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Sanscrit and even Latin idioms. This, we think, affords a preand Benga-sumption that the Sancrit was one of those original dialese Lan- lects which were gradually produced among the descendants of Noah, in proportion as they gradually receded from the centre of population. What branch or branches of that family emigrated to Hindostan, it is not easy to determine. That they were a party of the descendants of Shem is most probable, because the other septs of his posterity settled in that neighbour, hood. The sum then is, that the Hindoos were a colony consisting of the descendants of the patriarch Shem.

It appears, however, by almost numberless monuments of antiquity still existing, that at a very early period a different race of men had obtained settlements in that country. It is now generally admitted, that colonies of Egyptians had peopled a considerable part of Hindostan. Numberless traces of their religion occur everywhere in those regions. The very learned president himself is positive, that vestiges of those sacerdotal wanderers are found in India, China, Japan, Tibet, and many parts of Tartary. Those colonists, it is well known, were zealous in propagating their religious ceremonies wherever they resided, and wherever they travelled. There is at the same time even at this day a striking resemblance between the sacred rites of the vulgar Hindoos and those of the ancient Egyptians. The prodigious statues of Salsette and Elephanta fabricated in the Egyptian style; the vast excavations hewn out of the rock in the former; the woolly hair of the statues, their distorted attitudes, their grotesque appearances, their triple heads, and various other configurations -plainly indicate a foreign original. These phenomena suit no other people on earth so exactly as the sons of Mizraim. The Egyptian priests used a sacred character, which none knew but themselves; none were allowed to learn except their children and the choice of the initiated. All these features mark an exact parallel with the bramins of the Hindoos. Add to this, that the dress, diet, lustrations, and other rites of both sects, bore an exact resemblance to each other. Sir William Jones has justly observed, that the letters of the Sanscrit, stript of all adventitious appendages, are really the square + Lib. iii. Chaldaic characters. We learn from Cassiodorus + the epist. 2. et following particulars: "The height of the obelisks is equal to that of the circus; now the higher is dedicated to the sun, and the lower to the moon, where the sacred rites of the ancients are intimated by Chaldaic signatures by way of letters." Here then it is plain that the sacred letters of the Egyptians were Chaldaic, and it is allowed that those of the bramins were of the same complexion; which affords a new presumption of the identity of the Sancrit with those just mentioned.

51.

That the Egyptians had at a very early period penetrated into Hindostan, is universally admitted. Osiris, their celebrated monarch and deity, according to their mythology, conducted an army into that country; taught the natives agriculture, laws, religion, and the culture of the vine, &c. He is said at the same time to have left colonies of priests, as a kind of missionaries, to instruct the people in the ceremonies of religion. Seso

stris, another Egyptian potentate, likewise overran Sanserit Hindostan with an army, and taught the natives many and Bengauseful arts and sciences. When the pastor-kings invad- lese Laned and conquered Egypt, it is probable that numbers of guages. the priests, in order to avoid the fury of the merciless invaders, who demolished the temples and persecuted the ministers of religion, left their native country, and transported themselves into India. These, we should think, were the authors both of the language and religion of the bramins. This dialect, as imported by the Egyptians, was probably of the same contexture with the sacred language of that people, as it appeared many ages after. The Indians, who have always been an inventive and industrious race of men, in process of time cultivated, improved, diversified, and constructed that language with such care and assiduity, that it gradually arrived at that high degree of perfection in which at present it appears.

Had the learned president of the Asiatic Society (M), when he instituted a comparison between the deities of Hindostan on the one side and of Greece and Italy on the other, examined the analogy between the gods of Hindostan and those of Egypt, we think he would have performed a piece of service still more eminent. Having first demonstrated the similarity between the divinities of India and Egypt, he might then have proceeded to investigate the resemblance of the Egyptian and Phœnician with those of Greece and Rome. By this process a chain would have been formed which would have conducted his reader to comprehend at one view the identity of the Zabian worship almost throughout the world.

We foresee that it will be objected to this hypothesis, that all the dialects of Hindostan being clearly reducible to the Sanscrit, it is altogether impossible that it could have been a foreign language. To this we answer, that at the early period when this event is supposed to have taken place, the language of the posterity of the sons of Noah had not deviated considerably from the primitive standard, and consequently the language of the Egyptians and the Hindoos was nearly the same. The Sanscrit was gradually improved: the language of the vulgar, as is always the case, became more and more different from the original archetype; but still retained such a near resemblance to the mother-tongue as proved the verity of its extraction.

