Partner partner; yet, when there are more parners than two, ship. it may, by agreement, subsist among the survivors. Sometimes it is stipulated, that, in case of the death of a partner, his place shall be supplied by his son, or some other person condescended on. The contract ought to specify the time and manner in which the surviving partners shall reckon with the executors of the deceased for his share of the stock, and a reasonable time allow ed for that purpose.

When partnership is dissolved, there are often outstanding debts that cannot be recovered for a long time, and effects that cannot easily be disposed of. The partnership, though dissolved in other respects, still subsists for the management of their oustanding affairs: and the money arising from them is divided among the partners, or their representatives, when it is recovered. But as this may protract the final settlement of the company's affairs to a very inconvenient length, other methods are sometimes used to bring them to a conclusion, either in consequence of the original contract, or by agreement at the time of dissolution. Sometimes the debts and effects are sold by auction; sometimes they are divided among the partners; and when there are two partners, one divides them into shares, as equal as possible, and the other chooses either share he thinks best.

If a partner withdraws, he continues responsible for his former partners till it be publicly known that he hath done so. A deed of separation, registered at a public office, is sufficient presumption of such notoriety.

III. Companies, where the business is conducted by officers. There are many companies of this kind in Britain, chiefly established for purposes which require a larger capital than private merchants can command, The laws with respect to these companies, when not confirmed by public authority, are the same as the former, but the articles of their agreement usually very different. The capital is condescended on; and divided into a certain number of shares, whereof each partner may hold one or more, but is generally restricted to a certain number. Any partner may transfer his share; and the company must admit his assignee as a partner. The death of the partners has no effect on the company. No partner can act personally in the affairs of the company but the execution of their business is intrusted to officers, for whom they are responsible; and, when the partners are numerous, the superintendency of the officers is committed to directors chosen annually, or at other appointed times, by the partners.

:

IV. Companies incorporated by authority. A royal charter is necessary to enable a company to hold lands, to have a common seal, and enjoy the other privileges of a corporation A charter is sometimes procured, in order to limit the risk of the partners: for, in every private company, the partners are liable for the debts, without limitation; in corporated societies, they are only liable for their shares in the stock of the society. The incorporation of societies is sometimes authorized by act of parliament: but this high authority is not necessary, unless for conferring exclusive privileges. Mr Paley says, "I know of nothing upon the subPolitical ject of partnership that requires explanation, but how Philosophy, the profits are to be divided where one partner contri,

Moral and

"Rule. From the stock of the partnership deduct Parti the sum advanced, and divide the remainder between the moneyed partner and the labouring partner, in the proportion of the interest of the money to the wages of the labour, allowing such a rate of interest as money might be borrowed for upon the same security, and such wages as a journeyman would require for the same labour and trust.

B,

Example. A advances 1000l. but knows nothing of the business; B produces no money, but has been brought up to the business, and undertakes to conduct it. At the end of the year the stock and effects of the partnership amount to 12001. consequently there are 200l. to be divided. Now nobody would lend money, upon the event of the business succeeding, which is A's security, under 6 per cent, therefore A must be allowed 60l. for the interest of his money. before he engaged in the partnership, earned 301. a-year in the same employment: his labour, therefore, ought to be valued at 30l. and the 200l. must be divided between the partners in the proportion of 60 to 30; that is, A must receive 1331. 6s. 8d. and B 661. 138. 4d. If there be nothing gained, A loses his interest, and B his labour, which is right. If the original stock be diminished, by this rule B loses only his labour as before; whereas A loses his interest and part of the principal; for which eventual disadvantage A is compensated, by having the interest of his money computed at 6 per cent. in the division of the profits when there is any. It is true, that the division of the profit is seldom forgotten in the constitution of the partnership; and is therefore commonly settled by express agreement; but these agreements, to be equitable, should pursue the principle of the rule here laid down. All the partners are bound by what any one of them does in the course of the business; for quoad hoc, each partner is considered as an authorized agent for the

rest.

