the Premier stated that in the face of the evenly divided feeling of the House on the subject, the Government would not feel justified in advising the convening of a conference, and the matter would therefore be dropped. The Governor, in his address on the prorogation of the Parliament, July 30th, attributed the failure of the conference to the unsatisfactory settlement of Zoolooland and the annexation of the Transvaal.

The annual budget was presented in the Parliament, June 7th. The revenue for the coming year was estimated at £2,549,000 and the expenditure at £2,516,091, against a revenue of £2,509,216 and an expenditure of £2,494,397 for the year that was expiring. The total expenses for war from 1877 to the present date were £1,181,715.

A party among the Boers of the Transvaal continued to manifest discontent over the annexation of that country to the British dominions, and to agitate for the reversal of the act. Mr. Bok, secretary of a committee of a meeting of Boers, which was held in December, 1879, to demand independence, and Mr. Pretorius, formerly President of the Transvaal Republic, chairman of the committee, forwarded to Sir Garnet Wolseley a letter containing the resolutions passed at the meeting, and on account of their prominence in the movement were arrested for connection with a treasonable project. Mr. Bok was released on bail. Sir Garnet Wolseley endeavored to come to an understanding with Mr. Pretorius without success. The ex-President refused to accept a seat which was offered him in the Transvaal Executive Council. The Government had already taken pains to dispel any hopes the people of the Transvaal might entertain that the annexation would be repealed, Sir Garnet Wolseley having embraced the opportunity of a public dinner at Pretoria to announce that the country would hereafter be regarded as a Crown colony, and to declare that it was considered unsafe to trust the Boers with executive functions. A communication was sent to the British Colonial Office on the subject, and a reply was received in March from Sir Michael HicksBeach, the Colonial Secretary, explicitly declaring that the Government was not able to entertain any proposal for the withdrawal of the Queen's troops from the Transvaal. In April, Mr. Krüger, the designated leader of the Boers, and Mr. Joubert, were deputed to visit the Government of the Cape Colony to urge the claims of their constituents and seek a satisfactory arrangement. A memorial was addressed to Mr. Gladstone, asking him to use his influence in favor of the reversal of the annexation. On the other hand, a petition against reversal received a considerable number of signatures. To these applications the British Government replied that, whatever might have been the merits of the question in the first instance, it would not be wise or safe to undo the annexation at present. Mr. Gladstone added the

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expression of his desire that the "white inhabitants of the Transvaal should, without prejudice to the rest of the population, enjoy the fullest liberty to manage their local affairs."

A proclamation was issued about the first of February, summoning the Basutos to surrender their arms. The Basutos were a pastoral and agricultural tribe, who had made some progress in civilization, and had not been involved in any difficulties with the Government. Their loyalty was unsuspected, and a body of them had rendered services of great value and importance in the Zooloo war. They claimed to possess firearms by virtue of a special and distinct recognition of their right to do so, and had not thought that the attempt would be made to deprive them of them. The policy of disarming them was doubted by many people in the colony and in England; Sir Garnet Wolseley advised against it, and wrote from the Cape, on the 10th of March, that it would be "incurring a most serious risk for an incommensurate object," and would array the native sentiment in every part of South Africa against the British. Letsea, the son of the chief Moshesh, asked for a delay in the enforcement of the order, to enable him to prepare a petition to the Colonial House of Assembly, and to the Queen, against it. Delay was granted, and the time for carrying out the order was extended first to June 21st, afterward to July 12th. The Peace Preservation Act was proclaimed in Basutoland early in April. A deputation of Basutos arrived in the colony early in June, to represent the cause of their people. The House of Assembly, at the beginning of June, refused by a majority of nine to pass a vote of censure on the Government for ordering the disarmament and proclaiming the Peace Preservation Act, and on the 23d of July again rejected a similar motion. The Legislative Council by a large majority adopted a resolution supporting the Government. appropriation of £30,000 was voted to compensate the Basutos for the arms which they gave up. When the appeal to the Queen had been denied, and the Assembly had sanctioned the policy of the Ministers, Letsea, as paramount chief, ordered his people to obey the commands of the Government. Many of the Basutos brought in their arms; others, with the chief Masupha, determined to resist the disarmament, and opposed by force those who took steps to submit to it. Letsea collected a force of loyal Basutos, proceeded against the insurgents and besieged the discontented chief Masupha at Thababosigo. He, however, retired from the siege without having accomplished anything, not venturing to exercise his authority by force. The chief Lethorodi declined to accept the terms offered by the Government, and with six hundred followers attacked the force of Colonel Carrington at Mafeteng. His men were routed and followed for several miles. A second attack was made on Mafeteng, September 21st, by a force of seven thousand Basutos, and was repulsed after a contest which continued through all the day, with

