ward of thirty colors" (Hancock's official report). The fighting at this point was as fierce as any during the war, the battle raging furiously and incessantly along the whole line throughout the day and late into the night, General Lee making no fewer than five separate assaults in his attempts to retake the works, but without success.

In the subsequent operations of the army, at the crossing of the North Anna, the second battle of Cold Harbor, and the assault on the lines in front of Petersburg, he was active and indefatigable till the 17th of June, when his Gettysburg wound, breaking out afresh, became so inflamed and dangerous that he was compelled to go on sick-leave, but resumed his command again in ten days. The battles at Deep Bottom, Ream's Station, and of Boydton Plank-road, were conducted by him. He was appointed a brigadier-general in the regular army, August 12, 1864,"for gallant and distinguished services in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, and Cold Harbor, and in all the operations of the army in Virginia under Lieutenant-General Grant."

On November 26th he was called to Washington to organize a veteran corps from the honorably discharged soldiers who had served two years. He continued at that duty till February 26, 1865, when he was assigned to the command of the Middle Military Division, and ordered to Winchester, Virginia, to relieve from the command of the Army of the Shenandoah General Sheridan, who started the next morning with a large force of cavalry on his expedition down the Shenandoah Valley. General Hancock now bent all his energies to organizing and equipping a force as powerful as possible from the mass at his command. His success is attested by the following extract from a dispatch from the Secretary of War: "I am very much gratified by your energy in organizing and administering the military force of your important command. Your dispatch of this evening to General Halleck vindicates my judgment in assigning you to that position, and shows that you could not in any other render service so valuable and urgent to the Government. I would be glad to have a detailed report of the force and its location, a thing I have never been able to procure. For what you have done already, you have the thanks of this Department."

After the assassination of President Lincoln, April 14, 1865, General Hancock's beadquarters were transferred to Washington, and he was placed in command of the defenses of the capital. July 30th he was assigned to the command of the Middle Department, with headquarters in Baltimore. A resolution approved April 21, 1866, tenders him with other officers and soldiers the thanks of Congress, "for the skill and heroic valor which, at Gettysburg, repulsed, defeated, and drove back, broken and dispirited, the veteran army of the rebellion," and for himself, "for his gallant, meritorious, and con

HARCOURT, WILLIAM G. G. V.

spicuous share in that great and decisive victory." July 26, 1866, he was appointed a major-general in the regular army.

August 6th General Hancock was assigned to the command of the Department of Missouri, where he conducted a successful warfare against the hostile Indians on the Plains, till relieved by General Sheridan, September 12, 1867. He was in command of the Fifth Military District, comprising Louisiana and Texas, from November, 1867, to March, 1868; the Division of the Atlantic from March, 1868, to March, 1869; and the Department of Dakota from 1869 to 1872. On the death of General George G. Meade, he was again assigned to the command of the Division of the Atlantic, November 25, 1872, his headquarters being in New York City, till 1878, when they were transferred to Governor's Island, New York Harbor.

General Hancock's name was favorably mentioned in 1868 and 1872 as a candidate for Presidential honors. He was unanimously nominated the candidate of the Democratic party in the Cincinnati Convention, June 24, 1880. On the first ballot he received 171 votes, in a convention containing 738 members, and Senator Bayard, of Delaware, 1533. The remainder of the votes were scattered among twelve candidates. On the second ballot General Hancock received 320 votes, Senator Bayard 111; and Speaker Randall, of the House of Representatives, advanced from 6 to 1283 votes. On the next ballot General Hancock received 705 votes, and the nomination was made unanimous.

HARCOURT, Sir WILLIAM GEORGE GRANVILLE VERNON, the Secretary of State for the Home Department in the new Liberal English Cabinet, was born in 1827. He is the second son of the Rev. William Harcourt, of Nuneham Park, Oxfordshire, and grandson of the late Archbishop of York. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated there in honors in 1851. Three years later he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple, and in 1866 became a Queen's Counsel. He was elected Professor of International Law at Cambridge University in 1869, and was a member of the Royal Commission for amending the Neutrality Laws. He was appointed SolicitorGeneral in November, 1873, being knighted on his appointment, and held this office until the resignation of Mr. Gladstone's Ministry in FebHe wrote various political pamruary, 1874. phlets and letters on international law in the Times," under the pseudonym "Historicus." He represented Oxford in the Liberal interest from 1868 to 1880. He was successful at the general election of 1880, but, when he accepted an office in the Cabinet and offered himself for a new election, he was defeated on May 8th by the Conservative candidate. On May 25th he was, however, returned for Derby, which seat Mr. Plimsoll resigned in his favor. His second wife, to whom he was married in 1876, was a daughter of the late J. L. Motley, of the United States.