PARTRIDGE, a species of bird. See TETRAO, ORNITHOLOGY Index.

The partridge is so valuable at the table, that a great many ways of taking it have been invented by sportsmen, all of which succeed from the natural folly and timidity of the animal.

The places partridges delight in most are corn fields, especially whilst the corn grows, for under that cover they shelter and breed: neither are those places unfrequented by them when the corn is cut down, by reason of the grain they find there, especially in wheat stubble, the height of which they delight in, being to them as a covert or shelter. When the wheat stubble is much trodden by men or beasts, they then betake themselves to the barley stubble, provided it be fresh and untrodden; and they will, in the furrows, amongst the clots, branches, and long grass, hide both themselves and coveys, which are sometimes 20 in number, nay, 30 in a covey.

When the winter season is arrived, and the stubble fields are ploughed up, or over-soiled with cattle, partridges resort into the upland meadows, and lodge in the dead grass, or fog, under hedges, amongst mole hiles, or under the roots of trees; sometimes they resort

to

Partridge to coppices and underwoods, especially if any corn fields are adjacent, or where there is grown broom, brakes, fern, &c.

In the harvest time, when every field is full of men and cattle, in the day time they are found in the fallow fields which are next adjoining to the corn fields, where they lie lurking till evening or morning, and then they feed among the sheaves of corn.

When their haunts are known, according to the situation of the country and season of the year, the next care must be to find them out in their haunts, which is done several ways. Some do it by the eye only; and this art can never be taught, but learned by frequent experience, the colour of the birds being so like that of the earth at a distance, that no eye but a very conversant one could distinguish them. When they are once seen, the business is to keep the eye upon them, and then to keep in continual motion. They are a very lazy bird, and by this means will let a person almost tread upon them; though if the person stands still to eye them, they will rise immediately though they be at a considerable distance.

Another method of discovering them is, by going to their haunts very early in the morning, or at the close of the evening, which is called the jucking time. The noise of the cock partridge is to be attended to at this time, and is very loud and earnest. The hen will soon come up to the cock after her making the noise, which she does by way of answer; and when they are got together, their chattering will discover them. Thus they may always be found at these times. But there is yet a better method of finding this bird, which is by the call. The business, in order to have success in this way, is carefully to learn the notes of the partridge, and be able to imitate all the several sounds. When perfect in this, the person is to go to the haunts morning and evening, and placing himself in some place where he can see the birds without being seen by them, he is to listen to their calling; and when they are heard, he is to answer in the same notes, doubling again as they do: by continuing this, they may be brought so near, that the person lying down on his back may count their whole number. Having in this manner found where the birds are, the next care is to catch them.

They are so foolish, that it is extremely easy to take them in nets. In order to this, there needs no more that the going out, provided with two or three nets, with meshes somewhat smaller than those of the pheasant nets, and walking round about the covey, a net is to be fixed so as to draw over them, on pulling a line at a distance. All this may be easily done; for so long as the sportsman continues moving about, and does not fix his eye too intensely upon them, they will let him come near enough to fix the net without moving. If they lie so straggling, that one net will not cover them, then two or three must be fixed in the same manner. The sportsman may then draw the nets over them, and they will often lie still with the nets upon them till he comes up to fright them; then they will rise, and be entangled in the net.

A second method of taking them is with bird lime: this is done by means of wheat straws. These must be large, and cut off between knot and knot; they Lust be well limed with the best and strongest bird

lime, and the sportsman must carry a great number out Partridge. with him. Having found a field where there are partridges, he is to call; and if they answer, he is then to stick up the limed straws in rows across two or three lands, and going backward, call again to them, leading them on in the road where the straws are: they will follow one another like a flock of chickens, and come out to the call; and will in their way run upon the straws, and liming themselves they will daub one another by crowding together, so that very few of them will be able to escape.