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derived

To the preceding account of the Sanscrit language Bengalese we shall annex a few strictures on the language of Ben- language gal, which we believe is derived from the other, and is in most common use in the southern parts of Hin-Sanscrit, dostan.

Though most of the ancient oriental tongues are read from right to left, like the Hebrew, Chaldaic, Arabic, &c. yet such as properly belong to the whole continent of India proceed from left to right like those of Europe. The Arabic, Persian, &c. are the grand sources whence the former method hr been derived; but with these, the numerous original dialects of Hindostan have not the smallest connection or resemblance.

The great number of letters, the complex mode. of combination, and the difficulty of pronunciation, are considerable

from the

(M) See that gentleman's discourse, Researches, vol. i.

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Sanscrit considerable impediments to the study of the Bengal and Benga-language; and the carelessness and ignorance of the lese Lan- people, and the inaccuracy of their characters, aggravate these inconveniences. Many of their characters are spurious; and these, by long use and the hurry of business, are now almost naturalized into the language. Bengal The Bengal alphabet, like that of the Sanscrit, from alphabet. which it is derived, consists of 50 letters, whose form, order, and sound, may be learned from Mr Halhed's grammar of the Bengal language. The vowels are divided into long and short, the latter of which are often omitted in writing. Most of the oriental languages are constructed upon the same principle, with respect to the omission of the short vowel. The Hebrews had no sign to express it before the invention of the Masoretic points; in Arabic it is rarely inserted unless upon very solemn occasions, as in the Koran; in the modern Persian it is universally omitted: so to all the consonants. in the Sanscrit, the short vowel is an invariable appendage, and is never signified by any diacritical mark; but where the construction requires that the vowel should be dropped, a particular stroke is set under the letter. It is in vain to pretend, in a sketch like this, to detail the sound and pronunciation of these letters: this must be acquired by the ear and by practice.

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Genders, In the Bengal language, there are three genders, as &c. of this in Greek, Arabic, &c. The authors of this threefold language. division of genders, with respect to their precedence, appear to have considered the neuter as a kind of residuum resulting from the two others, and as less worthy or less comprehensive than either (see section of the Greek). The terminations usually applied upon this occasion are aa for the masculine, and ee for the feminine. In Sanscrit, as in Greek and Latin, the names of all things inanimate have different genders, founded on vague and incomprehensible distinctions: the same is the case with the Bengal.

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Peculiarities of Sanscrit and Bengalese

nouns.

ge

A Sanscrit noun, on its first formation from the neral root, exists equally independent of case as of gender. It is neither nominative, nor genitive, nor accusative; nor is impressed with any of those modifications which mark the relation and connection between the several members of a sentence. In this state it is called an imperfect or crude noun. To make a nominative of a word, the termination must be changed and a new form supplied. Thus we see, that, in the Sanscrit at least, the nominative has an equal right with any other inflection to be called a case. Every Sanscrit noun has seven cases, exclusive of the vocative; and therefore comprehends two more than even those of the Latin. Mr Halhed above mentioned details all the varieties of these with great accuracy, to whose grammar we must refer our readers. The Bengal has only four cases beside the vocative; in which respect it is much inferior to the other.

It would be difficult to account for the variety of words which have been allotted to the class of pronouns by European grammarians. The first and second person are chiefly worthy of observation; these two should seem to be confined to rational and conversable beings only the third supplies the place of every object in nature; wherefore it must necessarily be endued with a capacity of shifting its gender respectively as it shifts the subject; and hence it is in Sanscrit frequently denominated an adjective. One of the demonstratives hic or VOL. XVI. Part I.

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In most languages where the verb has a separate inflection to each person, that inflection is sufficient to Bengalese ascertain the personality; but in Bengal compositions, pronouns. though the first and second persons occur very frequently, nothing is more rare than the usage of the pronoun of the third; and names of persons are inserted with a constant and disgusting repetition, to avoid, as it should seem, the application of the words HE and SHE. The second person is always ranked before the first, and the third before the second. The personal pronouns have seven cases, which are varied in a very irregular manner. Leaving these to the Bengalian grammar, we shall proceed to the verb.

