had anticipated. In 1868 the city of Edinburgh presented him with the freedom of the city. In the same year Mr. Bright became for the first time a member of the Cabinet, being appointed President of the Board of Trade in Mr. Gladstone's first Cabinet. Illness compelled him to relinquish this office in December, 1870, and he did not again take office until 1873, when he was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. He held that post until February, 1874, when the Liberal Cabinet went out of office. Selections of his political speeches have appeared under the titles: Speeches on Parliamentary Reform" (London, 1867); "Speeches on Questions of Public Policy" (edited by Rogers, 2 vols., London, 1869); and Speeches on the Public Affairs (London, 1869). A "Life of John Bright" has been published by Mr. Gilchrist (London, 1868).

66

BROCA, Dr. PAUL, French Senator and scientist, died July 9th. He was born in 1824, at Sainte-Foy - la - Grande, Gironde; studied medicine under his eminent father, graduated from the Paris Faculté de Médecine in 1844, and became an assistant in the hospital. He won several prizes, became demonstrator of anatomy and prosector, and in 1849 took his degree of M. D. In 1852 he published a thesis on the "Pathological Anatomy of Cancer." In 1853 he passed as surgeon, and became successively surgeon of the Bicêtre, the Salpêtrière, the Saint Antoine, and Professor of Surgical Clinics at La Pitié. He published works on "Abdominal Hernia" (1856); "Aneurisms" (1856); "Surgical Hypnotic Anæsthesis " (1859); "Fractures and Osseous Regeneration" (1859); Resuscitating Animals "(1860); “Animal Hybridity in General and Human Hybridity in Particular " (1860); and "Treatise on Tumors " (1865). He was conjoint author with Bonamy, Beau, and Hirschfeld, of "The Descriptive Atlas of the Anatomy of the Human Body," an invaluable work. He was also a frequent contributor to the bulletins of various societies. He was a member of the Anatomical, Biological, Philomathic, and Surgical Societies, and a corresponding member of the leading foreign scientific associations. He was the principal founder of the French Anthropological Society. He was the director of the School of Anthropology and of the Anthropological Laboratory of the Ecole des Hautes Études. His anthropological researches resulted in the publication (1865) of a manual in regard to the best mode of conducting them, followed by "The Physical Character of Prehistoric Man" (1868), and "The Comparative Anatomy of Man and the Primates" (1869). He contributed important articles to the "Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Medical Sciences." Dr. Broca was one of the earliest adherents in France to the Dar winian theory. His advocacy of these views prevented at first his election to the Senate. He was a moderate republican in politics, and in 1880 he was elected life-senator in the place

of Count Montalivet. He was President of the Congress of Anthropology held in Paris at the Trocadéro, during the Universal Exposition of 1878.

BROUGHAM, JOHN, an American playwright, actor, and scholar, was born in Dublin, Ireland, May 8, 1810. He graduated with honor at Trinity College, Dublin. Charles Lever was one of his classmates, and Brougham is said to have been the original of "Harry Lorrequer." He studied medicine, but never became a surgeon. He made his début as an actor in 1830 in the extravaganza of "Tom and Jerry," played at a small theatre in Tottenham Court Road, London. As "general utility man," in 1832 he joined the company under the management of Madame Vestris, first at the Olympic and afterward at Covent Garden. In 1840 he undertook the management of the Lyceum Theatre, London. He then began his career as playwright, his first work being "Life in the Clouds." To retrieve his fortunes he came to the United States in 1842, and made his début at the Park Theatre, New York, as Tim Moore in "The Irish Lion." He became a favorite, and his popularity as an actor never waned during his long career upon the American stage. His misfortunes were due to his attempts as manager, for which position_he was unfitted. He founded Brougham's Lyceum (afterward Wallack's), tried the Bowery Theatre, and finally leased Fisk's Fifth Avenue Theatre, all of which proved as unlucky as his first venture in London. He produced many plays, the well-known burlesques "Metamora, "Columbus," and "Pocaliontas"; an adaptation from "Dombey and Son," which held the stage for many seasons; "The Haunted Man," "Gold Dust," and numerous others. The best of his comedies, "Playing with Fire," was played in New York, and afterward in London, with marked success. His well-known adaptation from Féval's "Le Bossu,' ,"called "The Duke's Motto," was written for Fechter, of whose company he was then a member. In 1861 Brougham went to London and played at the Lyceum and Princess's Theatres. He returned to America and resumed his theatrical career. The failure of a banking firm swept away his fortune; broken in health but not in spirit, he spent his last days in the city with which he was identified. A benefit organized by his fellow-players produced over ten thousand dollars, with which an annuity was purchased. He died in New York on June 7th, aged seventy. He left an autobiography, and an unpublished play called "Home Rule.'