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a heavy loss to the assailants. Twelve hundred Basutos attacked Mohales Hoek, where the magistrate had a small garrison, on the 20th of September, and were beaten off. The attack was renewed on the 21st, and was again repelled. The position was relieved, a few days afterward, by the arrival of colonial troops under Colonel Southey. The situation in Basutoland had become by this time very grave. The area of the rebellion was increasing, and the discontent, which had at first been confined to eastern Basutoland, broke out in the country west of the Drakenberg. An English commissioner and two magistrates, with about one hundred men, had gone up to pacify the people of the latter district, but without success. The situation had become alarming in East Griqualand, and the Pondos and Galekas were restless. An attack was made by the Basutos on Maseru, which was held by Colonel Bayley with about five hundred men, October 10th, and was continued from morning till midnight. The rebels advanced in great force after dusk, and reached to within seventy yards of Fort Gordon and to within thirty yards of the residency. The Government office and barracks, the church, schoolrooms, dwellings, and stores were burned, after which the enemy retired, still holding Colonel Bayley shut up. Lethorodi had in the mean time been concentrating his forces near Mafeteng, and had succeeded in isolating Colonel Carrington, who was there with a rather smaller force than that of Colonel Bayley at Maseru. A body of sixteen hundred and sixty men and officers, one thousand of whom were mounted, with two guns, was collected at Wapener, in the Orange Free State, under Brigadier-General Clark, who had taken command of the colonial forces, and marched October 19th, and relieved Mafeteng on the next day. The Basutos opposed a more vigorous resistance to the relieving force than had been anticipated, and compelled an active contest, but were finally repulsed on every side. The principal disaster to the British was suffered by the First Regiment of Yeomanry, which was charged upon by a large body of Basutos, and lost forty-two killed and wounded. The relief of the post was effected opportunely, for the provisions of the garrison were running short. After this success, a proclamation was issued by the Government, offering protection to all rebels who would surrender with their arms and ammunition. Lethorodi's village was captured by Colonel Carrington on the 22d of October. Mr. Hamilton Hope, magistrate at Qum bo, and his two clerks, were treacherously mur dered by Pondos under Umhlonhlo, who, professing loyalty, surrounded and stabbed them under pretense of performing a war-dance, and then destroyed the telegraph station. Other Europeans at the place escaped. The Europeans at Tsolo, with the magistrate, were threatened, but were relieved with the assistance of friendly Pondos. General Clark, having burned the village of the chief Moletsane, successfully

stormed his mountain stronghold on the 31st of October. While this action was going on, a large body of natives attacked the small number of colonial troops holding Lethorodi's village and compelled them to evacuate it.

