number of inmates having grown to 1,564 in July, 1879. The reason for locating the new prison at Folsom was to enable the prisoners to be employed in the State granite-quarries in the vicinity. The cells at Folsom average 480 cubic feet in size. The cell-space in the older portion of the St. Quentin building is only 298 cubic feet. There are 324 cells in the branch prison, which is expected to relieve St. Quentin of 500 of its inmates. The contract for the labor of 350 convicts for five years in the quarries, at fifty cents a day each, can not be completed under the Constitution, which prohibits letting out the labor of convicts to private individuals or companies by contract after January 1, 1882. Governor Perkins suggested that one field in which their labor could be employed without competing with free labor might be in the manufacture of burlap sacks for grain, of which 25,000,000 are annually required for the handling of the crops of the State. The cultivation of the jute, of which material these sacks are made, if the lands in any part of the State are adapted for its growth, would prove a new remunerative employment for husbandmen, and the manufacture of the sacks in the prisons might lessen their cost to the farmers, whose supply now comes principally from abroad. A bill for encouraging the planting of jute was accordingly passed by the Legislature. The Norial School at San José was destroyed by fire February 10th, and an appropriation was made for its reërection. The policy of the Land-Office at Washington has been altered with respect to tracts of land, valuable for agricultural purposes, hitherto designated as mineral lands, though containing minerals only in a few places. According to a circular from Washington, issued June 2d, settlers upon such lands are not required to bring proof that they contain no minerals, as formerly; but these are open for preemption to settlers, and, if miners desire to locate mineral claims upon lands thus settled, they are obliged to bring evidence that they contain minerals. This order applies especially to the foot-hill belt in California. The vexations to which settlers upon this tract have often been subjected under the law, which allows miners to prospect for minerals anywhere within the belt, has prevented the development of an immense extent of valuable agricultural land. The land has also been despoiled of its timber, and the abuse of occupying mineral lands on a fraudulent agricultural entry has been practiced, it is thought, as often or oftener in the past than is likely to occur when the region is open to unrestricted settle ment. Congress has passed an act setting apart for park purposes certain lands in California on which are growing "redwood or "big trees." The largest group of these gigantic coniferæ yet known, the Calaveras South Grove, has passed out of the possession of the Govern ment, having been included in the agricultural grant to the State University, and by it sold to a Mr. Sperry, who has made of the grove a resort for tourists. There are other groves known to exist on Government lands, notably one north of Visalia, in which the trees are as fine as those in the Mariposa grove. The Legislature passed an act for the care and preservation of the latter grove, and of the Yosemite Valley. The southern counties of California desire to secede and organize a separate State government. The proposition was laid before the Legislature by a member from Los Angeles. The slow development of their portion of the State, and the feeling that they are inequitably taxed for the benefit of the north and ignored in the railroad improvements, furnish the grounds for this agitation. A sanguinary conflict over contested land titles occurred upon a tract granted by Congress to the Southern Pacific Railroad in Tulare and Fresno Counties. The title of the railroad company to the land took effect upon its filing a map of the route in 1867, being derived from an act of Congress passed the preceding year, but the patents were not applied for until 1877. A large number of settlers had squatted upon the tract called the Mussel Slough District between 1867 and 1877, and had established farmsteads and villages there. When the company proposed terms of sale to the occupants, incensed at being subjected to the hardship of having to pay the value of the improvements that they themselves had made, they formed a land league for the object of resisting the claims of the railroad to exact more than the price of wild lands. The dispute was carried into the United States courts, which decided the case against the settlers. The league were none the less determined to retain possession of their homes and to resist all attempts to dispossess them. In 1878 the company conveyed certain parcels of the land to two purchasers, upon which the test suit was brought, which was decided adversely to the settlers in December, 1879. In May, 1880, the company applied to the Court to put these purchasers in possession. Writs were issued and given to United States Marshal Poole to serve upon the settlers. Accompanied by the grader of the railroad lands in this district, the Marshal and the two men who had purchased from the railroad company and established their title at law proceeded to the district. They dispossessed one family in the absence of the man of the house, setting the household effects in the road, and drove to another farm to take possession. Here they were met by a band of armed and mounted men, who demanded of the Marshal and the surveyor that they should surrender, which they did. The squad then rode forward to the carriage containing the others, and made the same demand. They leaped to the ground and fired at the leaguers, killing five of them, and being finally shot themselves. The settlers continued in quiet possession of the lands