BULGARIA, a principality of Southeastern Europe, which was created in 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin, as a dependency of Turkey. Reigning Prince, Alexander I,* elected in 1879; area, 63,865 square kilometres (1 kilometre=

For a biography of Alexander I, see "Annual Cyclopa dia" for 1879, article ALEXANDER I; for an account of the history of the race, of the progress of education, of newspapers, of industry, and of the Bulgarian Church, see Cyclopædia" for 1878, article BULGARIA.

Annual

0.386 square mile); population, 1,859,000. The capital, Sophia, has about 18,000 inhabitants. The population of the other principal citiesTirnova (formerly the capital) 12,000, Widdin 19,000, Rustchuk 23,000, Varna 16,000. The only railroad in operation was that from Rustchuk to Varna, 224 kilometres. The National Assembly consists of the Exarch or head of the Bulgarian Church, of one half of the bishops, one half of the Presidents and members of the Supreme Court, one half of the Presidents of the district courts and of the commercial court, and of deputies of the people-one member representing 20,000 persons.

Prince Alexander has sought, by making visits of friendship and courtesy to Russia, Servia, and Roumania, to strengthen the relations of Bulgaria with the states allied to it by sympathies of race and neighborhood. The efforts of the Government to perfect measures for efficient administration and the consolidation and development of the resources of the country have been hindered by the excess in the amount of obligations to which the principality was committed, and the cost of necessary works over the available revenues. The popular movement in favor of the annexation of East Roumelia has been strong, and has tended to become stronger. The obligations of the Government were stated previous to the meeting of the National Assembly, in April, to consist of £1,200,000 due to Russia, £130,000 to railway companies, and the tribute to Turkey, the amount of which, as well as the amount of the general Turkish debt that would be allotted to Bulgaria to bear, was not yet fixed. To meet these obligations, the revenue of the year was £760,000, or about half the sum which the Turks had raised annually from the provinces constituting the principality, and the whole of that sum had been spent on the army, the civil service, and other ordinary objects. The Government had, furthermore, undertaken to complete the railways from the frontier of Roumelia to the frontier of Servia, a distance of between 60 and 70 miles, at a cost which was estimated at £500,000. At a later date, M. Camille Farcy, in an article published in the "Nouvelle Revue," supposing that the tribute would be fixed at the amount which Roumania had paid before the war, or £40,000, and that the principality would be called upon to bear one twentieth part of the Turkish debt, showed that Bulgaria would start with a national debt of £12,000,000, imposing an annual charge of £800,000. Adding the amount that the state had engaged to pay on account of the railways, at least £1,000,000 sterling of an annual revenue, which it was estimated could not amount at its maximum to more than £1,600,000, was appropriated in advance by the Treaty of Berlin. The problem of meeting the treaty engagements of the country and carrying on its administration was thus one which might puzzle men more versed in statesmanship than the untrained deputies of the National Assembly.

The budget, published in July, showed a deficit of £560,000, while the annual expenditure was estimated at £1,800,000, of which amount the Minister of War would require £25,000.