On the 2d of November the rebels had been driven out of the Matadile district in Caffraria; on the 12th the defeat of the rebel chief Umhlonhlo was announced, and the presence was reported of a sufficient force to suppress the rebellion in Griqualand East. On the 20th the Premier of Cape Colony telegraphed to the British Government that the resources of the colony were apparently equal to the requirements for suppressing the rebellion, and that the Government had no intention of applying for imperial troops. Sir Bartle Frere was recalled from the office of High Commissioner at the beginning of August, the dispatch announcing his recall assigning the action of the Cape Parliament in refusing the conference on confederation as the reason for it. A considerable party in the colony adhered to the late Commissioner, a meeting of which at Cape Town passed resolutions of sympathy with him in the difficulties he had had to deal with, and asserted that before long the people of England as well as of the colonies would acknowledge the soundness and justice of his policy. An address was presented to him on his departure, September 15th, by deputations which included delegates from the eastern frontier and from Natal. Replying to it, he said that the action he had taken with reference to Natal and the Transvaal was either a great service or a great crime, and he highly valued the favorable verdict of the inhabitants of Natal.

On the 17th of November Colonel Carrington was attacked on all sides by the enemy when three days out from Mafeteng. The attacks were repelled, and the main body of the colonial detachment fell back to Mafeteng. A colonial force under Captain Van Hinsingen was attacked by Tembus in Caffraria, and the Captain, four other white men, and fifty Fingoes were killed. Jonathan Moloppo and his Basutos, who had hitherto been considered friendly to the British, broke out into open revolt, and twice attacked the residency at Laribe, but were beaten back on each occasion. Colonel Wavell went to the assistance of the Resident, defeated the Basutos, and captured large numbers of cattle. The Basutos were afterward dislodged from the mountains near Laribe, to which they had withdrawn. A column of troops was sent out near the end of November for patrolling operations in Tembuland and Griqualand East, and met with success in the capture of stock from the natives. On the 1st of December Colonel Carrington was out patrolling with six hundred men, when he was almost entirely surrounded by the enemy. His only gun was disabled, and he was delivered from his precarious situation by the infantry marching in square off from the camp, and bringing with them another gun.

The Colonel said that he had eight thousand Basutos in front of him. On the 13th of December a patrolling force numbering six hundred and fifty men, who had moved out toward the north, under Captain Brabant, on entering Tsita Neck, met with a large number of the enemy. Captain Brabant retired on the village, and, after communicating with Colonel Carrington, evacuated it, the enemy taking possession and firing heavily, killing one rifleman. Colonel Carrington's division, which consisted of five hundred men, then moved eastward for three miles. The enemy charged repeatedly on all sides, wounding several men. The number of the enemy engaged was estimated at from nine to ten thousand. This was said to be the most important engagement that had yet occurred.

Mr. Thompson, the magistrate at Gatberg, was surrounded by three thousand of the enemy and reduced to a very scanty supply of ammunition, when he was relieved, December 7th; the defenders of the post were all brought off, and the residency was abandoned.

On the 23d of December the complete rout of Umhlonblo, with the loss of three hundred men, was reported.

A new element of trouble was introduced into the situation in the latter part of December by the revolt of the Boers of the Transvaal. The insurrection began with meetings of the Boers in large numbers, at which forcible measures were threatened. An attempt was made to arrest the leaders of the movement, and a proclamation was issued warning the discontented Boers of the results of persistence in their action. On the 19th of December about five thousand men, out of a total of eight thousand whites capable of bearing arms in the Transvaal, had taken possession of Heidelberg, and established a republican government, with Paul Kruger as President, and Joubert as commandant. An action was begun at Potchefstrom on the 15th of December, which was continued at that place and before the military camp for several days, and ended in the Boers gaining and holding the place. On another day, a detachment of two hundred and fifty men of the Ninety-fourth Regiment, while marching from Lydenburg to Pretoria, were attacked near Middleburg, while all the men, having laid aside their arms, were endeavoring to extricate some wagons from a swamp. One hundred and twenty men were killed and wounded, and the rest of the detachment were taken prisoners.

