"47. That no boy be entitled to compete for such exhibitions who, if at Rugby School, is not already in the middle school, or who, if not yet at Rugby School, shall not pass such a preliminary examination in classics as will entitle him to a place in the middle school.

"48. That it be in the power of any boy to offer himself as a candidate for such exhibitions in two different branches of learning, and no more.

"49. That any boy on the foundation of Rugby School be entitled to obtain by competition a Sheriff scholarship, if under the age of fifteen, and in such case he shall vacate his place and privileges on the foundation.

"50. That any boy on the foundation of the school be entitled to obtain one Sheriff exhibition, and no more, without vacating his place on the foundation.

"51. That the number, nature, and value of the Sheriff scholarships and exhibitions annually vacant and to be competed for, together with the general terms of the competition, be advertised in the public newspapers annually three months before the examination takes place.

"52. That the number and nature of any scholarships or exhibitions accidentally vacated before the expiration of the four years during which they may be commonly held at the school, together with the general terms of the competition, be also in the same manner advertised three months before the examinations take place, if possible; and if this be not possible, then as long before as is practicable.

53. That the trustees on being satisfied after a report made jointly by the head master and the masters teaching mathematics, modern languages, or physical science, as the circumstances may require, that any boy holding a Sheriff exhibition has ceased to endeavour seriously to maintain his proficiency in that branch of knowledge for the encouragement of which the exhibition of which he enjoys the benefit was founded, have the power at any period not being less than one year from the time when such exhibition was awarded to declare such exhibition 'open to challenge.'

54. That in the event of the trustees declaring any exhibition of any boy open to challenge, any other boy who has been at Rugby School for one year, not being of greater age

than the boy whose exhibition is declared open to challenge, or any boy whosoever, being under the age of fifteen years, may at the next examination held in the school for the Sheriff scholarships and exhibitions offer himself as a candidate for such exhibition, which shall be awarded by a competitive examination, at which the boy actually holding the same shall be also admitted to compete.

"55. That any exhibition which has been so challenged shall be held by the successful competitor for the remainder of time during which it might have been enjoyed if it had never been declared open to challenge.

"56. That the examiners appointed for the examination of candidates for exhibitions at the university shall take such part in examining for and have such voice in awarding the Sheriff scholarships and exhibitions as the trustees of the school shall think fit to order; and, to aid this arrangement, the examination for Sheriff scholarships and Sheriff exhibitions shall take place about the same time with that for the university exhibitions.

66

57. That the election of Sheriff scholarships and Sheriff exhibitions commence forthwith and be continued in succeeding years by the election of such number of scholars and exhibitioners as has been herein appointed for annual election; and that the annual sums of money herein saved to the revenues of the school by transferring the payment of the head master and seven assistant classical masters from the revenues of the school to the school instruction fund, be applied to this object before all others.

"58. That the trustees be empowered to increase the number of such exhibitions and scholarships, in case such a course shall appear to them desirable, as they shall find the revenues of the school liberated by the gradual diminution of the number of foundation boys, and by the final extinction of that local privilege.

59. That the existing arrangements affecting the value and number and nature of the exhibitions offered to competition to boys. quitting Rugby School for the universities be modified in order to give a better and more effective encouragement to the studies of the school.

"60. In lieu of five exhibitions of the value

respectively of 801., 701., 60l., 50l., and 40/., all and each yearly offered for mixed attainments in many branches of knowledge, the same yearly sum shall be given as follows:There shall be three yearly exhibitions of the respective values of 60l., 50l., and 401. awarded annually to the highest proficiency in classics alone; two exhibitions of 30l. and 201. respectively to the highest proficiency in mathematics alone; two exhibitions of 30l. and 20l. respectively for proficiency in modern languages; and two exhibitions of 30l. and 207. respectively for proficiency in physical science.

"61. That it be in the power of any boy to compete for any two exhibitions assigned to two different branches of knowledge, and to hold any two such of any value together.

"62. That the examiners for the exhibitions at the universities be henceforth five in number.

