to a gymnasium or a real-schule. 'Persons their affairs, internal and external, are under capable of forming a judgment among the commercial and industrial classes often express the opinion, as the result of their own experience, that a well-ordered general education (ein geordneter allgemeiner wissenschaftlicher unterricht), without special regard to the boy's after-vocation, such as is afforded by the gymnasium, and in a somewhat lesser degree by the real-schule, proves more practically useful, even for an industrial calling, than the instruction afforded by special professional schools. Young men, liberally educated, show, as a general rule, after a short time, more capacity and sounder judgment even in practical pursuits than those who have had an exclusively practical training, and have made themselves masters of a superficial routine (eine ausserliche routine).' "The total number of persons of both sexes between the ages of six and twenty-four was 3,501,393. "In 1840 the number of boys attending the gymnasien did not much exceed 20,000; in 1856 it was 35,645; at the beginning of the year 1861, 40,043. "The state has a legal right of supervision extending over all educational establishments, including private schools. Even in these no teacher can be appointed whose intellectual and moral qualifications have not been certified by authorized public officers. In every town there is a local superintending authority for education, to which the elementary schools and the higher private schools are subject. Most of the gymnasien and real-schulen have a local body of school-curators (schul-curatorium), and all the schools of each province, as to all Pr. Jahrb. p. 69. the supervision of a body of officers called the königlich-provinzial-schul-collegium. The schulräthe of the several districts preside at the final examinations (of boys leaving school), and from time to time hold inspections of the superior schools within their district. Besides this, the Minister of Education directs, as often as he thinks proper, an extraordinary inspection, by his technische räthe,of gymnasien, real-schulen, &c., in different parts of the kingdom. By the reports which it is the duty of the provincial authorities to send in at fixed periods, he is kept acquainted with the condition and performances of the schools, and issues such directions from time to time as he deems expedient. The general inspections above mentioned extend to all external and internal concerns of the schools, including their local situation, general management, and pecuniary condition, as well as the discipline, course of study, books, and method of teaching. The dismissal as well as the appointment of the teachers requires the consent of the state authorities, and sentence of dismissal may be pronounced by them in case of proved incompetency or moral unworthiness, in conformity with an established disciplinary law which prescribes a regular judicial procedure, affording liberty for the party inculpated to make his defence, and allowing an appeal. The appeal is reserved exclusively to the ministry as a whole (dem gesammten staatsministerium). Every person definitely appointed a teacher acquires a legal claim to a pension on dismissal for age or infirmity. This claim begins with the sixteenth year of service; the amount depends on the length of service, rising ultimately to three-fourths of the stipend. "To the question whether means exist of acquiring from official reports, published works, or other sources, accurate information respecting the management of these schools, their system of discipline, and methods of instruction, it is answered that there is at present no official publication of this nature, but that one is pow preparing and will probably appear very soon. An account of the regulations issued up to 1854 may be found in the second part of Von Rönne, Das Unterrichtswesen des Preussischen Staats,' Berlin, 1855. Every gymnasium, however, and every real-schul publishes annually its programme,' which gives an accu rate account of the tasks done (unterrichtspensa), the number of boys, and all other matters interesting to parents or to the general public. The example set by Prussia in this respect has been followed by twenty-three other German States, including Austria; and there is a regular interchange of these programmes' between them and Prussia. The interchange with Denmark (with the gymnasium at Reikiavik in Iceland) has been stopped, on the side of Prussia, of late years. This practice has been very useful, but the expense it occasions (about 2,000l. in 1860), and the accumulation of volumes in the school libraries will, it is apprehended, render some change inevitable. "The programmes of the Berlin schools, thirteen in number, are furnished as samples. They all begin with an essay or dissertation by one of the masters on some classical, historical, or scientific subject. A detailed statement follows of the whole work of the year, the books and portions of books read, the themes or other compositions written, and the time consumed, and of the subjects and problems set at the final examination. There is also a short history of the school during the year, notices of the masters who have left, and biographical accounts of those who have come. The num bers and class distribution of the school are stated, and the fluctuations they have undergone; the names and ages of those who have passed the final examination; the time they have spent in the school and in the first form respectively, and the faculty each has chosen; the books, instruments, &c., purchased for the library and the laboratory, &c.; the holidays; the ordinances or regulations which have been made by authority affecting the school; and there is a notice of the public examinations which will be held during the ensuing year. There is also a table showing how the work is distributed among the various masters, and the number of hours during which each is engaged. In these tables it is to be observed that each master is commonly charged wholly or partially with some one subject, which he teaches in several distinct forms, being himself perhaps also the ordinarius of a form. SOLDIERS' TRADES. RETURN of the NUMBER of NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS and SOLDIERS in every REGIMENT, at Home and in the Mediterranean Stations, who have learned some trade, and what trade, before enlisting, showing whether they have worked at their trade since they entered the Army. (Sir Harry Verney). 18th February, 1865 (13). The number of Non-commissioned Officers and Soldiers who have learned some trade before entering was as follows: [RETURN of the NUMBER of NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS and SOLDIERS, &c.-continued. INDIA GOLD CURRENCY. Copies of a Resolution, No. 1325, dated Simla, 12th July, 1864, by the Government of India (Financial Department) on the subject of a Gold Currency for India, together with the several Minutes, Letters, &c. therein referred to; and of any Correspondence between the Secretary of State for India and the Government of India relative to the same subject. (Mr. Crawford.) 