5. The carrying or conveying through any street any substance which has been removed from any vault or cesspool, unless the same shall be inclosed in air-tight receptacles. 6. Whatever is dangerous to human life or health, whatever building, erection, or part or cellar thereof is not provided with adequate means of ingress or egress, or is not sufficiently supported, ventilated, drained, cleaned. or lighted, and whatever renders the air, food, or water unwholesome. 7. Any imperfect trap, sink, or water-closet within any house, or any other drainage appliance or fixture within any house, from which there shall rise any foul or obnoxious gasses or odors. 8. All sunken lots or marsh lands, or lots below grade, where stagnant water gathers or is collected. BELLEVUE, OHIO. Board of Health—Organization and Meetings (Regulation Board of Health Adopted Mar. 21, 1912). SECTION 1. Time of meeting fixed by the board. The regular meetings of the Bellevue Board of Health shall be the second and last Friday of each month at 8 p. m. SEC. 2. Standing committees.-The president shall appoint the following standing committees: Laws, rules, and regulations; finance; sanitary; registration of vital statistics; plumbing and nuisances; water, food supplies, and dairies; contagious and infectious diseases and hospitals; refuse disposal. SEC. 3. The order of business shall be Roll call of members. Reading of minutes. Audience with persons having business with the board. Report of clerk. Reports of standing committees: Laws, rules, and regulations; finance; sanitary; registration of vital statistics; plumbing and nuisances; water, food supplies, and dairies; contagious and infectious diseases and hospitals; refuse disposal; reports of special committees; unfinished business; new business; adjournment. CHELSEA, MASS. Milk-Care and Sale (Regulation Board of Health, Adopted July 2, 1912). RULE 115, SEC. 2. No person or corporation shall sell or offer, expose or keep for sale in any shop, store, or other place, milk or cream, unless the same is sold or offered, exposed, or kept for sale in tightly closed or capped bottles or receptacles. Nothing contained herein shall prevent the sale of milk or cream from cans, crocks, coolers, or other receptacles in restaurants, hotels, barrooms, or at soda fountains when the milk or cream is to be consumed in the restaurant or hotel by guests or patrons ordering the same. DES MOINES, IOWA. Turberculosis and Typhoid Fever-Notification of Cases and Prevention of (Ordinance Adopted Nov. 11, 1912). SECTION 1. It shall be the duty of every physician in the city of Des Moines to report in writing to the health department within 24 hours after the disease is recognized, on forms to be provided by said health officer, the name, age, sex, color, occupation, and address of every person under his care in said city who, in his opinion, is afflicted with pulmonary or other communicable form of tuberculosis. It shall be the duty also of the officer having charge for the time being of each and every hospital, dispensary, asylum, or other similar public or private institution in said city to report in like manner the name, age, sex, color, occupation, and last address of every person who is in his care or who has come under his observation within one week of such time who, in his opinion, is afflicted with pulmonary or other communicable form of tuberculosis or with typhoid fever. SEC. 2. That the health officer of said city shall cause all cases showing the presence of tubercle bacilli to be recorded in a register of which he shall be the custodian, which register shall not be open to inspection by anyone except the health officer and deputy health officer of said city, and neither said health officer nor said deputy health officer shall permit any such record to be divulged in such manner as to disclose the identity of the person to whom it relates except as it may be necessary in carrying out the provisions of this ordinance. SEC. 3. That in case of death from pulmonary or other communicable form of tuberculosis, or the removal from any apartment or premises of a person or persons so afflicted, it shall be the duty of the attending physician, if he has such knowledge, or, if there be no such physician or if such physician be absent, of the occupant or other person in charge of said apartment or premises to notify the health department in writing of such death or removal within 24 hours. SEC. 4. Every person so afflicted with tuberculosis, and every person in attendance upon anyone afflicted therewith, and the authorities of public and private institutions or dispensaries in said city must observe and enforce all sanitary rules and regulations of the health department of the city of Des Moines for preventing the spread of the disease. SEC. 5. That upon the recovery of any person who has been found to be suffering from tuberculosis or typhoid, a report to that effect to the health department made by the