But there is yet a pleasanter way of taking them than this, that is, by driving of them. In order to this, an engine is to be made of canvass stuffed with straw, to represent a horse; this horse and nets are to be taken to the haunts of the partridges, and the nets being placed slanting or slopwise in the lower part of the field, the sportsman is to take the wind in his back and get above them, driving them downwards; his face is to be covered with something green or blue, and placing the horse before him, he is to go towards them slowly and gently; and by this means they will be raised on their legs, but not on their wings, and will run before the horse into the nets. If in the way they go into a wrong path, the horse is to be moved to face them; and they will be thus driven back again, and driven every way the sportsman pleases.

The partridges of Abyssinia, we are told, are very large, being as big as capons.

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In Jeremiah xvii. 11, we have the following curious passage: As the partridge sitteth on eggs, and hatcheth them not; so he that getteth riches, and not by right, shall leave them in the midst of his days, and at his end shall be a fool ;" which is explained by Mr Poole as follows: It is no wonder if we cannot be certain as to the sense of these words, so far as they concern natural history, when we are not certain what bird it is to which this doth relate. We translate it partridge: others will have it to be a cuckoo; but certain it is, that it is the same word which we translate partridge, (1 Sam. xxvi. 20.); and cuckoos use not to be much hunted after. How the partridge is said to sit on eggs and hatch them not, is yet a greater question. It may be occasioned so many ways, viz. either sitting upon wind eggs; or being killed before the eggs are hatched; or having its eggs destroyed by the male partridge, or by some dog or other vermine; or, its nest being found, having her eggs taken from her, that it is hard to determine which the prophet means. Of all others, I least approve of that which Jerome makes the sense, though the thing be true (if we may believe Cassiodorus and several natural historians, Aldrovandus, &c.), that partridges have such a love and desire to hatch young ones, that having lost their own eggs, they will steal the eggs of other partridges, and hatch them; which being hatched, the young ones knowing the cry of their proper dams, hearing them call, leave the partridge that hatched them (which is one thing quoted by Aldrovandus, to show the sagacity of that bird); but if this were the sense, the words would be, as the partridge sitteth on eggs, and hatcheth them, but enjoyeth them not; whereas they are, hatcheth them not:' that is, having lost them, either by some man that bath taken them from her, or by some vermin or wild beast.” Poole's Annot. in Loc.

The

Partridge

"The par

The words in the original are, xp 17, which the Septuagint translate φωνης πέρδιξ, &c. Pascal. tridge cried; it gathered together what it had not produced;" and some translate the Hebrew, "The partridge lays many eggs, but does not hatch them all." Le Clerc, upon the authority of Bocchart, understands the Hebrew word kore here to signify a woodcock. Le Clerc's translation is as follows: Rusticula ova colligit, sed non parit; facit sibi divitias, sed sine jure, mediis suis diebus eas relinquit, atque ad extremum stulta est. PARTURITION, the act of bringing forth or being delivered of young. See MIDWIFERY.

PARTY, in a military sense, a small number of men, horse or foot, sent upon any kind of duty; as into an enemy's country to pillage, to take prisoners, and to oblige the country to come under contribution. Parties are often sent out to view the roads and ways, get intelligence, seek forage; to reconnoitre, or amuse the enemy upon a march: they are also frequently sent upon the flanks of any army or regiment, to discover the enemy if near, and prevent surprise or ambuscade. PÁRVICH, an island near Dalmatia, and one of the best peopled and most considerable of those which are under the jurisdiction of Sibenico. It contains a great number of fishermen, and a considerable number of persous employed in agriculture. It contains many Roman antiquities, which evidently show that it was a Roman station. It seems to be among the number of those islands which Pliny calls Celadussa, which is supposed to be an inversion of dosades, which means ill sounding or noisy. Parvich is not of large extent, but it is extremely fertile. Every product succeeds in perfection there we mean those products of which a very shallow ground is susceptible; such as wine, oil, mulberry-trees, and fruit. The aspect of this island is also very pleasant at a distance, whereas that of the others adjacent disgusts the eye, by their too high, rocky, and bare hills. The name of Parvich seems to have been given it because it is the first one meets with on going out of the harbour of Sibenico; for the Illyric word parvi signifies first.