24th February, 1865. (79.) On the 12th July, 1864, certain papers and minutes having been brought before the Government of India on the question of a gold currency for India, the Governor-General in Council directed that the information be published in a Gazette of India extraordinary. The Bengal Chamber of Commerce passed a resolution in favour of gold as an auxiliary currency. The Bombay Association petitioned to the same effect. And the Bombay Chamber petitioned Sir John Lawrence as follows: "That the monetary condition of India is in a most unsound and unsatisfactory state, and that its exclusive silver currency is no longer adequate for the circulation of the increased and increasing amount of commodities through its vast population. 2. That within the last ten years, the trade of Bombay has been trebled, and that last year the aggregate export and import trade alone of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, amounted 1060 millions of rupees. "3. That the resources of India are only now beginning to be developed, and that its commerce and industry, now stimulated into healthy activity, are rapidly expanding in every direction. 4. That the wise regulation of our currency, therefore, demands the immediate and serious attention of Government. "5. That when our silver standard and currency were introduced, the production of silver amounted to double that of gold, and was, therefore, reasonably selected for this country. "6. That whilst the demand of India has enormously increased, the production of silver has remained unaltered, and has become insufficient. 7. That the annual produce of silver throughout the world does not exceed ten millions sterling. "8. That during the last six years the average annual importation and absorption of silver by India alone has amounted to eleven and a half millions sterling, and that last year the amount imported was no less than fourteen and a half millions. 9. That India alone, therefore, has consumed during the last six years on an average fifteen per cent., and last year nearly fifty per cent., more silver than the whole world annually produces. "10. That the annual aggregate demand for silver throughout the world may be fairly estimated at about treble the annual production. 11. That great scarcity and enhancement in the value of silver must inevitably ensue from this excessive disproportion between demand and supply. 12. That the inevitable decrease in the amount of our currency, therefore, just at a time when the amount of commodities to be circulated has so enormously increased, and a consequent violent derangement of prices, cannot fail to be most diastrous to India. 16. That while the production of silver has remained unaltered, in spite of increased demand, and is so insufficient, the production of gold has largely increased, and annually amounts to at least 150 per cent. more than that of silver. "17. That this complete revolution in the relative quantities of the precious metals, and the discovery of gold in an adjacent country, naturally suggests the necessity of a corresponding adjustment of our currency, and the introduction of gold. "18. That while there is not enough of silver for India, and for other countries, there is abundance of gold for all. "19. That while silver must be transported from a great distance, and reaches us burdened with heavy charges, gold may be cheaply procured from neighbouring countries. "20. That from its enhanced cost in India, we cannot profitably, or without loss, re-export silver, and its reproductive power is thus lost to this country. "21. That our silver standard and currency therefore force India to continue the sink' of this precious metal, adding the reluctant absorption of commerce to the characteristic absorption of the ryot. "22. That instead of being the last recipients and absorbers of silver, we might become the first importers and the distributors of gold. "23. That India is virtually compelled to purchase silver, the dearer and scarcer of the precious metals, and prevented taking gold, which is cheaper and more abundant. "24. That, obtaining money cheaper, we should obtain all other commodities cheaper also. "25. That the heavy charges with which silver is burdened are a serious and unnecessary loss to India. "26. That our exclusive silver standard and currency renders direct trade with Australia and other gold-producing districts impossible; and forces a country, with abundance of the more precious metal, to traverse half the globe in search of silver before she can pay for our commodities. "27. That this prohibitive currency, which excludes us from commercial intercourse with neighbouring countries, must severely injure the interests of India. "28. That a silver currency is bulky and inconvenient, and entails much expense upon India. "29. That the cost of transport is a serious item in State charges and in private accounts, the weight of 1000l. sterling in rupees being no less than 312 lbs. 6 oz. troy. "30. That the mere loss of time in counting, weighing, and examining it, is vexatious and embarrassing. 66 31. That the cumbrous nature of our silver currency not only causes much heavy and unnecessary expense, but from the impossibility of its rapid transmission from point to point renders it necessary for Government to retain large and unprofitable balances in various treasuries. 32. That the accumulation of Government and private funds, which the difficulty of transport necessitates, not only causes much loss of interest, but restricts all business operations. 66 33. That the introduction of a gold currency into India would promote an equable distribution of the precious metals, and restore their relative equilibrium. 34. That the superior convenience of gold, and its adaptation to native wants, would secure an immediate and intelligent welcome for a gold currency in India. "35. That the importation of gold has for many years steadily increased, though it is not a legal tender, the amount imported last year being nearly seven millions sterling, and that from the 1st May to the 31st December, since the returns quoted, no less than three and a half millions sterling of gold were imported into Bombay alone. 36. That there is an increasing tendency to the creation of a gold ingot currency, by the natives of this country, as a rude remedy for the defects of the existing silver one. "37. That gold bars, stamped with the mark of Bombay banks, are for this purpose circulated in several parts of the country. "38. That the exclusion of gold from our currency cannot be justified, and cannot be considered other than barbarous, irrational, and unnatural. "39. That it is only just and reasonable that India should be allowed the benefits which she would secure from the introduction of a gold currency. "40. That recent financial derangements warn us of the necessity of immediate reform. "41. That the longer this reform is delayed, the more difficult will it become. 42. That your memorialists, therefore, earnestly entreat your Excellency in Council to take this important question at once into serious consideration, and to effect an amendment which is so loudly called for, by introducing a well-regulated gold currency into India. The Madras Chamber of Commerce petitioned to the same effect. On the 23rd February, 1864, the Governor of Bombay, and other members of that Government, made minutes in favour of forwarding the proposal to the Government of India, as well as a letter from Mr. W. R. Cassell, dated 1st January, 1864, on the monetary condition of India. In this letter he first showed the immense increase in the trade of Bombay. "In ten years the trade of Bombay, as the following statistics show, has increased nearly 250 per cent. |