On the 31st of December the garrisons of Standerston and Wakerstroom were reported to be well intrenched and supplied, and confident. The Boers, having seized Utrecht, had abandoned it, offering no violence except to break open the magazine, whence the bulk of the ammunition had been removed from their reach. The British headquarters and one company of the Sixtieth Regiment, four companies of drafted men, and two of mounted troops,

under Sir George Colley, were to leave Natal for the front on the 1st of January. About fifteen hundred troops were already on the way, with two cannons and one Gatling gun. The Boers of the Orange Free State were said to be greatly excited, and the President of that State was compelled to send word that he feared he would be unable to restrain them from giving aid to the insurrection. Sir George Colley had issued an address to the troops, saying that the stain cast on the British arms must be quickly effaced and the rebellion suppressed. He trusted, however, that the officers and men would not retaliate for the outrages, and would avoid punishing the innocent with the guilty. He charged them to remember that the Boers, though misled and deluded, were on the whole a brave and high-spirited people, actuated by feelings that in the main are entitled to respect.

A proclamation was issued by the heads of the insurrectionary government, defining and defending the constitution of the new republic. The proclamation contained an offer of pardon to those who opposed the movement for independence, and stated that the present officers could hold their positions provided they would recognize the republic, and that the British consul would be permitted to continue his residence. It also sanctioned the expenditure of money that had been made during the period of annexation. Martial law was proclaimed by the republicans.

CENSUS. Nearly all the large countries of the civilized world have taken their periodical censuses in 1880, or are to take them during the year 1881. The United States, Germany, and Austria are among the former states; while a new census of the whole of the British Empire is due in 1881. In view of the importance of this subject, it appears desirable to refer to the efforts which have been made in recent years to render the results of the official censuses more and more accurate, and to the preparations made for taking the new census in the countries named.

The considerable progress which has been effected in the method of taking the recent censuses is especially due to the careful discussion of the subject by the International Statistical Congresses. Of these, nine have been held in the following years and at the following places: first, 1853, Brussels; second, 1855, Paris; third, 1857, Vienna; fourth, 1860, London; fifth, 1863, Berlin; sixth, 1867, Florence; seventh, 1869, The Hague; eighth, 1872, St. Petersburg; ninth, 1876, Buda-Pesth.

Besides these Congresses, meetings of the Permanent Commission of the Statistical Congresses have been held in 1873 at Vienna, in 1874 at Stockholm, in 1876 at Buda-Pesth, and in 1876 at Paris. Another meeting of the Permanent Commission was arranged for 1879, but it did not take place.

It was especially the Congress held in 1872 at St. Petersburg which very thoroughly inves

tigated the whole subject and passed a series of resolutions which, it is believed, will form the foundation of most of the official censuses hereafter. These resolutions were substantially as follows:

1. To avoid errors and double enumeration, the real population which is present at a place at the moment of enumeration must be made the basis of the census.

2. The census should mention every individual by name.

3. A census should be taken at least once in every decennium, and in those years the number of which ends in a naught.

4. As nearly as possible, a census should be completed on one day, or all the statements should refer to one day.

5. The execution and control of the census is to be confided to special agents, and the population should be trained to coöperate.

6. Wherever it is practicable, individual cards, containing questions addressed to only one individual, should be used; where this is not possible, household lists should be employed.

7. The points to be inquired into may be divided into those which may be designated as obligatory for all states, and those which may be left to the several states. The Congress designated as points of the first class: Family name and first name; sex; age; relationship to the head of the house; status of the family; occupation; religious denomination; mothertongue; knowledge of reading and writing; birthplace, if it is different from the place of enumeration; citizenship; bodily and mental infirmities, as blindness, deafness and dumbness, insanity, and imbecility.

Professor H. Wagner, of Göttingen, has published in the sixth volume of the well-known periodical, Die Bevölkerung der Erde" (Gotha, 1880), a complete list of all the censuses which have been taken up to the end of 1879. We extract from this list the censuses of the larger countries to which the "Annual Cyclopædia generally devotes special articles, adding the censuses which were taken in the course of the year 1880

America: United States, 1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880; Canada, 1871; Guatemala, 1872; San Salvador 1878; Venezuela, 1873; Colombia, 1870; Peru, 1876; Chili, 1865, 1875; Argentine Republic, 1869; Paraguay, 1873; Brazil, 1872.