That there be two classical examiners, one mathematical examiner, one examiner in physical science, and one examiner in modern languages. That a sum not exceeding 251. be given to each classical examiner, and that a sum not exceeding 201. be given each examiner in the three other branches.

"63. That competitive examinations requiring a serious amount of preparation be, as far as possible, avoided in the first month of any half year.

"64. That the original English verse prize be restored to its ancient value by the addition of three guineas from the school revenues to the three guineas now given by the head master.

"65. That prizes for the translation of choice Greek and Latin passages into English, both prose and verse, and choice English passages into the classical languages be given, and, if necessary, out of the school revenues.

"66. That the trustees consider the propriety of providing prizes for the encouragement of study in the mathematical, modern language, and physical science schools.

"67. That that part of the ground now in occupation of the head master, immediately adjoining to, and lying within the same hedges as, the school field, and only separated from it by a post and rail fence, be taken into and form part of the school close, and be devoted as such to the use of the boys; and that either by placing other convenient ground of equal value, and available for the same purposes, at the disposal VOL. I.

of the head master, or by other arrangements, the head master be compensated for the loss or inconvenience which this change may produce. "SHREWSBURY.

Shrewsbury School is one of the many educational foundations established at or soon after the Reformation in order to supply the void caused by the dissolution of the monasteries and of the seminaries dependent on them. In 1551 the bailiffs, burgesses, and inhabitants of Shrewsbury, and very many other our subjects of our whole neighbouring country there' (totius patriæ ibidem vicina), represented the need of such an establishment to King Edward the Sixth, and solicited a grant of some portion of the estates of two dissolved collegiate churches for the purpose. The King accordingly granted the appropriated tithes of several prebendal livings, formerly belonging to the churches of St. Mary and St. Chad, for the endowment of a Royal Free Grammar School. Queen Elizabeth subsequently added to this endowment the valuable tithes of the rectory of Chirbury, and some other ecclesiastical property. Thus it happens that nearly the whole of the property now belonging to this school consists of tithe rentcharges. These produced, on an average of seven years from 1854 to 1860, 2,7147. per annum ; the remaining property produced only 3001.

"The original charter of King Edward was to a considerable extent superseded by the indenture made by Queen Elizabeth on the occasion of her granting the living of Chirbury in 1571. The ordinances consequent upon that indenture were in turn superseded by an Act of Parliament passed in 1798; and this again has been materially modified by a scheme framed under the directions of the Court of Chancery in 1853.

one of their number to be chairman, and another to be deputy chairman.

"2. That the corporation, the three colleges, and the Crown at once nominate one apiece, to be added to the governing body, which will thus be raised to seventeen members, exclusive of the mayor, whose tenure of office is only temporary, and that there be no fresh appointment till the number has been reduced below thirteen; except that in case of the death or resignation of any of the five additional members before that minimum has been reached, the vacancy be supplied by the same authority as that by which the member dying or resigning had originally been appointed. After the number of the governors has been reduced below thirteen, the vacancies to be filled by alternate nominations by the Corporation and the Crown, until each has nominated three members. The next four vacancies to be filled by election.

"3. That the governors should be members of the Church of England, and persons qualified by their positions or attainments to fill that situation with advantage to the school, and those nominated by the Crown should be graduates of Oxford or Cambridge, and men eminent in science or literature.

"4. That whenever the whole number of the governing body is complete, six should be a quorum, and that when it is not complete, a proportion not less than one-half of the existing body should constitute a quorum.

"5. That the right of veto upon the selection of the head master now given to the visitor should be discontinued.

6. That inasmuch as by the arrangements made by the Cambridge University commissioners, and acquiesced in by Magdalen College, the scholars of Shrewsbury School have been deprived of their exclusive claim to the Millington fellowships at that college, it is just that the Millington scholars or exhibitioners from Shrewsbury School, should, on their side, be released from the necessity of entering at Magdalen College, and that they should be allowed to hold their scholarships or exhibitions at any college at Oxford or Cambridge.