after this fatal encounter, the Government refusing to employ troops to eject them. The effect of the new Constitution upon business in San Francisco was in many ways injurious. The business of the Mining-Stock Exchange was in great part transferred to other cities, and the loan market, building trade, and other branches whose activity betokens the general prosperity of a community, suffered under the effects of laws in which novel discriminations are made against capital. The deterrent influence upon enterprise of the innovations already accomplished and of anticipations of further legislation in the same direction, and the locking up and withdrawal of floating capital, began to affect the interests of small tradesmen and other classes who had regarded the agitation of the Workingmen's party with sympathy or indifference. The indignation against the Sand-lotters became quite general, and when a Citizens' Protective Union was formed, the hope was frequently expressed that they would put an end to the agitation, by unlawful measures, if lawful means were insufficient. The effect of the new laws upon capital had thrown many laborers out of employment, whose presence in the city, together with the order of the health authorities condemning the Chinese quarter, and the question of the validity of the act forbidding the employment of Chinese by corporations, pending before the Supreme Court, afforded the Sandlot agitators material for their extravagant oratory. The vaguely menacing tone of the Sand-lot and ward-club speeches was resented by the citizens of San Francisco and denounced by the press of the country, and the leaders of the Workingmen were freely charged with having produced the depression in San Francisco by their incendiary bearing. There were rumors of impending riots, and the fact that such fears could arise was alleged as an excuse for breaking up the obnoxious agitation by violent means. The Council of Two Hundred of the Citizens' Union had no intention, however, of exceeding the provisions of the law. Their first measures were to strengthen the resources of the city for the suppression of riots by providing the police with firearms, increasing the stock of weapons in the armories, and improving the discipline of the militia. The Workingmen in turn procured arms and practiced military drill; but it soon became apparent that they were determined, like their opponents, to keep strictly within the limits After several weeks of watchful inactivity, Kearney, the leader of the Labor party, was arrested at the instigation of the Council on the charge of having broken certain of the city ordinances by using profane and threatening language in an invective against a manufacturer named Spreckels, a member of the Council of Two Hundred. He was tried by Police-Justice Rix, and, having waived a of the law. jury, was found guilty of the misdemeanor by the Judge, March 16th, and sentenced to six months' imprisonment in the House of Correction and to pay a fine of one thousand dollars, this being the extreme penalty of the law. The sentence was confirmed when brought up before the full bench on a writ of habeas corpus, the Court holding that it could not review the decision of one of its members. Kearney had been convicted under an ordinance of the Board of Supervisors making it a misdemeanor to "address to another or utter in the presence of another any words, language, or expression having a tendency to create a breach of the peace." The case was carried before the State Supreme Court, sitting in full bench, May 27th, on a writ of habeas corpus, and the decision of the Police Court was reversed. The Court declared, in its opinion, against the doctrine of any judge or jury by ordinance being allowed to say what they deem language calculated to create a breach of the public peace, and that such doctrine infringes constitutional right and the liberty of speech. It held that while the reasonableness of the ordinance is in doubt, its want of harmony with general State laws is also a serious question. It held that the Police Court of San Francisco is an inferior court, and that all jurisdictional facts must appear in its records affirmatively. It was the intent of the ordinance, even if all other objections to it be waived, that the words which constitute the offense shall be uttered, not only of another, but in his presence. In this case it is not averred that the words were uttered in the presence of the person denounced. The next manifestation in the movement was the impeachment of Rev. I. S. Kalloch, Mayor of the city, who had been elected the preceding year on the Workingmen's ticket, by the Board of Supervisors. The charges were all of a vague and general import, specifying nothing which legally amounts to malfeasance. The Superior Court was, therefore, obliged to dismiss the case without argument, on the same day on which Kearney obtained his release. In the mean time the Citizens' Union had organized a political party in opposition to the Workingmen, and placed a ticket for city officers in the field, which, in the charter election, held in April, defeated the Workingmen's nominees. There was a question raised as to the legality of the count, owing to the fact that the Citizens' ballots differed somewhat in the thickness and color of the paper from the Workingmen's, which had been procured from the State Secretary, when the Constitution requires uniformity; but the election was not contested. In the Presidential campaign a division occurred in the Workingmen's party, a part of them following Kearney, who identified himself with the Greenback party, while a larger number, including Mayor Kalloch, voted with the Democrats. A sequel to the attempt to assassinate Kalloch in the preceding year by the editor De Young was the murder of the latter by Kalloch's son. The Board