hand at the beginning of $166,164.08. The Bonds issued October 1, 1861, payable 1881... Total.. $500 954,000 $2,523,500 The school statistics of the year are as fol lows: 52,273 30,112 824 9 mos., 4 days. 8S9 $390,558 34 2,846 40 168 RIPLEY, GEORGE, LL. D., died July 4, 1880, in New York. The family from which he sprung has produced many eminent men, generals and divines. He was born at Greenfield, Massachusetts, September 3, 1802. He graduated at Harvard in 1823, and in 1826 at the Cambridge Divinity School. During three years he occupied the pulpit of a Unitarian church in Boston. In 1831 he definitively retired from the ministry, and went to Europe to study philosophy. From that time he kept up with the foremost wave of thought. The schools of Fourier, Comte, and St. Simon were then in high vogue. Though his mind was strongly imbued with some of their theories, On his he never avowed himself a disciple. return to Boston, in 1835, he became a propagandist of advanced French and German philosophy. His translations of such works helped to popularize the new views. Between 1838 33,504 and 1842, in conjunction with Dr. Hedge, he 4,817 published "Specimens of Foreign Standard Literature," in fourteen octavo volumes. In 1839 1,891 Dr. Ripley published "Discourses on the Phi12,279 losophy of Religion." Professor Andrews Nor40,607 ton, of Cambridge, replied to this in a pamphlet 27,217 entitled "The Latest Form of Infidelity." A vigorous, prolonged, and bitter controversy ensued. He was intimately connected with the inception of New England Transcendentalism. Ralph Waldo Emerson was his college mate and friend. Dr. Ripley wrote for "The Dial," the exponent of their peculiar views. In 1844 he invested and lost his slender fortune in the Brook Farm experiment. He was the actual head of this socialistic colony, established near Roxbury, where Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and other American philosophers, male and female, lived on a communistic plan. Their organ, "The Harbinger," asserted that this was not at first a Fourierite movement, but that those principles were adopted after the fusion of the New York with the Boston community. Whether or not they could have succeeded in this nineteenth century in fleeting the time carelessly as they did in the golden world, after three years a fire swept away their buildings, and the philosophers dispersed. Dr. Ripley moved to New York, and in 1849 became literary editor of the "Tribune." He was a consummate critic, and his reviews helped to form public taste. He superintended the literary department of "Harper's Monthly," and occupied the post of "reader" to that publishing firm. Mrs. Ripley was his coadjutor in all his literary and philosophic enterprises. In 1852 he and Bayard Taylor edited a "Handbook of Literature and the Fine Arts." In 1858, in conjunction with Charles A. Dana, he undertook the editing of " Appletons' New American Cyclopædia, "which is largely indebted to his erudition and fidelity of research. A revised edition appeared in 1873. Labors so arduous precluded much original writing, and upon these works his fame must rest. From the time when a knot of young enthusiasts 12 weeks. $558,450 86 486,862 91 57,337 64 The School for the Deaf, which has been established only four years, is on a successful basis, and has twenty-five pupils. The permanent school fund of the State is $240,376.37, invested chiefly in the stock of Providence banks, and $26,573.54 awaiting investment. The penal, correctional, and charitable institutions on the State farm at Cranston cost $147,190.57 for support during the year. A new Reform School, with separate departments for boys and girls, has been added, for which the buildings are not yet complete. At the close of the year the Workhouse and House of Correction contained 180 men and 57 women; the Asylum for the Incurable Insane, 113 men and 132 women; the Almshouse, 76 men, 77 women, 21 boys, and 4 girls-178 in all; the State Prison, 76 men and 6 women. The Providence County Jail contained 109 men and 14 women; that of Washington County, 3 men; that of Bristol County, no inmates at all; Newport County, 1 man; Kent County, 2 men. There are thirty-nine savings-banks in the State, with 97,682 depositors and an aggregate of $44,755,625.49 in deposits, making the average due each depositor $458.18. The increase of deposits for the year was $1,660,091.68; increase in number of depositors, 4,489. The average rate of dividends was 4 per cent. VOL. XX.-42 A broke through all trammels, good and bad, in their zeal for the ideal, to ripe old age, when he persistently presented the claims of science and literature in an absorbed and practical community, Dr. Ripley's influence on the thought of his day was continuous. ROBERTS, MARSHALL OTIS, was born in New York, in 1812. He began life as a ship-chandler. During the Mexican War he accumulated a fortune by contracts for stores and transportation. This he ultimately lost. During the rapid colonization of California he was largely interested in a steamship company, which was awarded a lucrative contract for transportation of mails across the Isthmus of Panama. The company became bankrupt, Mr. Roberts acquired their claims against the Government, and years after obtained a judgment for above a million dollars. In 1856 he was a delegate to the first National Convention of the Republican party, at