The Sanscrit, the Arabic, the Greek and Latin verbs, are furnished with a set of inflections and terminations so comprehensive and so complete, that by their form alone they can express all the different distinctions both of persons and time. Three separate qualities in them are perfectly blended and united. Thus by their root they denote a particular act, and by their inflection both point out the time when it takes place and the number of the agents. In Persian, as in English, the verb admits but of two forms, one for the present tense and one for the aorist; and it is observable, that while the past tense is provided for by a peculiar inflection, the future is generally supplied by an additional word conveying. only the idea of time, without any other influence on the act implied by the principal verb. It is also frequently necessary that the different state of the action, as perfect or imperfect, be further ascertained in each of the tenses, past, present, and future. This also, in the learned languages, is performed by other variations of inflections, for which other verbs and other particles are applied in the modern tongues of Europe and Persia.

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Every Sanscrit verb has a form equivalent to the Middle middle voice of the Greek, used through all the tenses voice of with a reflective sense, and the former is even the most Sanscrit extensive of the two in its use and office: for in Greek verbs. the reflective can only be adopted intransitively when the action of the verb descends to no extraneous subject; but in Sanscrit, the verb is both reciprocal and transitive at the same time.

Neither the Sanscrit, nor the Bengalese, nor the Hindostanic, have any word precisely answering to the sense of the verb I have, and consequently the idea is always expressed by est mihi; and of course there is no auxiliary form in the Bengal verb correspondent to I have written, but the sense is conveyed by another mode. The very substantive, in all languages, is defective and irregular, and therefore the Sanscrit calls it a semi-verb. It is curious to observe that the present tense of this verb, both in Greek and Latin, and also in the Persian, appears plainly to be derived from the Sanscrit. In the Bengalese, this verb has but two distinctions of time, the present and the past; the terminations of the several persons of which serve as a model for those of the same tense in all other verbs respectively. Verbs of the Bengal language may be divided into teristics of three classes, which are distinguished by their penultimate letter. The simple and most common form has galese

S s

an

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Charac

the Ben

verbs.

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barrassment in the form of a declension. Those are too Sanscrit few in the Greek language, which occasions much in- and Benga convenience. See sect. Greek.

The Latin is less polished than the Greek, and of consequence bears a much nearer resemblance to the Sanscrit, both in words, inflections, and terminations.

Sanscrit an open consonant immediately preceding the final letand Benga-ter of the infinitive. The second is composed of those lese Lan- words whose final letter is preceded by another vowel or open consonant going before it. The third consists eutirely of causals derived from verbs of the first and second conjugations. The reader will easily guess at the impossibility of prosecuting this subject to any greater length: we shall therefore conclude with a few remarks collected from the grammar so often mentioned, which we apprehend may be more amusing, if not more instructing.

107 Sanscrit

The Greek verbs in are formed exactly upon the same principle with the Sanscrit conjugations, even in the minutest particulars. Instances of this are produced in many verbs, which from a root form a new verb by adding the syllable mi, and doubling the first consonant. This mode furnishes another presumption of the Egyptian origin of the Sanscrit. Many Greeks travelled into Egypt; many Egyptian colonies settled in Greece. By one or other of those channels the foregoing innovation might have been introduced into the Greek language.

and Bengalese adjectives.

To form the past tense, the Sanscrit applies a syllabic augment, as is done in the Greek: the future has for its characteristic a letter analogous to that of the same tense in the Greek, and it omits the reduplication of the first consonant. It It may be added, that the reduplication of the first consonant is not constantly applied to the present tense of the Sanscrit more than to those of the Greek.

The natural simplicity and elegance of many of the Asiatic languages are greatly debased and corrupted by the continual abuse of auxiliary verbs; and this inconvenience has evidently affected the Persian, the Hindostan, and the Bengal idioms.

The infinitives of verbs in the Sanscrit and Bengalese are always used as substantive nouns. Every body knows that the same mode of arrangement very often occurs in the Greek.

In the Sanscrit language, as in the Greek, there are forms of infinitives and of participles comprehensive of time; there are also other branches of the verb that seem to resemble the gerunds and supines of the Latin.