of Health in February declared the quarter of San Francisco inhabited by Chinese, and called Chinatown, to be a public nuisance. The Health Officer of the city, Dr. J. A. Meares, issued a proclamation, February 24th, declaring that at the expiration of thirty days the officers of the law would be called upon "to empty this great reservoir of moral, social, and physical pollution, which is constantly extending its area, and threatens to ingulf, with its filthiness, the fairest portion of our city." A difficulty was anticipated in enforcing the sanitary regulations on account of the great number of the Chinese, there being about twenty-five thousand in the city, as it was expected that many of them would have to be arrested and provided with jail accommodations. There was no necessity, however, of invoking the power of the law, as it turned out, because the Chinamen immediately set about renovating and purifying their dwellings; and the only houses which remained uncleansed at the end of the thirty days were the property of white men who neglected to carry out the law. vent the further immigration of Chinese into the United States, and to rid the country of those now here. the Republican National Convention, whoever they 6. That we will cordially support the nominees of may be; but we know that the six electoral votes of our State are certain to be given for the Republican ticket if James G. Blaine be nominated, wherefore wo tional Convention to vote as a unit, first, last, and all do hereby instruct our delegates to the Republican Nathe time, for James G. Blaine, and to use all honorable means to secure his nomination for President of the United States. The Democratic Convention to nominate del egates to the Cincinnati National Convention met at Oakland, May 19th. The following platform was adopted: The Democracy of California, by their representatives in convention assembled, resolve: 1. We reaffirm our fidelity to the principles enunciated by the Democratic Convention of St. Louis in 1876. 2. We denounce the fraud by which Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler were declared Presi dent and Vice-President of the United States, and the fairly elected candidates, Samuel J. Tilden and Thomas A. Hendricks, counted out. 3. We declare that among the leading issues of this campaign are the vindication of the right of the people to self-government; the condemnation of the crime against the ballot committed four years ago; resistance to imperialism; the maintenance of the reserved rights of the States, and opposition to Chinese immi 4. That the drift of the Republican party toward empire, through the oppressive concentration of capital, is a fraud upon the voting masses, and an insult to the men who carry the guns in defense of our liberties. 5. We affirm our devotion to the Union, deprecate for the agitation of dead issues, and regard the presall sectionalism, hold the Republican party responsible crvation of local self-government as necessary to the perpetuation of the republic. The new charter for the city of San Francisco, elaborated under the auspices of the Com-gration. mittee of Two Hundred, and adopted by the vote of the Legislature, was rejected by the people in the municipal election, held September 8th. The vote against the McClure charter was overwhelming, nearly nineteen thousand votes out of the total vote of twenty-three thousand being cast for its rejection. A second indictment was brought against Mayor Kalloch, on account of threatening language used with regard to the action of the Judge, in impaneling a jury for the trial of his son on the charge of murder. The Republican State Convention met in Sacramento, April 29th, to nominate delegates to the National Convention in Chicago, and adopted the following resolutions, instructing the delegates to vote for the nomination of James G. Blaine: The Republicans of California, in State Convention assembled at Sacramento, April 29, 1880, as expressive of their views, do hereby resolve: 1. That they reaffirm their adherence to the Republican national platform of 1876 and the California Republican State platform of 1879. 2. That the policy of resumption, which has made the greenback of war days equal to gold in days of peace, should be maintained. 3. That the amendments to the Federal Constitution, and all laws passed in pursuance thereof, should be sacredly and jealously maintained and enforced, so that every citizen of the United States, regardless of color or condition, shall be protected in all his rights, and a full, free, and fair clection be held in all the States of the Union. 4. That the free public schools should be guarded and fostered by all the appliances within reach of the State and national Governments, to the end that the children of all may be educated to know, and thereby to enjoy and perform, their full duties and privileges as American citizens. 5. That all peaceful measures should be used to pre tralization recently announced by the Republican ma6. That we regard with alarm the doctrines of cenjority of the Supreme Court of the United States as having been made in the interest of party, and intended to blot out the last vestige of State rights, and change the Federal Union to an empire. subject of Mongolian immigration to this country, un7. That we favor continual lawful agitation of the til the Federal Government is moved to modify our treaties with the Chinese Empire so as to prohibit it, and thus save those of our fellow-citizens who depend competition. We condemn and denounce the veto of upon labor for support from unjust and degrading Rutherford B. Hayes of the bill limiting Chinese immigration, and declare that there is no relief from the scourge except through a Democratic Adminis tration. 8. That the labor of this country is its capital, and deserves the protection and guardianship of our Governments, State and Federal. 