Europe: Austro-Hungary, 1857, 1869, 1880; Belgium, 1846, 1856, 1866, 1876; Denmark, 1840, 1845, 1855, 1860, 1870, 1880; France, every fifth year from 1820 to 1866, 1872, 1876; Germany, 1871, 1875, 1880; Great Britain, every tenth year from 1801 to 1871 (the first regular census in Ireland was taken in 1821); Italy, 1861, 1871; Netherlands, every tenth year from 1829 to 1879; Norway, every tenth year from 1815 to 1875; Portugal, 1863, 1878; Roumania, 1859-1860; Russia (regular censuses have been taken only in a few cities; for the

empire in general there are so-called "revisions," which calculate the total population ou the basis of the police registers); Sweden (the Lutheran clergy have kept since 1749 accurate parochial registers, which in general have the value of censuses; the results have been published every fifth year since 1750, as enumerations"; since 1860 the Government has also published annual results); Switzerland, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880; Servia, 1866, 1874; Spain, 1857, 1860, 1877.

Asia British India, 1867-1872; Japan, 1874. Australia: All the colonies took censuses in 1861 and 1871. Other censuses have been taken as follows: Queensland, 1876; New South Wales, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1825, 1828, 1833, 1836, 1841, 1846, 1851, 1856; Victoria, 1836, 1838, 1841, 1846, 1851, 1854, 1857; South Australia, 1844, 1846, 1851, 1855, 1866, 1876; West Australia, 1850; New Zealand, 1857, 1858, 1864, 1867, 1874, 1878.

The aggregate population of the countries in which censuses have been taken, inclusive of Russia, amounts to 626,000,000.

For taking the tenth census in the United States, Congress provided (see acts of Fortyfifth Congress, chapter cxcv) that the President shall appoint supervisors, not to exceed one hundred and fifty, and the Secretary of the Interior shall, on or before the first day of March, 1880, designate the number to be ap pointed within each State or Territory. Each supervisor of census shall apportion his district into subdivisions, and designate to the Superintendent of the Census at Washington suitable persons as enumerators. The enumeration shall commence on the first Monday of June, and be taken of that date. Each enumerator is required to complete and forward his returns to the supervisor of his district on or before July 1, 1880; and in any city having over 10,000 inhabitants under the census of 1870 the enumeration of population shall be taken within two weeks from the first Monday of June. Each supervisor shall receive $500 in full compensation for all services rendered. To enumerators in subdivisions, where the Superintendent of Census shall deem such an allowance sufficient, an allowance not exceeding two cents for each living inhabitant, two cents for each death reported, ten cents for each farm, and fifteen cents for each establishment of productive industry enumerated and returned, may be given in full compensation for all services. For all other subdivisions, rates of compensation shall be fixed in advance of the enumeration by the Superintendent of Census, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, according to the difficulty of enumeration; but the compensation allowed to any enumerator in any district east of the 100th meridian shall not exceed an average of four dollars per day of ten hours actual field-work each, and the compensation to any enumerator in any district west of the 100th meridian shall not exceed six dollars per working-day of equal length.

In England, three acts were passed in 1880 for taking the census of the United Kingdom in 1881. The first relates to Ireland (43 and 44 Victoria, cap. xxviii). Under the direction of the Lord Lieutenant houses are to be visited on Monday, the 4th of April, and other days, as appointed, and the population on the premises on Sunday night, the 3d of April, to be ascertained, and among the particulars to be gathered is the "religious profession" of each inmate. There are penalties for withholding or giving false information, with a proviso that no person shall be subject to such forfeiture for refusing to state his religious profession. The provision is omitted in the other statutes. The next act (cap. xxxvii) relates to England, and the Local Government Board is to superintend the taking of the census. There are householder schedules to be left in the course of the week ending Saturday, April 2d, and to be collected on Monday, April 4th, with particulars as to all persons who were on the premises on Sunday night, April 3d, with penalties for neglect or false answers. The act as to Scotland is cap. xxxviii, and the Secretary of State is to superintend the census, and penalties are to be imposed for disobedience of the directions given as to householders' schedules. In the United Kingdom the census is to be as to persons on Sunday, the 3d of April next. The census of England will be taken by the Registrar-General, Sir Brydges P. Henniker, assisted by Mr. William Clode and Dr. William Ogle, M. D., and Mr. F. J. Williams will be the secretary. The country will be mapped out into about 35,000 enumeration districts.