All the terms which serve to qualify, to distinguish, or to augment, either substance or action, are classed by the Sanscrit grammarians under one head; and the word used to express it literally signifies increase or addition. According to their arrangement, a simple sentence consists of three members; the agent, the action, the subject; which, in a grammatical sense, are reduced to two; the noun and the verb. They have a particular word to specify such words as amplify the noun which imports quality, and answers to our adjectives or epithets: Such as are applied to denote relation or connection, are intimated by another term which we may translate preposition.

The adjectives in Bengalese have no distinction of gender or number; but in Sanscrit these words preserve the distinction of gender, as in the Greek and Latin.

Prepositions are substitutes for cases, which could not have been extended to the number necessary for expressing all the several relations and predicaments in which a noun may be found, without causing too much em

The learned are now convinced that the use of numerical figures was first derived from India. Indeed the antiquity of their application in that country farexceeds the powers of investigation. All the numerals in Sanscrit have different forms for the different genders, as in Arabic. There appears a strong probability that the European method of computation was derived from India, as it is much the same with the Sanscrit, though we think the Europeans learned it from the Arabians. The Bengalese merchants compute the largest sums by fours; a custom evidently derived fromthe original mode of computing by the fingers.

The Sanscrit language, among other advantages, has a great variety in the mode of arrangement; and the words are so knit and compacted together, that every sentence appears like one complete word. When twoor more words come together in regimine, the last of them only has the termination of a case; the others are known by their position; and the whole sentence so connected, forms but one compound word, which is called a foot.

SECT. VI. Of the Chinese Language.

lese Languages.

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THE Chinese, according to the most authentic ac-Antiquity counts, are a people of great antiquity. Their situa- of the Chition was such, as, in the earliest ages of the world, nese. in a great measure secured them from hostile invasion. Their little commerce with the rest of mankind precluded them the knowledge of those improvements which a mutual emulation had often generated among other nations, who were situated in such a manner, with relation to each other, as served to promote a mutual intercourse and correspondence. As China is a large and fertile country, producing all the necessaries, conveniencies, and even the luxuries of life, its inhabitants were not under the necessity of looking abroad for the two former, nor exposed to the temptation of engaging in foreign commerce, in order to procure the latter. Perfectly satisfied with the articles which their own country produced, they applied themselves entirely to the practice of agriculture and other arts connected with that profession; and their frugality, which they retain even to this day, taught them the lesson of being contented with little; of consequence though their population was almost incredible, the produce of their soil was abundantly sufficient to yield them a subsistence. Their inventions were their own; and as they borrowed nothing from other people, they gradually be gan to despise the rest of mankind, and, like the ancient Egyptians, branded them with the epithet of barbarians.

Those people had at an early period made amazing proficiency in the mechanical arts. Their progress in the liberal sciences, according to the latest and indeed the most probable accounts, was by no means proportioned. In mathematics, geometry, and astronomy, their knowledge was contemptible; and in ethics, or moral philosophy, the complexion of their laws and

customs.

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Their lan guage an original tongue.

The language of the Chinese is totally different from those of all other nations, and bears very strong marks of an original tongue. All its words are monosyllabic, and compositions and derivations are altogether unknown. Their nouns and verbs admit of no flexions; in short, every thing relating to their idiems is peculiar, and incapable of being compared with any other dialect spoken by any civilized people. Most barbarous languages exhibit something that resembles an attempt towards those diacritical modifications of speech; whereas the Chinese, after a space of 4000 years, have not advanced one step beyond the very first elements of ideal communication. This circumstance, we think, is a plain demonstration that they did not emigrate from that region where the primitive race of mankind is thought to have fixed its residence. Some have imagined, we believe with good reason, that they are a Tartarian race, which, breaking off from the main body of that numerous and widely extended people, directed their march towards the south-east. There, falling in with delightful and fertile plains which their posterity now inhabit, they found themselves accommodated so much to their liking, that they dropped all desire of changing their habitations. The country of China is, indeed, so environed with mountains, deserts, and seas, that it would have been difficult for men in their primitive state to have emigrated into any of the neighbouring regions. Thus secluded from the rest of mankind, the Chinese, in all probability, were left to the strength of their own inventive powers to fabricate a language, as well as the other arts and improvements necessary for the support and convenience of life.