9. We impose no instructions upon our delegates to the Convention to meet at Cincinnati, save and except to vote for the retention of the so-called "two-thirds rule" in nominating candidates for President and Vice-President. The Workingmen's party of California, in their Convention at San Francisco, adopted a platform denouncing subsidies, national banks, and monopolies, and favoring greenbacks, advocating female enfranchisement, compulsory education, a public fund to assist the poor to settle on Government lands, direct ballot for President and Vice-President, and the election of postmasters. A split occurred between the Greenback and Democratic factions in the Convention, and the latter organized separately. The returns of the United States census make the total population of the State 864,686, showing an increase in ten years of 304,439 in the population, which the last census gave as 560,247. The male population is 518,271, the female 346,415. The number of inhabitants in the State of foreign birth is 292,680; of American birth, 572,006. The white population numbers 767,266; the colored, 97,420. The population of San Francisco is given as 233,956. Oakland contains 35,010 inhabitants against 10,500 in 1870; Sacramento has grown in population in the ten years from 16,283 to about 23,000; Los Angeles from 5,728 to 11,050; San José from 9,089 to 12,635. CAPE COLONY AND BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA.* By an official declaration, dated January 8, 1879, the Whale Bay was annexed to the Cape Colony. In consequence of the conflicts between the English and the natives of Caffraria, the remnant of independent Caffraria, Pondoland, was in 1878 occupied by the English. Chief Umquikela was declared to have forfeited his land, and on August 31, 1878, a military post was erected by the English on the left bank of the St. John River or Umzimvubu. Including these new annexations, the area and population of the British dominions in South Africa are as follows (area expressed in kilometres; 1 kilometre 0.386 square mile): TERRITORIES. = Cape Colony.. 517,849 Basuto land. Griqualand West. 45,300 Transkei districts (Caffrania). 40,334 45,277 400,500 315,000 856,517 1,966,000 Of the population of Cape Colony proper 236,783 belong to the white race, and 484,201 to the colored. Of the former more than one half (143,000) is connected with the Dutch Reformed Church; next in order are the Anglican Church (26,000), Roman Catholics (8,600), Methodists (7,900), Lutherans (6,200), Presbyterians (3,400), Independents (2,500), and Baptists (2,100). The present Constitution of the Cape Colony vests the executive power in the Governor and an Executive Council, composed of certain of fice-holders appointed by the Crown. The legislative power rests with a Legislative Council of twenty-one members, ten of whom are elected for ten years, and eleven for five years, presided over ex-officio by the Chief-Justice; and a House of Assembly of sixty-eight members, elected for five years, representing the country districts and towns of the colony. The qualification for members of the Council is pos For a statistical account of the races and religious denominations of the Cape Colony, see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1879, article CAPE COLONY. session of immovable property of £2,000, or movable property worth £4,000. Members of both Houses are elected by the same voters, who are qualified by possession of property, or receipt of salary or wages, ranging between £25 and £50 per annum. There were 45,825 registered electors in 1878. The Governor is, by virtue of his office, commander-in-chief of the forces within the colony. He has a salary of £5,000 as Governor, besides £1,000 as "her Majesty's High Commissioner," and an additional £300 as "allowance for country residence." The administration is carried on, under the Governor, by a Ministry of five members, called the Colonial Secretary, the AttorneyGeneral, the Treasurer-General, the Commissioner of Crown Lands and Public Works, and the Secretary of Native Affairs. The revenue of the colony is derived mainly from import duties, which produced, on the average of the five years from 1874 to 1878, not far from a million pounds sterling per an num. Comparatively little is derived from rent or sales of public lands, although vast districts are waiting to be cultivated. The greatest part of the expenditure is for interest on the public debt. The estimated revenue of the year 1879 was £2,309,000, and the expenditure £2,226,164. The colony had a public debt of £10,500,000 on the 31st of July, 1879. The debt dates from the year 1859, when it amounted to £80,000. The interest in 1879 amounted to £483,365. The debt is under promise of repayment by installments extending to the year 1900. The imports were valued in 1877 at £5,158,348, the exports at £3,634,073. The commercial intercourse of the colony is mainly with the United Kingdom, and the value of the wool shipped annually from the colony to Great Britain constitutes alone nearly nine tenths of the total exports. The railway lines had, in June, 1879, an aggregate length of 580 miles, and 420 miles were in the course of construction. The number of post-offices was 248; the revenue of the department amounted to £57,870, and the expenditures to £151,220. The telegraphs in the colony, which were constructed entirely at the expense of the Government, comprised, in 1878, 3,380 miles of wire, with 92 offices. The number of messages sent was 183,120. The Right Honorable Sir HERCULES GEORGE ROBERT ROBINSON, G. C. M. G., who was appointed Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, December, 1880, was born in 1824, and educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He held for some years a commission in