions. Thus we speak of the pathetic style, a pathetic figure, pathetic song, &c. The chromatic genus, with its greater and lesser semitones, either ascending or descending, is very proper for the pathetic; as is also an artful management of discords; with a discords; with a variety of motions, now brisk, now languishing, now swift, now slow. Nieuwentyt speaks of a musician at Venice who so excelled in the pathetic, that he was able to play any of his auditors into distraction: he says also, that the great: sion. PATHROS, a city and canton of Egypt, of which the prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel make mention; We do Jerem. xliv. 1. 15. Ezek. xxix. 14. xxx. 14. not very well know its situation, though Pliny and Ptolemy the geographer speak of it by the name of Phaturis; and it appears to have been in Upper Egypt. Isaiah (xii. 2.) calls it Pathros; and it is the country of the Pathrusim, the posterity of Mizraim, of whom Moses speaks, Gen. x. 14. Ezekiel threatens them with an entire ruin. The Jews retired thither notwithstanding the remonstrances of Jeremiah; and the Lord says by Isaiah, that he will bring them back from thence. PATIENCE, that calm and unruffled temper with which a good man bears the evils of life, from a conviction that they are at least permitted, if not sent, by the best of Beings, who makes all things work together for good to those who love and fear him. The evils by which life is embittered- may be reduced to these four: 1. Natural evils, or those to which we are by nature subject as men, and as perishable animals. The greatest of these are, the death of those whom we love, and of ourselves. 2. Those from which we might be exempted by a virtuons and prudent conduct, but which are the inseparable consequences of imprudence or vice, which we shall call punishments; as infamy proceeding from fraud, poverty from prodigality, debility and disease from intemperance. 3. Those by which the fortitude of the good are exercised; such as the persecutions raised against them by the wicked. To these may be added, 4. The opposition against which we must perpetually struggle, arising from the diversity of sentiments, manners, and characters of the persons among whom we live. Under all these evils patience is not only necessary but useful: it is necessary, because the laws of nature have made it a duty, and to murmur against natural events is to affront providence; it is useful, because it renders our sufferings lighter, shorter, and less dangerous. Is your reputation sullied by invidious calumnies? rejoice that your character cannot suffer but by false imputations. You are arraigned in a court of judicature, and are unjustly condemned: passion has influenced both your prosecutor and your judge, and you cannot forbear repining that you suffer although innocent. But would it have been better that you should have suffered being guilty? Would the greatest misfortune that can befal a virtuous man be to you a consolation? The opulence of a villain, the elevated station to which he is raised, and the honours that are paid to him, excite your jealousy, and fill your bosoth with repinings and regret. What! say you, are riches, dignity, and power, reserved for such wretches as this? Patience. It is fancy, not the reason of things, that makes life- He that values himself on conscience, not opinión, never heeds reproaches. When we are evil spoken of, if if we have not deserved it, we are never the worse; we have, we should mend. Tiberius the Roman emperor, at the beginning of his reign, acted in most things like a truly generous, good natured, and clement prince. All slanderous reports, libels, and lampoons upon him and his administration, he bore with extraordinary patience; saying,. "That in a free state the thoughts and tongues of every man ought to be free ;" and when the senate would have proceeded against some who had published libels against him, he would not consent to it; saying, "We have not time enough to attend to such trifles; if you once open a door to such informations, you will be able to do nothing else; for under that pretence every man will revenge himself upon his enemies by accusing them to you." Being informed that one had spoken detractingly of him: "If he speak ill of me," says he, “I will give him as good an account of my words and actions as I can; and if that be not sufficient, I will satisfy myself with having as bad an opinion of him as he has. of me." Thus far even Tiberius may be an example to others. Men will have the same veneration for a person who suffers adversity without dejection, as for demolished temples, the very ruins of which are reverenced and adored. A virtuous and well-disposed person, is like to good metal; the more he is fired, the