It is indeed obvious that their stock of vocables, when they emigrated from Tartary, was neither ample nor properly accommodated to answer the purposes of the mutual conveyance of ideas. With this slender stock, however, they seem to have been satisfied; for it does not appear that any additions were afterwards made to that which was originally imported. Instead of framing a new race of terms by compounding their primitive ones; instead of diversifying them by inflections, or multiplying them by derivatives, as is done in every other language; they rather chose to retain their primitive words, and by a variety of modifications introduced upon their orthography or pronunciation, to accommodate them to a variety of significations. Were it possible to scrutinize all the Tartarian dialects, and to reduce them to their primitive monosyllabic character, perhaps the original language of the Chinese might be investigated and ascertained. We know that attempts have been made to compare it with some of the other Asiatic languages, especially the Hebrew: This labour has, however, proved unsuccessful, and no primeval identity has been discovered. Before this comparison could be instituted with the most distant prospect of success, the language last mentioned must be stripped of all its adventitious qualities; and not only so, but it must be reduced to the monosyllabic

tone, and then contrasted with the Chinese monosyl- Chinese lables; an undertaking which we are persuaded would Language not be readily executed. After all, we are convinced that no resemblance of any importance would be discovered.

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The Chinese language must then, in our opinion, Process of have been a Tartarian dialect, as the people them-its fabricaselves were colonists from Tartary. We have observed tion. above, that those people have not hitherto found out the art of composition of words. This is the more surprising, when we consider that, in the characters which form their written language, they employ many compositions. For example, the character by which they represent misfortune, is composed of one hieroglyphic which represents a house, and another which denotes fire; because the greatest misfortune that can befal a man is to have his house on fire. With respect to the language which they use in speech, though they very often employ many words to express one thing, yet they never run them together into one word, making certain changes upon them that they may incorporate the more conveniently, but always preserve them entire and unaltered.

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The whole number of words in the Chinese language Paucity of does not exceed 1200: the nouns are but 326. It its words. must certainly appear surprising, that a people whose manners are so highly polished and refined, should be able to express so many things as must of necessity attend such a course of life by so small. a number of words, and those too monosyllables. The difficulties which attend this singular mode must be felt almost every instant; circumstances which, according to the ordinary course of things, should have induced them to attempt both an augmentation of the number of their words and an extension of those which they had by composition and derivation. We learn from DuHalde that the Chinese have two different dialects: * Hist. of the one vulgar, which is spoken by the vulgar, and China, varies according to the different provinces; the other vol ii. is called the Mandarin language, and is current only among the learned. The latter is properly that which was formerly spoken at court in the province of Kiangnan, and gradually spread among the polite people in the other provinces. Accordingly, this language is spoken with more elegance in the provinces adjoining to Kiang-nan than in any other part of the kingdom. By slow degrees it was introduced into all parts of the empire, and consequently became the universal language.

*

It then appears that the modern language of China was originally the court dialect, and utterly unknown to the bulk of the people. From this circumstance we think it may fairly be concluded that this dialect was deemed the royal tongue, and had been fabricated on purpose to distinguish it from the vulgar dialects. We learn from Heliodorus, that the + E- + Ethiop. thiopians had a royal language which was the same lib. vi. with the sacred idiom of the Egyptians. This Mandarin tongue was originally an artificial dialect fabricated with a view to enhance the majesty of the court, and to raise its very style and diction above that of the rest of mankind. The Chinese, a wonderfully inventive people, might actually contrive a language of that complexion, with an intention to render it obscure Ss 2

and

their first emperor, to whom they attribute the inven- Chinese tion of every thing curious, useful, and ornamental. Language. Traditional history, when it is ancient, uniform, and universal, is generally well founded: upon this occasion we think the tradition above mentioned may be fairly admitted as a collateral evidence.

Chinese and enigmatical (N). Such a plan would excite their Language admiration, and would at the same time greatly exceed their comprehension. In process of time, when the Chinese empire was extended, the Mandarins who had been brought up at court, and understood nothing of the provincial dialects, found it convenient to have the most eminent persons in every province taught the language employed by themselves, in order to qualify them for transacting the affairs of government with them in a language which both understood. By this means the royal dialect descended to the vulgar, and in process of time become universal. The Tartar dialect formerly in use vanished; only a few vestiges of it remained; which gradually incorporating with the royal language, occasioned the variation of provincial tongues above mentioned.