Pittsburg, which nominated Fremont for the Presidency. In 1861 Mr. Roberts was an ardent friend of the Union. He placed the steamer Star of the West at the disposal of General Scott. His patriotism was acknowledged by the award of contract after contract, by which he amassed a colossal fortune. was connected with many enterprises. He was at the head of the Tehuantepec Canal and Railroad Company. He was one of the five capitalists who undertook the laying of the Atlantic cable. On the assassination of President Lincoln Mr. Roberts presented his family with a gift of ten thousand dollars. He was also a munificent patron of art, and expended in the acquisition of pictures more than a million of dollars, the greater part of which went to the encouragement of native art. He was the founder of the Women's Christian Association and the Home for Girls in New York City. He died at Saratoga, New York, September 11, 1880, in the sixty-eighth year of He his age. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. During the year 1880 the Roman Catholic Church remained under the direction of Pope Leo XIII, the position at Rome being unchanged. The Italian Government pursued its course of seizing ecclesiastical property, all that belonging to the College of the Propaganda, the great missionary college of the Church, arising from contributions from all countries, being taken, and, though the Propaganda appealed to the courts, the judges decided (November 13th) in favor of the Government from whom they received their salaries. Pope Leo XIII continued to encourage the study of the works of St. Thomas Aquinas, and set apart rooms for the preparation of a new and careful edition. Theological disputations were frequently conducted in his presence. In February he addressed an encyclical to the Lenten preachers on marriage and the tendency of civil government to undermine it, by opening the door to divorces on any pretext. In Germany no new laws were passed op pressing the Catholics, but those on the statutebook were enforced, gradually depriving Catholics in that empire of all religious services, and punishing with rigor any attempt to supplý the vacancies. In Switzerland the Catholics, by taking part in the elections in some places, recovered their churches by electing their duly appointed parish priests. The French Republic, by the decrees of March 29, 1880, ordered the suppression of all unauthorized religious orders, that is, of orders that were not incorporated and recognized under the French laws. The appeals of the episcopate and clergy to the President and his Cabinet were disregarded. Under this the Jesuits were expelled from their houses and colleges by the police at Paris, Angers, and elsewhere, convents of Carmelites and Récollets were mobbed, and even the famous Sister Jeanne de Chantal, known as the heroine of Châteaudun, for her services during the war with Germany, was driven from her convent. Similar scenes were enacted throughout the republic, and religious orders were compelled to disperse and break up their colleges, academies, and schools, as well as institutions of charity and houses for home missions among the poor and neglected. Many of these religieuse took up temporary residence in England and the British Isles, and in Spain. In many cases the religieuse protested against the decrees and against invasion of their individual rights, and yielded only to force. Large bodies of troops were at times sent against monasteries to overawe the people while the expulsion was effected. On the 11th of November Cardinal Guibert addressed a letter to the members of the communities dispersed under the March decrees. On the 31st of November a preliminary agreement was signed between the Holy See and the Russian Government in regard to the nomination of bishops and the regulation of seminaries. This gave hopes of some freedom to members of the Catholic Church in the Russian dominions, although many points were not touched, especially the condition of the United Greeks in Poland. It was hailed, however, as an indication of better feeling toward the Catholics in general, but the death of Alexander II, before the agreement was completely carried out, left the whole matter in a state of uncertainty. To encourage the Slav Catholics, Leo XIII, on the 30th of September, issued an encyclical on their apostles Sts. Cyril and Methodius, and the church founded by them, and made their feast one of higher rank in the church-atlarge. The ancient order of St. Benedict celebrated the fourteen hundredth anniversary of the birth of its founder, the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg officiating, at Monte Casino, April 6th, and similar celebrations took place in Austria, Switzerland, England, the United States, and other parts where the order still flourishes; the abbey at Montserrat in Spain celebrating on the same month its millennial. Pilgrimages took place in various parts; and Knock, in Ireland, in consequence of apparitions said to have occurred there, became a resort visited by pious gatherings from all parts of Ireland and England, and even from the United States. In Belgium a school law hostile to religious influence led to a rupture between that kingdom and Rome, the Belgian Minister to the Holy See closing his embassy on the 6th of July. Pope Leo XIII, on the 27th, addressed a letter to Cardinal Dechamps on the