The National Assembly was opened April 4th, by Prince Alexander in person. In his speech from the throne, which was delivered in the Bulgarian language, the Prince referred in terms of satisfaction to the visit he had recently made to Russia, and to the friendly reception which the Czar had given him, and expressed gratification at the especial interest which his Majesty took in the welfare and national development of Bulgaria. He announced that bills would be introduced to promote education, to establish an efficient police, and to impose a land-tax. All of the members of the diplomatic body were present. The new Ministry was constituted as follows: M. Zancoff, President of the Council and Minister of Foreign affairs; M. Caraveloff, Minister of Finance; M. Stoganoff, Minister of Justice; M. Ticheff, Minister of the Interior; M. Gazelev, Minister of Public Instruction; General Ehrenroth, Minister of War. The Ministers were all educated in Russia, and were understood to favor the immediate annexation of East Roumelia. A bill to require all Bulgarians dwelling in Roumania and Servia to be naturalized as subjects of the Bulgarian Principality, which was introduced into the Assembly, was objected to by the Roumanian Government, on the ground that it would interfere with its territorial rights, and was withdrawn upon its representation of the case.

The agitation for the incorporation of East Roumelia with Bulgaria was kept up actively, in both the principality and the province. It was promoted by the gymnastic societies, peculiar organizations of Bulgarians, whose proceedings had rather the character of military drills and exercises of volunteers than that implied by their names. Care was taken, by requiring that admission to the societies could be gained only by election, to prevent the possibility of Turks and Greeks joining them, and embarrassing them in the prosecution of their political objects. The Governor-General of East Roumelia ordered the societies to be suppressed in February, and a considerable number of the most fervid agitators left the province and came into Bulgaria. In July, the Porte received information that the Bulgarian Committee were concerting a plan of action in the event of a rupture between Greece and Turkey. The excitement on the subject was kept up by frequent incursions from Bulgaria over the border, conflicts with Greeks and Turks, and reports of the importation of arms and the formation of military companies, and the agitation for union was fed by numerous wild rumors. Emissaries from Sophia were said in July to be traversing Macedonia and proclaiming to the Bulgarian peasants that the empire of Alexander the Great was to be restored, and to be instigating the formation of

committees in the towns and villages, and the gathering of contributions in support of the movement. Considerable numbers of Russian arms were imported into Bulgaria, and an extraordinary number of Russian officers were said to be entering the Bulgarian military service. A denial of the unfavorable significance attached to these circumstances was published in the "Journal of St. Petersburg," which explained that the Russian officers were going to replace others who were leaving the Bulgarian service, and that the purchases of arms were designed to replace the inferior arms of old patterns which the militia had been obliged to use, with new weapons of a better pattern, and that they were made in Russia because the Bulgarians found the most favorable market there. The arms and ammunition were bought and landed openly. An approaching union with East Roumelia was spoken of in Bulgaria during the summer, but the movement would be delayed, it was declared, by those who talked of it, until late in the fall or winter, when the Turks would not be able easily to occupy the passes of the Balkans. Reports at the beginning of August indicated that the movement might be more comprehensive than had been expected, and might embrace also the forcible annexation of the Dobrudja. An address was presented to Prince Alexander by a deputation of the Bulgarians of Macedonia, declaring that they looked to their liberated brethren to procure for them a speedy deliverance from the Ottoman yoke, and expressing an anxious desire for union with Bulgaria, according to the provisions of the Treaty of San Stefano, which the Prince was conjured not to forget. The Prince was said to have given the deputation an encouraging reply. Colonel Wilson, a European officer who made a tour of official inspection in East Roumelia, reported on his return that he had ascertained that preparations were being made by the Panslavists with a view to union in the event of a war between Greece and Turkey. Several reports were circulated to the effect that Russian vessels were secretly landing arms at places on the Danube, all of which were declared to be false. On the 10th of September a semi-official statement was published at Berlin to the effect that "there is reason to believe that Russia is disposed at the present time to look coldly upon the agitation in favor of the formation of a Great Bulgaria. The Russian Government appears to deprecate any reopening of the Eastern question, although it may not be disposed to make a distinct avowal to that effect." On the 2d of October Prince Alexander addressed a letter to the Czar, announcing his satisfaction with the results of his inspections of the troops and the military establishments, and thanking his Majesty "for having allowed Russian officers to come and organize the Bulgarian army, and to make it worthy of the great objects it is called upon to pursue. Those officers have fully and entirely justified the confidence which

I have shown in them from the beginning, and have thereby rendered a great service to their own country." He also asked to be permitted to thank the Russian officers, on behalf of the Czar, by an order of the day.