attending physician, shall be recorded in the register aforesaid, and shall relieve said person from further liability to any requirements imposed by this ordinance. SEC. 6. Upon the termination or recovery or within three days thereafter of any case of tuberculosis or typhoid fever, the owner or person in charge where such disease existed shall cause said premises to be thoroughly fumigated under the direction of the health department, and any such premises shall not be rented, leased or sold, or occupied with the knowledge of the said owner or agent until said fumigation shall have been completed. SEC. 7. Any person, firm, or corporation violating any of the provisions of this ordinance shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $100 and stand committed for a period of not less than one day nor more than 30 days in the city jail. SEC. 8. All ordinances or parts of ordinances in conflict herewith are hereby repealed. SEC. 9. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after its passage and publication as required by law. LOS ANGELES, CAL. Vicious and Dangerous Animals (Ordinance Adopted May 1, 1912). SEC. 38. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation owning or having charge, custody, control, or possession of any vicious dog or other vicious or dangerous animal to permit or allow the same to go free or unrestrained in, along, or upon any public street or other public place. PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS VOL. XXVIII. FEBRUARY 28, 1913. SNUFF AND TOBACCO. THEIR USE BY SCHOOL BOYS AND GIRLS IN COUNTY Z. No. 9. By CH. WARDELL STILES, Professor of Zoology, and S. B. ALTMAN, Assistant, Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health Service. In taking the clinical histories of 96 boys and 83 girls (a total of 179 children), in connection with certain studies on hookworm disease, record was made of their answers in reply to the question as to whether they dipped snuff and chewed or smoked tobacco. These children vary from 8 to 18 years of age, and nearly all of them are in attendance at seven schools in County Z of one of our South Atlantic States. The answers obtained have been tabulated in reference to the presence or absence of a privy at the house or farm where they live, on the assumption that better sanitation (as presence of a privy) and increased refinement (such as absence of snuff dipping) would probably parallel each other. In not all cases could we obtain reliable data, so that our statistics as to the number who chew, dip, and smoke represent simply the number who admitted the habits. The data may be summarized as follows: Thus, of 69 boys, for whom data are available, 18 boys (26 per cent) admit the use of tobacco, and half of these children live at houses provided with privies while the other half live at homes not so provided. Of 11 who smoke, 7 live at homes provided with privies and 4 at homes not so provided; of 12 who chew, 4 live at homes with privies and 8 without privies; of 7 who dip, 2 live at homes with privies and 5 without privies. Accordingly, so far as can be judged by the figures presented from these cases, boys not yet refined enough to have privies are more likely to dip snuff and to chew tobacco; smoking, however, is more prevalent among the boys from the more refined than from the less refined homes. Thus, also, of the 59 girls, for whom data are available, 13 girls (or 22 per cent) admit the use of tobacco, and of these, only 2 girls (or 15 per cent) live in homes provided with privies, while 11 girls (or 84 per cent) live in less refined homes, namely, in homes without privies. Of the 2 girls who smoke, one lives in a home with, and the other without a privy; all 8 girls who chew live in homes without privies; of the 10 girls who dip snuff, 1 lives in a home with a privy, and 9 in homes without privies. Thus the statistics for the girls agree in general with those for the boys. Taking the aggregates, it is seen that of the 127 boys and girls in question, 31 children (or 24 per cent) admit the use of snuff or tobacco; of the 13 smokers (11 boys and 2 girls), 8 come from homes provided with privies, and 5 from homes without privies; accordingly, increased refinement in these particular cases has paralleled an increase in smoking. Of the 20 tobacco chewers (12 boys and 8 girls), 4 come from more refined, 16 from less refined homes. Of the 17 snuff dippers, 3 come from the more refined, and 14 from the less refined homes. It may be admitted that the foregoing statistics are too small to quote as definite proof, but so far as they go they are distinctly in harmony with our personal experience extending over many years, that as we go among people without privies we find that this primitive and filthy condition is generally paralleled with an increase in tobacco chewing and snuff dipping. Classification by age.-The tobacco and snuff users referred to in the foregoing are tabulated as to age as follows: |