"7. That the Careswell exhibitions, and all other scholarships and exhibitions and other emoluments to which boys of Shrewsbury School are now eligible, either primarily, or in

default of other candidates to whom a preference has been given, and the emoluments of which are supplied from funds not held by or for any particular college, be held at the option of the successful candidates respectively, at any college at either university.

"8. That a scheme be prepared for bringing all the funds for scholarships and exhibitions into one common fund, and commuting the various scholarships and exhibitions which are now tenable at various colleges for various terms for a fixed number of exhibitions worth from 301. to 80l. per annum, tenable at any college at either university, and for the uniform term of four years, attaching, as far as possible, the names of the original founders to the commuted exhibitions.

9. That the right of free education at Shrewsbury School be limited to forty boys at a time, and that these forty be called free scholars, and be selected from among the sons of burgesses in the first instance, and, after these have been provided for, then by competitive examinations open to all her Majesty's subjects under the age of fifteen.

"10. That after the expiration of twentyfive years, all local and other particular rights to free education at the school be abolished, and that thereafter the free scholarships be filled up by free competition, open to all her Majesty's subjects.

"11. That all the boys in the school be equally eligible to the several scholarships and exhibitions at the universities.

12. That the tuition fees should be raised to twenty guineas, and that the governors should pay those of the scholars.

13. That it is expedient to suspend a portion of the exhibitions for so many years as as may be requisite, in order to meet the demand for new buildings.

"14. That a sum be forthwith expended sufficient to provide a site for, and build, two boarding houses, one capable of containing not less than sixty boys to be kept by the head master, and one capable of containing not less than forty boys to be kept by the under master.

15. That the governors select two places for this purpose, of which the one intended for the head master's boarding house immediately to be erected should form part of a larger design, comprehending a plan for school build

ings hereafter to be raised when funds shall be forthcoming, and the occasion for doing so shall seem to the governors to have arrived. "16. That the governors be recommended to raise the sum required for these purposes by the sale of the whole or part of the funded property now in their hands, and by borrowing such further sum as may be necessary on the security of the unincumbered portion of the tithe rent-charges belonging to the school.

"17. That the two houses which it is proposed that the governors should build be assigned to the head master and second master respectively. That no rent be charged for them; but that in lieu of rent a capitation charge of 31. be made for each boarder on the annual average number of boarders. That any of the other masters (whether classical or not) be at liberty to open boarding houses on their own account, with the permission in each case of the governors, and under regulations to be made by them, and that they be subject to the same capitation charge of 31. per boarder. The capitation fee to be paid into the tuition fund.

"18. That immediate steps be taken for the appointment of a master in natural science, to be at once employed in the instruction of the non-collegiate class.

"19. That the fees charged to the noncollegiate' class be equal to those charged to the rest of the school.

"20. That no boy be allowed to join the non-collegiate' class except either on his first admission to the school or after he has reached the fifth form. In the latter case provision should be made upon the same principles as at other schools for allowing boys either to discontinue the higher kinds of composition only, or to discontinue Greek and original composition altogether.

"21. The following scale of work is suggested for the non-collegiate' school :Classics (including divinity, ancient history, and geography), hours per week 6 Mathematics

...

...

6

6422

26

"22. That as to drawing the boys should, at all events for the present, continue to take advantage of the school of design in the town.

"23. That in order to prevent the 'noncollegiate' class becoming a refuge for the idle, there should be a stringent system of examinations especially adapted for it, and that the attention of the head master and school council be directed to its division into forms, and that rules be laid down for the removal of boys who fail to proceed from form to form with reasonable rapidity.

"24. That prizes be established for the various subjects of study in the 'non-collegiate' school, but that these prizes be open to the competition of the whole school.

"25. That, as soon as the funds admit, a certain number of free studentships be founded in the non-collegiate' school, which shall be disposed of by competitive examinations, in which due weight shall be given to all the studies of the non-collegiate' boys.

"26. That an entrance examination be imposed for the non-collegiate' class, which shall require the boy to be able to read and write well, and to be fairly instructed in the elements of arithmetic.