The second session of the National Assembly was opened November 1st, by M. Zancoff, the President of the Council, representing Prince Alexander. In the speech from the throne the Prince again referred to the strong interest which the Czar had shown in the welfare of the country during his visit to Russia, and to the marks of good-will he had received during his visits to Servia and Roumania. Bulga ria also enjoyed the sympathy and good-will of the other powers of Europe. The condition of the troops was declared to be excellent. As regarded other branches of administration, Bulgaria had need of constant and earnest ac tivity in order to secure for itself its proper development and to fulfill its mission in the Balkan Peninsula.

Prince Alexander made a visit to Russia dur ing the winter, stopping on the way for two days at Bucharest as the guest of Prince Charles of Roumania. He was entertained by the Czar at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, and was engaged in conversation with his Imperial Majesty at the time the explosion in the palace took place, February 18th. The results of his visits at both courts, as represented by the Prince in his addresses to the Assembly, were favorable to Bulgaria, and of a character to encourage the hope of a continued friendship between the two nations. In October the Prince made a visit to Servia, with the understood purpose of conferring with Prince Milan about matters of common interest to the two countries. He was met on the frontier at Radajevatz by General Leschjanin and staff, who had been commissioned by the Prince to welcome him, and was received on his arrival at Belgrade by Prince Milan and the Ministers of State.

The geodetic and astronomical survey of the Balkan Peninsula, which was begun by the Russians in 1877, has been nearly completed. In June, 1880, the trigonometrical network of the observations and measurements covered the whole of Bulgaria and East Roumelia, and a part of the Turkish territory, and had been connected with the Russian and Austrian surveys.

BURMAH,* a kingdom in Farther India. Area, 470,000 square kilometres (190,000 square miles); population, 4,000,000.

The events of the year in Burmah most worthy of notice were those connected with the efforts of the Government to resume diplomatic relations with England and the European powers. After the withdrawal of the British chargé d'affaires from Mandalay in October, 1879, an embassy, composed of persons who it was supposed would be acceptable to the Brit

*For a fuller geographical account, see "Annual Cyclopadia" for 1879, article BURMAII.

ish, was dispatched to negotiate with the Indian Government. The envoys were detained at the frontier by order of the Viceroy, and were informed that they would not be allowed to proceed unless they bore authority to assent to stipulations which would render the position of a British Resident at Mandalay tolerable. During the delay to which the legation was thus subjected, the chief of the body applied to the British Deputy-Commissioner at Rangoon, asking for copies of the Penal Code and the Code of Civil Procedure, and other works illustrating the character of English laws and institutions, saying in explanation of his request that he wished to employ the opportunity that was given him in making himself acquainted with the British legal system. The "Mandalay Gazette" of February 22d published an announcement that the King contemplated sending a mission to visit England, France, and Italy, for the purpose of studying everything connected with the mode of government among European nations, including their criminal and civil codes, their revenue systems, and their military regulations; with the aid of the information thus obtained, he designed selecting the best features of administration in each country for adoption in his own kingdom. The English believed that the real object of this scheme was to negotiate a treaty with another power than the British, and to seek aid in the construction of railways. The embassy, which was waiting at Thyetmayoo for the permission of the Indian Government to proceed, in time exhibited a royal order defining its powers, and authorizing it to negotiate a new treaty with England. Mr. Aitchison, the British Deputy-Commissioner, replied to the new application of the envoys, that the credentials they had presented were not sufficient, since they failed to confer plenary powers, and added that, while he would gladly wait for the result of a fresh application to Mandalay for powers, it was desirable that the embassy should go back, unless there was good reason to hope that substantial overtures would soon be made. Visits of courtesy were afterward exchanged between the Deputy-Commissioner and the members of the embassy. During April the envoys submitted propositions for a treaty, embodying provisions that residences should be established at Rangoon or Calcutta and at Mandalay; that Burmah should be allowed to send a consul to London; that criminals should be tried by the laws of the country in which the crime was committed; that political offenders taking refuge in the residency of either government should be given up to the power to whose laws they were answerable; that the monopolies in petroleum, teak, and rubies should be continued, and other goods should be sold at former rates; that the Burmese should be per mitted to import arms and munitions of war subject to the approval of the Chief Commissioner, who should not be authorized to re