subject, and on the 20th of the following month he reviewed the whole subject in an allocution to the Cardinal. The United States of Colombia in June passed a law recalling from banishment Bishop Bermudez, of Popayan; Bishop Restrepo, of Pasto; Bishop Gonzalez, of Antioquia; Bishop Montoya, of Medellin; and Bishop Carra, of Pamplona, who had been driven into exile. No promotion of cardinals occurred during the year, except that of Anthony Hassun, Patriarch of Cilicia, of the Armenians, who was created cardinal in December, the only member of the Sacred College representing any of the Oriental rites. Cardinal Pie, Bishop of Poitiers, died May 17, 1880; Cardinal F. X. Apuzzo, Archbishop of Capua, July 30th; Cardinal Pacca, October 14th. Among other eminent Catholics who died during the year were the Dominican prior, Very Rev. Joseph Mulledy, an archæologist, author of "St. Clement and his Basilica in Rome" (June 25th); Mgr. G. Martigny, author of the "Dictionnaire des Antiquités Chrétiennes" (August 18th); and the Countess Clotilda von Bocholtz, foundress of a diocesan seminary at Paderborn, Germany (August 29th). ROUMANIA, a kingdom in Southeastern Europe. Reigning King, Charles I, born April 20th, 1839; accepted his election as Prince of Roumania May 10, 1866; was proclaimed King by the Parliament of Roumania on March 26, 1881. The area of Roumania is estimated at 129,947 square kilometres, and the population at 5,376,000. The largest cities are Bucharest, with 177,646 inhabitants; Jassy, with 90,000; and Galaoz, with 80,000. = The revenue for the financial year 1879 amounted to 114,228,041 lei (1 lei = 1 franc 19.3 cents); the expenditure to 114,340,586 lei. The public debt, on January 1, 1880, was 597,964,953 lei. The effective force of the territorial army in 1879 was 22,463 infantry, and 12,184 cavalry with 12,192 horses. The navy consists as yet of only four steamers and six gunboats, and has thirty officers and five hundred men. The imports were valued in 1879 at 254,483,000 lei; the exports at 238,650,000 lei. The number of vessels entering the ports of the Danube in 1879 was 22,349, with 3,929,032 tons; the number of vessels cleared 21,913, with 3,904,369 tons. In September, 1880, there were 1,098 kilometres of state railroads and 223 kilometres of private roads in operation, exclusive of one road in the Dobrudja of 63 kilometres. The aggregate length of the telegraph lines was 5,238 kilometres, of the wires 8,323 kilometres; the number of dispatches sent, 879,138. The postal establishment carried 5,150,848 private letters, 1,103,544 official letters, 531,548 registered letters, 697,210 postal-cards. The number of offices was 233; the revenue, 3,637,784 francs. The attention of the Cabinet and the Chambers was chiefly directed to measures of internal administration, and to the enlargement and improvement of commercial facilities. The independence of the nation was recognized at the beginning of February by the Government of the Netherlands. On the 7th of February the Austro-Hungarian Government addressed a note to England, France, and Germany, inviting these Governments, in view of the intrigues of the Roumanian Cabinet to press forward the emancipation of the Jews, formally to acknowledge the independence of the principality. On the 20th of February a joint note acknowledging the independence of Roumania was presented to the Government by the representatives of the three powers named. The announcement of the fact was received in the Chambers with so much applause that the sittings had to be temporarily suspended. Immediately after the note was presented, Mr. W. A. White, the British_Consul-General, submitted his credentials as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Roumanian Government. The relations between Roumania and Bulgaria came to a rupture in May, when Mr. Stourdza, the Roumanian representative to Bulgaria, was recalled, on the ground that he had been treated discourteously, and that the Bulgarian Government had insinuated that Roumania was secretly supporting insurrection in Bulgaria. This act was followed by the recall of the Bulgarian agent, Mr. Georgieff, from Bucharest. Another difference arose upon the introduction of a bill in the Bulgarian Parliament for the naturalization of all Bulgarians dwelling in Roumania and Servia as subjects of the Bulgarian Principality. This bill was, however, withdrawn, in deference to the objections urged by Roumania that such a measure would interfere with its territorial rights. In the matter of the settlement of the frontier line of the Danube, Russia, in June, gave its consent to a delimitation by which the fort of Arab Sabia proper and the intrenchments situated on the heights of Yumen and Yelianli, with their western surroundings, should be allotted to Roumania, while the southeastern part of the intrenchments, with Fort Odo, should be kept by the Bulgarians. The Roumanians were willing to accept this line, notwithstanding that they alleged that the lastmentioned position, which would be left in the hands of Bulgaria, commanded the bridge over the Danube. The details of the settlement of the frontier line between Roumania and the Dobrudja were afterward agreed upon by the powers, and communicated to the Roumanian Government, whose duty it then became to come to an understanding with Bulgaria respecting the actual work of marking the boundary. The unfriendly