more he is refined; the more he is opposed, the more he is approved; wrongs may well try him and touch him, but cannot imprint in him false stamp. any this virtue (patience), The man therefore who possesses in this ample sense of it, stands upon an eminence, and secs human things below him: the tempest indeed may reach him; but he stands secure and collected against it upon the basis of conscious virtue, which the severest storms can seldom shake, and never overthrow. Patience, however, is by no means incompatible with sensibility, which, with all its inconveniences, is to be cherished by those who understand and wish to maintain the dignity of their nature. To feel for others, disposes us to exercise the amiable virtue of charity, which our religion indispensably requires. It constitutes that enlarged benevolence which philosophy inculcates, and: which is indeed comprehended in Christian charity. It is the privilege and the ornament of man; and the pain which Patkul. Patience which it causes is abundantly recompensed by that crown of Sweden. The Livonians having been stript 1 sweet sensation which ever accompanies the exercise of of their privileges, and great part of their estates, by beneficence. Charles XI. Patkul was deputed to make their complaint; which he did with such eloquence and courage, that the king, laying his hand upon his shoulder, said, You have spoken for your country as a brave man should, and I esteem you for it.' To feel our own misery with full force is not to be deprecated. Affliction softens and improves the heart. Tears, to speak in the style of figure, fertilize the soil in which the virtues grow. And it is the remark of one who understood human nature, that the faculties of the mind, as well as the feelings of the heart, are meliorated by adversity. But in order to promote these ends, our sufferings must not be permitted to overwhelm us. We must oppose them with the arms of reason and religion; and to express the idea in the language of the philosopher, as well as the poet, of Nature, every one, while he is compelled to feel his misfortunes like a man, should resolve also to bear them like a man. Resign'd in ev'ry state, PATIGUMO (a corruption of the words pate-de guimauve); the name of a sort of paste or cakes much used on the continent as an agreeable and useful remedy for catarrhal defluxions, and supposed by Dr Percival to consist of gum-arabic combined with sugar and the whites of eggs (see the article HUNGer). But we have been informed that the powdered substance of the marshmallow is the chief ingredient of the composition. PATIN, GUY, professor of physic in the royal college of Paris, was born in 1602. He made his way into the world merely by the force of his genius, being at first corrector of a printing-house. He was a man of great wit and erudition: he spoke with the gravity of a Stoic, but his expressions were very satirical. He hated bigotry, superstition, and knavery; had an upright soul, and a well-disposed heart. He was a most tender father, courteous to every body, and polite in the highest degree. He died in 1672, and did not owe his reputation to any writings published in his lifetime upon physic; but his letters which appeared after his death have rendered his name famous. He left a son mentioned in the ensuing article. PATIN, Charles, who made a great figure in the world, and excelled in the knowledge of medals. He was born in Paris in 1633; and made so surprising a progress, that he maintained theses in Greek and Latin on all parts of philosophy, in 1647. He studied the law in compliance to an uncle, and was admitted an advocate in the parliament of Paris; but could not lay aside that of physic, for which he always had an inclination. He therefore quitted the law, and devoted himself to physic; in which, after taking the doctor's degree, he applied himself to practice with great suc cess. He afterwards travelled into Germany, Holland, England, Switzerland, and Italy. In 1676, he was appointed professor of physic in Padua ; and three years after was created a knight of St Mark. He died in that city in 1694. His works are many, and well known to the learned world. His wife too, and his daughters were authoresses. PATKUL, JOHN REINHOLD, was born of a noble family in Livonia, a northern province belonging to the Charles, however, who added the baseness of hypocrisy to the ferocity of a tyrant, was determined to punish the zeal and honesty which he thought fit to commend; and a few days afterwards caused Patkul to be declared guilty of high treason, and condemned to die. Patkul, however, found means to escape into Poland, where he continued till Charles was dead. He hoped that his sentence would have been then reversed, as it had been declared