fuse his consent if friendly relations prevailed; and that all other provisions of former treaties should continue in force. The draft was not acceptable to the British, because it contained no provisions for a guard for the residency, or for the relaxation of the humiliating etiquette which the sovereign of Burmah imposed upon the representatives of foreign powers, and which practically forbade the Resident from having interviews with the King, and thus left the principal grievances that had been complained of unredressed. The embassy was, therefore, dismissed, the Deputy-Commissioner assigning as an additional reason why it could not be entertained any longer, that as a change in the Government of India was imminent, it would be necessary to postpone the negotiations for the present, so that the new Viceroy should not be hampered in his action.

The frontier was troubled by raids and disorders which the Government professed to be unable to prevent. An irruption was made in the spring upon the territory of the Rajah of Manipoor. The Governor of Silleymyo detained the mail-steamer Yonan, and was arrested for the offense and taken in irons to Mandalay by the embassy returning from Thyetmayoo. An order was afterward issued to the Woons along the river, instructing them not to summon the captains of steamers ashore, but to go on board the vessels if they had business, with not more than five unarmed followers. In May an insurrection broke out near the British frontier, in the interest of Prince Nyoungoke, who had been residing at Calcutta. The Prince escaped from British surveillance, crossed the border, and took the lead of a small force of rebels, to which numerous accessions were soon made. The insurgents were successful in the first engagements, but having neither arms nor money, were incapable of affording a steady opposition to the royal troops, and were defeated and scattered after a few conflicts. Prince Nyoungoke fled to British territory, where he was taken prisoner and held by the British. Late in August the apartments of King Thebaw were entered by a Ponghee, designing to assassinate the King, but he and his design were betrayed by a dagger falling from his garments. The Ponghee had twelve accomplices associated with him, one of whom, his nephew, and himself, were put to death.

The Burmese made a demonstration against the British frontier early in October, with two bodies of troops, one consisting of seven hundred and fifty, the other of three hundred men. It was believed to be the purpose of the King to demand an indemnity for the damage which the kingdom had suffered from the insurrection of Prince Nyoungoke. The British admitted that a color of justification existed for such a demand, for the Indian Government, after having given the Prince refuge from the pursuit of the King, had permitted him to escape and make war upon his territory, and had

again afforded him protection after he was defeated and oblige to fly from the consequences of his offense. It might be proper, they reasoned, to give satisfaction upon a proper diplomatic representation of the case, but it could not be regarded as expedient in the presence of a threat. The British Chief Commissioner represented, a few days after the demonstration occurred, that the accounts that had been given of it were exaggerated, that there was no continued cause for alarm, and he did not anticipate trouble; and that he had directed the Deputy-Commissioner to provide better means for securing information, so that the troops should not be harassed and the public disturbed by overdrawn reports. The Burmese accounted for the demonstration by explaining that the troops had been collected as a precautionary measure in consequence of the number of dakoities, and of a rumor that Prince Nyoungoke had escaped from Calcutta.