"27. That the lowest age for admission into the school be nine years, and the highest fourteen years, and that no boy remain in the school after nineteen.

"28. That the governors should annually appoint examiners not immediately connected with the school to examine the whole school, and to report thereupon to the governors, and that the selection of the exhibitioners for the year be made by the examiners.

"29. That it is desirable that the governors should take the burden of the rent of the playground off the hands of the head master.

"Conclusion of Report.

"Having now concluded our separate reports upon the several schools, we submit the recommendations which we have appended to them to your Majesty's approval. These recommendations may be broadly classified under five main heads:

"1. Those which relate to the constitution, functions, and powers of the governing bodies of the several schools:

"2. Those relating to the rights of foundationers:

"3. Those relating to the endowments of the schools, whether existing at the schools themselves or at the universities:

"4. Those relating to the management of the schools, including the appointment, remuneration, and powers of the masters, the system. of admission, the regulations with respect to the board and lodging of the boys, the rates of charge, and the general discipline of the schools: "5. Those relating to the course of instruction.

"As regards the first three at least of these, we apprehend that Parliamentary legislation will be required in order to make the changes which we consider desirable. To determine the form which such legislation should take is not within our province. Whether any step should be taken to give the sanction of Parliamentary authority to any part of our recommendations under the two latter heads, is a question of grave public policy, upon which we do not express any opinion.

"(Signed) CLARENDON, DEVON, LYTTELTON, EDWARD TWISLETON, STAFFORD H. NORTHCOTE, W. H. THOMPSON, and H. H. VAUGHAN. 16th February, 1864."

From the extensive and valuable documents printed in the appendix and included in the evidence, we extract the following:

Paper by the Rev. James E. Thorold Rogers, M.A., Professor of Political Economy in the University of Oxford, and Professor of Economic Science and Statistics at King's College, London.

On,-1. The value of money at certain specified periods. 2. The practice of taking fines.

"I. What ratio does the value of money at the present time bear to its value in the reigns of Henry VI., Henry VIII., and Elizabeth ?

"The question was accompanied by an explanation to the effect that by the expression ' value of money' was meant; first, what was the purchasing power of a given sum; and, secondly, by a comparison between the states of society designated by these periods and our own, what is the equitable interpretation of an allowance

fixed at each of these chronological points in money of the present time.

"II. Have you any particular knowledge as to the growth of the practice of taking fines on leases ?

"I. The interpretation of the expression ' value of money' must needs be twofold. The one is numerical, and is derived from the comparison of averages taken over a definite time, and is most safely inferred from the price of articles in continuous demand, similar quality, and uniform quantity. Such an article is corn, and under this head especially wheat and oats. Many other commodities may be selected, which, as supplementary to the above, are exceedingly suggestive. But the ordinary market price of all articles in demand is ultimately measured by the ease or difficulty with which primary necessaries are procured. The price of wheat determines the rate at which human labour can be procured; that of oats, the price at which animal labour intended to increase and economize human labour can be made available. Wheaten bread was the customary food of the English labourer from the earliest periods.

"The other interpretation is equitable. What comparative conveniences can be procured in different social conditions by allowances intended to secure special advantages to the persons benefited?

"For the first of the periods, I have taken the years 1440-1449 inclusive. 18-28, H. 6. "For the second, 1515-1524 inclusive. 7-17, H. 8.

"For the third, 1559-1568 inclusive. 1-10, Eliz.

"I may, perhaps, have taken the decade of Henry the Eighth's reign a little earlier than was intended. But for the purposes of inference it is equally good with a later date, and is more to be depended on critically. In 1527 Henry degraded the currency, and in 1543 debased it. Up to 1527, no change had been made either in the nominal weight of the integer, or in the fineness of the standard, since the degradation of 1464 (4 Edward IV.). One of the first acts of Elizabeth was the restoration of the standard, though the nominal weight of Henry's penny was retained. The penny, therefore, of Henry VI. represents virtually one amount of currency, that of the