PARULIDES, in Surgery, tumors and inflammations of the gums, commonly called gum-boils. They are to be treated with discutients like other inflammatory tumors.

PARUS, or TITMOUSE, a genus of birds belonging to the order of passeres. See ORNITHOLOGY Index. PASCAL, BLAISE, one of the greatest geniuses and best writers France has produced, was born at Clermont in Auvergne, in the year 1623. His father, Stephen Pascal, born in 1588, and of an ancient family, was president of the court of aids in his province: he was a very learned man, an able mathematician, and a friend of Descartes. Having an extraordinary tender ness for this child, his only son, he quitted his office in his province, and went and settled at Paris in 1631, that he might be quite at leisure for the instruction of him; and Blaise never had any master but his father. From his infancy he gave proofs of a very extraordinary capacity: for he desired to know the reason of every thing; and when good reasons were not given him, he would seek for better; nor would he ever yield his assent but upon such as appeared to him well grounded. There was room to fear, that with such a cast of mind he would fall into free thinking, or at least into

What is told of his manner of learning the mathe matics, as well as the progress he quickly made in that science, seems almost miraculous. His father, perceiving in him an extraordinary inclination to reasoning, was afraid lest the knowledge of the mathematics would hinder his learning the languages. He kept him therefore as much as he could from all notions of geometry, locked up all his books of that kind, and refrained even from speaking of it in his presence. He could not, however, make his son refrain from musing upon proportions; and one day surprised him at work with charcoal upon his chamber-floor, and in the midst of figures. He asked him what he was doing? I am searching, says Pascal, for such a thing; which was just the 32d proposition of the first book of Euclid. He asked him then how he came to think of this? It was, says Pascal, because I have found out such another thing and so going backward, and using the names of bar and round, he came at length to the definitions and axioms he had formed to himself. Does it not seem miraculous that a boy should work bis way into the heart of a mathematical book, without ever having seen that or any other book upon the subject, or knowing any thing of the terms? Yet we are assured of the truth of this by Madame Perrier, and seve ral other writers, the credit of whose testimony cannot reasonably be questioned. He Irad, from henceforward, full liberty to indulge his genius in mathematical pursuits. He understood Euclid's Elements as soon as he cast his eyes upon them and this was not strange; for, as we have seen, he understood them before. At 16 years of age he wrote a treatise of conic sections, which was accounted by the most learned a mighty effort of genius; and therefore it is no wonder that Descartes, who had been in Holland a long time, should, upon reading it, choose to believe that Mr Pascal the father was the real author of it. At 19, he contrived an admirable arithmetical machine, which was esteemed a very wonderful thing, and would have done credit as an invention to any man versed in science, and much more to such a youth.-About this time his health became impaired, and he was in consequence obliged to suspend his labours; nor was he in a condition to resume them till four years after. that period, having seen Torricelli's experiment respecting a vacuum and the weight of the air, he turned bis thoughts towards these objects; and in a conference with Mr Petit, intendant of fortifications, proposed to make farther researches. In consequence of this idea, he undertook several new experiments, one of which was as follows:-Having provided a glass tube, 46 feet in length, open at one end, and sealed hermetically at the other, he filled it with red wine, that he might distinguish the liquor from the tube. He then elevated it in this condition; and having placed it perpendicularly to the horizon, stopped up the bottom, and plunged it into a vessel full of water, to the depth of a foot; after which he opened the extremity of the tube, and the wine descended to the distance of about 32 feet from the surface of the vessel, leaving a considerable vacuum at the upper extremity. He next inclined the tube, and remarked that the wine rose higher and having inclined it till the top was within 32 feet of the

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ground,