unjust even by the tyrant that procured it but being disappointed in this expectation, he applied to Augustus king of Poland, and solicited him to attempt the conquest of Livonia from the Swedes; which, he said, might be easily effected, as the people were ready to shake off their yoke, and the king of Sweden was a child incapable of compelling their subjection. Augustus possessed himself of Livonia in consequence of this proposal; and afterwards, when Charles XII. entered the province to recover it, Patkul commanded in the Saxon army against him. Charles was victorious; and Patkul, some time afterwards, being disgusted at the haughty behaviour of General Fleming, Augustus's favourite, entered into the service of the Czar, with whom Augustus was in strict alliance, and a little before Charles compelled Augustus to abdicate the throne of Poland, and his subjects to elect Stanislaus in his stead. The Czar sent Patkul, with the title of his ambassador, into Saxony, to prevail with Augustus to meet him at Grodno, that they might confer on the state of their affairs. This conference took place; and immediately afterwards the Czar went from Grodno to quell a rebellion in Astracan. As soon as the Czar was gone, Augustus, to the surprise of all Europe, ordered Patkul, who was then at Dresden, to be seized as a state criminal. By this injurious and unprecedented action, Augustus at once violated the law of nations, and weakened his own interest; for Patkul was not only an ambassador, but an ambassador from the only power that could afford him protection. The cause, however, was this: Patkul had discovered that Augustus's ministers were to propose a peace to Charles upon any terms; and had therefore formed a design to be beforehand with them, and procure a separate peace between Charles and his new master the Czar. The design of Patkul was discovered; and, to prevent its success, Augustus ventured to seize his person, assuring the Czar that he was a traitor, and had betrayed them both. Augustus was soon after reduced to beg a peace of Charles at any rate; and Charles granted it upon certain conditions, one of which was, that he should deliver up Patkul. This condition reduced Augustus to a very distressful dilemma: the Czar, at this very time, reclaimed Patkul as his ambassador; and Charles demanded, with threats, that he should be put into his hands. Augustus therefore contrived an expedient by which he hoped to satisfy both he sent some guards to deliver Patkul, who was prisoner in the castle of Konigstein, to the Swedish troops; but by secret or : Patkul. ders privately dispatched, he commanded the governor to let him escape. The governor, though he received this order in time, yet disappointed its intention by his villany and his avarice. He knew Patkul to be very rich; and having it now in his power to suffer him to escape with impunity, he demanded of Patkul a large sum for the favour: Patkul refused to buy that liberty which he made no doubt would be gratuitously restored, in consequence of the Czar's requisition and remonstrance; and, in the mean time, the Swedish guards arrived with the order for his being delivered up to them. By this party he was first carried to Charles's head quarters at Albranstadt, where he continued three meuths, bound to a stake with a heavy chain of iron. He was then conducted to Casimir, where Charles or dered him to be tried; and he was by his judges found guilty. His sentence depended upon the king; and after having been kept a prisoner some months, under a guard of Mayerfeldt's regiment, uncertain of his fate, he was, on the 28th of September 1707, towards the evening, delivered into the custody of a regiment of dragoons, commanded by Colonel Nicholas Hielm. On the next day, the 29th, the colonel took the chaplain of his regiment aside, and telling him that Patkul was to die the following day, ordered him to acquaint him with his fate, and prepare him for it. About this very time he was to have been married to a Saxon lady of great quality, virtue, and beauty; a circumstance which renders his case still more affecting. What followed in consequence of the colonel's order to the minister will be related in his own words. "Immediately after evening service I went to his prison, where I found him lying on his bed. The first compaments over, I entered upon the melancholy duty of my profession, and turning to the officer who had him in charge, told him the colonel's orders were, that I should be alone with his prisoner. The officer having withdrawn, Patkul grasping both my hands in his, cried out with most affecting anxiety and distress, My dear pastor! what are you to declare? what am I to hear? I bring you, replied I, the same tidings that the prophet brought to King