BUTLER, GENERAL WILLIAM ORLANDO, was born in Jessamine County, Kentucky, in 1791. He was of Irish ancestry, his grandparents having immigrated before the Revolution. His grandfather, father, and four uncles fought through the struggle for independence with such distinction that Lafayette said of the five brothers, "When I want a thing well done, I order a Butler to do it." General William O. Butler was a not unworthy scion of the stock from which he sprang. He was a nephew of General Richard Butler, of Pennsylvania, who was killed at St. Clair's defeat, and son of General Percival Butler, of Revolutionary fame. His parents removed in his infancy to Mayslick, Bullitt County, Kentucky, where he passed his boyhood. He graduated at Transylvania University in 1812, and was studying law under Robert Wickliffe at Lexington, when, at the breaking out of hostilities with England, he left his office, enlisted as a private, and hastened to the relief of Fort Wayne. Promoted ensign in the 17th United States Infantry, he was at the two disastrous battles of January 18th and 22d, 1813, at Raisin River. He distinguished himself in the second engagement. The Indians, sheltered in a farm-building, were pouring a murderous fire into their assailants, when the American commander exclaimed, "Will no one burn that barn?" Ensign Butler seized a torch, and, crossing alone through a concentrated shower of rifleballs, applied it to the hay and dislodged the enemy. He was afterward wounded and taken prisoner. His sufferings from cold, hunger, and the inhumanity of his captors were unparalleled. Paroled at Fort Niagara, amid perils and hardships he traversed the country to Kentucky. Commissioned a captain, he raised a company which was attached to the 44th Infantry, and under its daring commander did good service at Pensacola. He was ordered to New Orleans, where on the night of December 23,1814, while in command of four companies on the left wing, he attacked and repulsed General Sir Edward

Packenham. This check gave time for the construction of defenses at Chalmette, which on the 8th of January enabled the Americans to repel a force double their own and win a decisive victory. For his conduct on the 23d, he was made brevet major; while his bravery on the 8th is thus mentioned in General Jackson's report: "He displayed the heroic chivalry and calmness of judgment in the midst of danger, that distinguish the valuable officer in the hour of battle." In the following year he succeeded his brother, Major Thomas Butler, as aide-decamp to General Jackson. He remained always a friend to that soldier, and made a brilliant defense of him before the courts in the endeavor to obtain the remission of a fine of one thousand dollars imposed upon General Jackson for military acts at New Orleans.

In 1817 he resigned from the army, and resumed the practice of the law. Although not a candidate, he was elected in that year to the Legislature, and served through three consecutive terms. In 1839 he was sent to Congress by the Democratic party. In 1841 he was again returned, and subsequently declined a third nomination. He was a member of the House of Representatives during a period when the act abolishing imprisonment for debt to the United States, that establishing the subTreasury, the celebrated Tariff Act of 1842, and other important bills were passed. In all these debates General Butler took a leading part. He was undoubtedly the most popular Democrat in his State, and during the Whig ascendancy he was induced to accept the nomination for Governor, with no hope of election, but with the effect of reducing the majorities of the rival party from twenty-eight thousand to less than five thousand. His success at the bar was very marked, but the breaking out of the Mexican War again induced him to join the army. In June, 1846, he was appointed major-general of volunteers. He reported to General Taylor, and in Texas and northern Mexico he bore a prominent part. At the siege of Monterey, September 24th, he charged a battery, was wounded in the leg, and was sent home. He rejoined the army of General Scott the following year, and was at the capture of the city of Mexico. In 1848, being senior major-general, he succeeded General Scott in the chief command, and was holding that position when peace was signed, May 29, 1848. His distinguished services were recognized at home. Kentucky presented him with a sword in testimony of his "gallantry in the desperate charge at Monterey," and Congress voted him another sword, which bears a similar inscription.

In May, 1848, the National Democratic Convention at Baltimore nominated General Butler for Vice-President, on the same ticket where Lewis Cass, of Michigan, held the first place. This ticket was defeated by the schism in the party, and the nomination in New York of FreeSoil candidates, Van Buren and Adams.

General Butler remained in private life after