feeling toward Russia, which had been quite strong ever since the negotiation of the Treaty of Berlin, became more intense while these negotiations respecting the frontier were going on. It was aggravated by charges on the one side that the Russians were carrying on intrigues in Roumania, and on the other by a Russian accusation that the Government at Bucharest was harboring incendiary agents who desired to stir up revolution in Russia. The Russian Government made representations to that of Roumania concerning the Nihilists who had taken refuge within its territory, but the Roumanian Government found no authority in law for taking any de cisive measures against them. The reports of the extent of these jealousies, and of the character of the correspondence to which they led, appear to have been much exaggerated, but they were sufficiently real to influence the course of the Government and lead it to seek closer relations with Germany and Austria. The feeling of the Government was not shared by all of the people, and a part, including Prince Gregory Stourdza, son of the late Hospodar of Moldavia, favored Russia. During the debate of the Senate on the address in February, Prince Stourdza had attacked the Ministry, and urged that the true policy for the country would be to seek an intimate union with Russia and an alliance with the other principalities of the Balkan Peninsula. The speech was intended as a kind of political programme for a new party to be formed out of the members of the Opposition and some malcontents who had hitherto belonged to the Ministerial part, and was followed by the establishment of a new Opposition journal, the "Demokratia Nationala." The Government published a memorandum on the question of the Danube in September, in which it complained of a disposition of Austria to assume dictatorial power over the navigation of the river, and claim the sole right of police surveillance. It demanded that a European commission, to include representatives of Roumania, Servia, and Bulgaria, should decree what rules should be established. An arrangement was made between the Austrian and Roumanian Governments in October, by which Austria should retain the presidency and the casting vote which it had claimed in the mixed Danubian Commission, but that Roumania should appoint the Inspector-General, and the Commission should reside at Giurgevo instead of Rustchuk. A new Cabinet was formed at the beginning of August, as follows: J. C. Bratiano, Minister of Finance and President of the Council of Ministers; A. Boeresco, Minister_of_Foreign Affairs; A. Teriakio, Minister of the Interior; General G. Slaniceno, Minister of War; Colonel Dabija, Minister of Public Works; B. Conta, Minister of Public Instruction and Justice. Teriakio, Dabija, and Conta were new members. An attempt was made, December 14th, to assassinate Mr. Bratiano, the Premier, as he was leaving the Chamber of Deputies. The assailant, who succeeded in wounding the Minister in two places with a knife, was arrested, and found to be one Jean Pietraro, who had been discharged from a position in the Ministry of Finance on account of his bad reputation. The succession to the throne of Roumania was settled by vote of the Senate, October 10, 1880, upon Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern, nephew to Prince Charles, in the event of the latter remaining childless. RUSSIA (EMPIRE OF ALL THE RUSSIAS), an empire in Europe and Asia. The Emperor Alexander II, who was born April 17 (new style), 1818, and succeeded his father, Nicholas I, February 18, 1855, was assassinated on March 13, 1881. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Alexander III, born February 26, 1845; married, October 28, 1866, to Marra Feodorovna (formerly called Sophia Frederica Dagmar), daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark, born November 14, 1847. Offspring of this union are four children: 1. Nicholas, heir-apparent, born May 6, 1868; 2. George, born April 27, 1871; 3. Xenia, born March 25, 1875; 4. Michael, born November 23, 1878. Brothers of the Emperor: 1. Vladimir, born April 10, 1847, married August 16, 1874, to Princess Marie, of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Offspring of this union are three sons, Cyrille, born 1876, Boris, born 1877, and Andreas, born 1879. 2. Alexis, born January 2, 1850; 3. Sergius, born April 29, 1857; 4. Paul, born September 21, 1860. Uncles of the Emperor: 1. Constantine, High-Admiral of the Russian Navy, born September 9, 1827, married, August 30, 1848, to Princess Alexandra of SaxeAltenburg, of which union there are issue four children: Nicholas, born 1850; Olga, Queen of Greece, born 1851; Vera, widow of Prince Eugen of Würtemberg, born 1854; Constantine, born 1858; Dimitis, born 1860; 2. Nicholas, born July 27, 1831, field-marshal in the Russian Army, married to Princess Alexandra of Oldenburg, of which marriage there are two sons, Nicholas, born 1856, and Peter, born 1864; 3. Michael, born October 13, 1832, fieldmarshal in the Russian Army, married to Princess Cecilia of Baden, of which marriage there are six sons, Nicholas, born 1859; Michael, 1861; George, 1863; Alexander, 1866; Sergius, 1869; Alexis, 1875, and one daughter, Anastasia, born 1860, and married, in 1879, to Prince Frederic Frauol of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. The area and population of the great di |