We are therefore clearly of opinion, that the modern language of the Chinese was deduced from the original Mandarin, or court dialect, and that this last was an artificial speech fabricated by the skill and ingenuity of that wonderful people. The learned have long held it up as the primary dialect, because, say they, it bears all the signatures of an original unimproved language. In our opinion, nothing appears more ingeniously artificially. It is universally allowed that, in its structure, arrangement, idioms, and phraseology, it resembles no other language. Is not every learned man now convinced that all the Asiatic languages yet known, discover unequivocal symptoms of their cognation and family resemblance? The Ethiopians, Chaldeans, Arabians, Persians, Egyptians, Hebrews, Phonicians, the Brahmans, Bengalese, the Hindoos bordering upon China, all speak only different dialects of one language, varying from the original in dialect only, some in a greater some in a lesser degree: why should the Chinese alone stand altogether insulated and unallied?

The languages of the North all wear congenial features. The Tartar or Tatar dialects of every clan, of every canton, of every denomination, exhibit the most palpable proofs of a near affinity: the Gothic and Sclavonian dialects, which pervade a great part of Europe and some parts of Asia, are obviously brethren, and may easily be traced up to an Asiatic original. Even some of the American jargon dialects contain vocables which indicate an Asiatic or European original. Our readers, we flatter ourselves, will agree with us, that had the language of the Chinese been the original language, a resemblance must have still existed between it and its descendants. If it had originated from any other language, it would have retained some characteristic features of its parent archetype. As neither of these is to be found in the fabric of the language under consideration, the conclusion must be, that it is a language entirely different from all other tongues; that it is constructed upon different principles, descended from different parents, and framed by different artists.

The Chinese themselves have a common and immemorial tradition, that their language was framed by Yao

112

The paucity of vocables contained in this singular A proof of language, we think another presumption of its artificial its artificial contexture. The Chinese Onomatheta would find it an structure. arduous task to devise a great number of new terms, and would therefore rest satisfied with the smallest number possible. In other languages we find the like economy was observed. Rather than fabricate new words, men chose sometimes to adapt old words to new, and, upon some occasions, even to contrary significations. spare themselves the trouble of coining new terms, they contrived to join several old ones into one; whence arose a numerous race of compounds. Derivatives too were fabricated to answer the same purpose. By this process, instead of creating new vocables, old ones were compounded, diversified, deflected, ramified, metamorphosed, and tortured into a thousand different shapes.

To

The Greek is deservedly esteemed a rich and copious language; its radical words have been curiously traced by several learned men, who, after the most laborious and exact scrutiny, have found that they do not amount to more than 300. The Sanscrit language is highly compounded; its radical terms, however, are very few in number. Upon the whole, we think we may conclude, that the more any language abounds in compounds and derivatives, the smaller will be the number of its radical terms. The Arabic admits of no composition, and of consequence its words have been multiplied almost in infinitum; the Sanscrit, the Persian, and the Greek, abound with compounds, and we find their radicals are few in proportion.

a

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There are, we think, three different methods which Three dif may be employed in order to enrich and extend the ferent merange of a language. 1st, By fabricating a multitude thods of enriching of words; the plan which has been pursued by the language. Arabs. 2d, By framing a multitude of compounds and derivatives; the artifice employed by the Greeks and the authors of the Sanscrit. 3d, By varying the signification of words without enlarging their number; the method practised by the Chinese and their colonists. The Arabians, we think, have shown the most fertile and inventive genius, since they have enriched their language by actually creating a new and a most numerous race of words. The fabricators of the Sanscrit and the collectors of the Greek have exhibited art, but comparatively little fertility of genius. Leaving, therefore, the Arabians, as in justice we ought, masters of the field in the contest relating to the formation of language, we may range the Greek and Sanscrit on the one side, and the Chinese on the other; and having made this arrangement, we may attempt to discover on which side the largest proportion of genius and invention seems to

rest.

The

(N) An attempt of this nature, among a people like the Chinese, is by no means improbable; nor is its success less probable. For a proof of this, we need only have recourse to Bishop Wilkins's Artificial Language, and Psalmanazar's Dictionary of the language of Formosa.

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