Hezekiah, Set thine house in order, for thou must die. To-morrow by this time thou shalt be no longer in the number of the living! At this terrible warning he bowed himself upon his bed and burst into tears. I attempted to comfort him, by saying that be must, without all doubt, have often meditated on this subject: Yes, cried he, I know, alas! too well, that we must all die; but the death prepared for me will be cruel and insupportable. I assured him that the manner of his death was to me totally unknown; but, believing that he would be prepared for it, I was sure his soul would be received into the number of happy spirits. Here he rose up, and folding his hands together, Merciful Jesus! let me then die the death of the righteous! A little after, with his face inclined to the wall, where stood his bed, he broke out into this soliloquy: Augustus! O Augustus, what must be thy lot one day! Must thou not answer for all the crimes thou hast committed? He then observed that he was driven out from his country, by a sentence against his life, pronounced for doing what the king himself encouraged him to do, saying to him one day in terms of much kindness, Patkul, maintain the rights of your country like a man of honour, and with all the spirit you are capable of. That flying into an enemy's country was also unavoidable, as the Patkul country of an ally would not have afforded him protection; but that he was in Saxony a wretched exile, not a counsellor or adviser; that before his arrival every thing was already planned, the alliance with Muscovy signed, and the measures with Denmark agreed upon. My inclination, (said he, after a pause) were always to serve Sweden, though the contrary opinion has prevailed. The elector of Brandenburg owed his title of king of Prussia to the services I did him; and when, in recompense, he would have given me a considerable sum of money, I thanked him, and rejected the offer; adding, that the reward I most wished for was to regain the king of Sweden's favour by his intercession. This he promised, and tried every possible method to succeed, but without success. After this I laboured so much for the interest of the late emperor in his Spanish affairs, that I brought about what scarce any other man could have effected. The emperor as an acknowledgement gave me an assignment for 50,000 crowns, which I humbly laid at his feet, and only implored his imperial majesty's recommendation of me to my king's favour: this request he immediately granted, and gave his orders accordingly, but in vain. Yet, not to lose any opportunity, I went to Moscow while the Swedish ambassadors were at that court; but even the mediation of the Czar had no effect. After that I distributed among the Swedish prisoners at Moscow at least 100,000 crowns, to show the ardent desire I had, by all ways, to regain the favour of their sovereign. Would to heaven I had been equally in earnest to obtain the grace of God.'-At these words another shower of tears fell from his eyes, and he remained for some moments silent, and overwhelmed with grief. I used my best endeavours to comfort him with the assurance that this grace would not be denied him, provided he spent the few hours still left in earnestly imploring it, for the door of heaven's mercy was never shut, though that of men might be cruelly so. 'This (replied he), this is my consolation; for thou art God and not man, to be angry for ever.' He then inveighed bitterly against Augustus, and reproached himself for having any connection with a wretch who was wholly destitute of all faith and honour, an atheist, without piety, and without virtue. While he was at Warsaw (said he), and heard the king was advancing to attack him, he found himself extremely distressed. He was absolutely without money, and therefore obliged` to dismiss some of his troops. He had recourse to my assistance, and intreated me, for the love of God, to borrow whatever sum I could. I procured him 400,000 crowns; 50,000 of which, the very next day, he squandered on trinkets and jewels, which he gave in presents to some of his women. I told him plainly my thoughts of the matter; and by my importunity prevailed, that the Jews should take back their toys, and return the money they had been paid for them. The ladies were enraged; and he swore that I should one time or other suffer for what I had done: there indeed he kept his word; would to God he had always done so with those he employed!' I now left him for a short time, and at seven in the evening I returned; and the officer being retired, he accosted me with a smiling air, and an appearance of much tranquillity, 'Welcome, dear sir, the weight that lay heavy on my heart is removed, and I already feel a sensible change wrought in my mind. I am ready |