the Eighty-seventh Foot, but retired from the service in 1846, and was employed in various capacities in the civil service in Ireland until 1852. was in 1854 appointed President of the Island of Montserrat in the West Indies, and in 1855 Lieutenant-Governor of St. Christopher. He succeeded Sir John Bowring as Governor of Hong-Kong in 1859, when he received the honor of knighthood, was promoted to the He governorship of Ceylon in January, 1865, and to the governorship of New South Wales in March, 1872, which position he held until 1878. In August, 1874, he proceeded to the Feejee Islands for the purpose of settling matter between the British Government and the native power. On October 15th he accepted the unconditional cession of the islands, annexed them to the British Empire, and hoisted the British flag. For some time he remained at the head of the provisional government which he established for the islands. For the services rendered on this occasion he was in January, 1875, created a Grand Cross of the Order of Sts. Michael and George. From 1879 to 1880 he was Governor of New Zealand. In 1880 he was "Governor and Commander-inChief of the Colony of Good Hope and her Majesty's High Commissioner for South Africa." The colony of Natal, formerly an integral part of the Cape of Good Hope settlement, was erected in 1856 into a separate colony under the British Crown, represented first by a Lieutenant-Governor, and since 1879 by a Governor. Under the charter of constitution granted in 1856 and modified in 1875 and 1879, the Governor is assisted in the administration of the colony by an Executive and a legislative council. The Executive Council is composed of the Chief-Justice, the commandant, the Colonial Secretary, the Treasurer, the Attorney-General, the Secretary for Native Affairs, and two members nominated by the Governor from among the deputies elected to the Legislative Council. The latter is composed of thirteen official members and fifteen members elected by the counties and boroughs. The budget of the colony shows a steadily increasing revenue and expenditure, as will be seen from the following table: About one fourth of the revenue is derived from customs, and the rest from miscellaneous sources of income, among them a "hut-tax on natives, the impost being fixed at 14s. per hut. In 1878 there were 85,714 huts thus taxed. The largest items in the list of expenditures are those for police and the administration of justice. The public debt consists of six loans, all at six per cent., three of them contracted for harbor-works, two for coolie immigration, and the last, raised in 1876, for the construction of a line of railway. The total debt of the colony was £1,631,700 at the end of 1879. The colony has a seaboard of 150 miles, but the extent of some of the districts is all but unknown. As to race there were in 1877 22,650 persons of European descent and 12,823 coolies; all the remainder were natives of Africa. In the two towns of the colony, Pietermaritzburg and Durban, the European and native population were nearly equal in numbers. Comparatively few immigrants arrived in recent years, the former government aid to this effect having been discontinued. The commerce of Natal is almost entirely with Great Britain. The staple article of export is sheep's wool. The amount of wool exported to Great Britain was valued at £400,672 in 1874, at £514,310 in 1875, at £379,079 in 1876, at £518,379 in 1877, at £568,111 in 1878, and at £502,539 in 1879. Next in importance to wool stand hides, the exports of which were of the value of £67,405 in 1879; and raw sugar, of the value of £13,111, in the same year. Many of the exports of the colony, particularly wool, come from the neighboring Dutch settlements, which also absorb more than one third of the imports. Cotton was first grown in the colony in 1866. The exports of raw cotton to Great Britain were valued at £18,559 in 1870, and rose to more than £29,000 in 1871, but have rapidly declined ever since until 1876, when they amounted to only £197. From 1877 to 1879 no raw cotton was exported. The chief articles of British imports into Natal in 1879 were apparel and haberdashery, valued at £341,317; and iron, wrought and unwrought, of the value of £94,272. The Government in 1875 made a contract for the construction of a railway system which is to comprise 345 miles of a single line, to be constructed at a cost of £1,200,000. Major-General Sir GEORGE POMEROY COLLEY was appointed Governor of Natal, February 19, 1880. He was born in 1835, entered the army in 1850, and served in the Ashantee and other wars. The Basutos, who in 1880 attracted great attention by their revolt against English rule, have, to a large extent, been civilized and Christianized by Protestant missionaries from France. The missionaries were invited into the country by King Moshesh, who steadfastly aided all the efforts for spreading education and civilization until his death, although he never became a Christian himself. The majority of the Basutos were in 1880 still pagans, but the Christian minority, excelling by education, industry, and wealth, already has a controlling influence. The churches have had since 1872 a synodal organization_after the model of the Reformed Church of France. The Colonial Parliament was opened, May 7th, by Sir Bartle Frere, who announced in his opening speech that bills would be presented for convening a conference on the confederation of the South African colonies, for sanctioning the annexation of Griqualand West, for extending the system of railways and improving harbors, and for dealing with the detention of Cetywayo and Secocoeni. The proposal for a conference of the colonies on confederation was brought up in June. A stronger opposi tion was manifested against it than had been anticipated; and, after three days of discussion, |