In Germany the third census authorized by the German Empire since its creation took place on December 1, 1880. In accordance with the recommendations of the St. Petersburg Statistical Congress referred to above, the process of enumeration was begun and completed in a single day, individual enumeration schedules having been distributed in advance and filled up by each adult inhabitant. The fulfillment of this duty was insured by making the owner of each dwelling, or his agent, responsible for compliance with the law on the part of all its occupants. The schedule had been arranged by a conference of the heads of the Statistical Bureaus of the German States. The German system of recension is generally regarded by statisticians as the least liable to error, and to exceed in accuracy the results of any other system except that of Switzerland.

CENTRAL AMERICA. (See COSTA RICA, GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, NICARAGUA, and SALVADOR.)

CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH, President of the Board of Trade in the new English Cabinet, is the son of the late Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, of Manor-green Hall, near Birmingham, and was born in 1837. He was educated at University College School, London. He is an alderman and magistrate for Birmingham, chairman of the Birmingham School Board, President of the

School of Design, and chairman of the National Educational League. Mr. Chamberlain has been three times Mayor of Birmingham, in 1874, 1875, and 1876, and has represented Birming ham in Parliament since June, 1876, when he was elected, unopposed, to the seat vacated by Mr. George Dixon. In politics he is a Radical, and strongly supports the disestablishment of the Church of England, and a system of national compulsory secular education. In the House of Commons he has chiefly attracted attention by his advocacy of the Gothenburg system of licensing places in which intoxicating liquors are sold. Soon after leaving school, Mr. Chamberlain became one of the partners of Nettlefold & Chamberlain, wood - screw makers, at Birmingham, a firm of which his father had been a member since 1854. He retired from business in 1874, not long after the death of his father. In the new Cabinet of Mr. Gladstone, he, with Mr. Bright, represents the Radical element.

CHAPIN, Rev. EDWIN HUBBELL, Universalist minister, was born at Union Village, Washington County, New York, in 1814. He was of a New England family, and was educated in Vermont. In 1837 he was ordained at Utica, and took charge of a church first in Richmond, Virginia, and later at Charlestown, Massachusetts. In 1846 he became associate pastor with Dr. Ballou, of the Second Universalist Church of Boston. While in Massachusetts he became widely known as a lecturer on temperance, abolition, universal peace, and other reforms then in vogue. In 1849 he removed to New York to be the pastor of the Fourth Universalist Society, then occupying the edifice on Murray Street, corner of Church. Under this gifted preacher the congregation soon outgrew the capacity of the building, and removed to the corner of Broadway and Twentieth Street. In 1852 they purchased the Gothic building on Broadway, between Fourteenth and Fifteenth Streets, erected by Dr. Bellows's church of All Souls. Finally, in 1866, they built the present edifice on Fifth Avenue, corner of Fortyfifth Street. Dr. Chapin was not a learned man, but he had the gift of vivacious extemporaneous speaking. He was not a believer in creeds, but he preached a wise conduct in life, and considered no topic, social or political, as beyond the range of his pulpit themes. The substance of these lectures has been published under various titles: "Duties of Young Men"; "Duties of Young Women"; "Moral Aspects of City Life"; (( Humanity in the City"; Christianity the Perfection of True. Manliness "Discourses on the Book of Proverbs"; "Hours of Communion"; "A Token for the Sorrowing"; and "The Crown of Thorns," which last volume has had a wide circulation. In 1872 he succeeded Dr. Emerson as editor of "The Christian Leader," the organ of the Universalists. He received his degrees of Doctor of Divinity and Master of Arts from Harvard College. His name will

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