HARTINGTON, SPENCER COMPTON CAVENDISH, Marquis of, the Secretary of State for India in the new Liberal English Cabinet, was born July 23, 1833, and is the eldest surviving son of William, seventh Duke of Devonshire. He graduated at Cambridge in 1854, and was made LL. D. in 1862. In 1856 he was at tached to Earl Granville's special mission to Russia. (See GRANVILLE.) In 1857 he was returned to the House of Commons as one of the members in the Liberal interest for North Lancashire. In 1859, at the opening of the new Parliament, he moved a vote of no confidence in Lord's Derby's Government, and it was carried by 323 votes against 310. He took office as a Lord of the Admiralty in March, 1863; a month afterward became under-Secretary for War; and, when Earl Russell reconstructed his Cabinet in 1866, he received the appointment of Secretary for War. He lost his seat at the general election of 1868, but was returned soon afterward for the Radnor Boroughs, having first received the office of Postmaster-General in Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet. In 1871 he succeeded Mr. Chichester Fortescue as Secretary for Ireland, and remained in that post until the dissolution of the Cabinet in 1874. On Mr. Gladstone renouncing the leadership of the Liberal party, shortly before the assembling of the Parliament in 1875, he was unanimously chosen by the members of the opposition as their acknowledged leader in the Commons. At the general election held in 1880 he was returned both for the Radnor Boroughs and Northeast Lancashire. He chose to sit for the latter, and was reelected on his being appointed Secretary of State for India. In 1877, and again in 1879, he was elected Lord Rector for Edinburgh University. Two of Lord Hartington's brothers, Lord Frederick Charles Cavendish and Lord Edward Cavendish, are likewise Liberal members of the House of Commons, Lord Frederick representing the northern division of West Yorkshire, and Lord Edward North Derbyshire. Lord Frederick was private secretary to Earl Granville, when the latter was LordPresident of the Council, 1859-'64; to Mr. Gladstone, 1872-73; a Lord of the Treasury, 1873-74; and Financial Secretary to the Treasry in 1880.

HAVEN, GILBERT, was born near Boston, September 19, 1821; died January 3, 1880, at Malden, Massachusetts. He graduated at the Wesleyan University in 1846, and for two years taught Greek and Latin in Amenia Seminary, of which, in 1848, he became the principal. In 1851 he joined the New England Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and was stationed successively at Northampton, Wilbraham, Westfield, Roxbury, and Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1861 he was appointed Chaplain of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment, the first commissioned chaplain after the breaking out of the civil war. In 1862 he made a tour in Europe and the East; and on his return was sta

VOL. XX.-23 A

tioned for two years as pastor in Boston. His earnest advocacy of the cause of the colored people, before and during the war, led to his appointment, in 1865, to the supervision of the interests of destitute freedmen and whites in the State of Mississippi. In 1867 he became the editor of "Zion's Herald," Boston, and continued in this office until 1872, when he was elected Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was afterward assigned by the General Conference to the superintendence of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the extreme Southern States, his residence being Atlanta, Georgia. He was a persistent advocate of Protestant missions in Italy and among Spanish-speaking peoples, and in 1872-73 visited Mexico in this cause. He published "The Pilgrim's Wallet" in 1864, and "National Sermons; Sermons, Speeches, and Letters on Slavery and its War," in 1869. A man of strong intellect and will, he was also vigorous in his prejudices,

HÉBERT, PAUL O., ex-Governor of Louisiana, was born at Bayou Goula, Iberville Parish, Louisiana, in 1818. He graduated from the Jesuit College, St. James Parish, in 1836, and went to West Point, where he graduated in 1840, in the same class with Generals Hancock, Thomas, Sherman, and other officers of distinction. He was Assistant Professor of Engineering at the Military Academy in 1841-'42. He was employed in the construction of the Western Passes of the month of the Mississippi until 1845, when he resigned and was appointed Chief Engineer of the State of Louisiana. This office he held until the Mexican War, when he was reappointed to the United States Army, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the Fourteenth Infantry. He was at the battle of Contreras, at the storming of Chapultepec, and at the taking of the city of Mexico. He was brevetted colonel for gallant conduct at Molino del Rey. In 1848 the army was disbanded, and Colonel Hébert returned to his plantation at Bayou Goula. In 1851 he went as commissioner to France. In 1852 he was a member of the Convention which framed a new Constitution for Louisiana. He was Governor of the State from January 1, 1853, to January 1, 1856. One of the notable appointments of his term was that of General W. T. Sherman as President of the Louisiana Military Academy. In 1861 he was appointed one of the five brigadier-generals in the Provisional Confederate Army, the others being Robert E. Lee, Albert Sidney Johnston, Beauregard, and Magruder. He was in command of the trans-Mississippi Department until relieved by General Magruder, when he took charge of the defenses at Galveston. Very shortly after the surrender, Governor Hébert applied for the removal of his disabilities. He was then appointed on the Board of State Engineers. In 1873 President Grant appointed him Commissioner of Engineers for the Mississippi Levee. He died in New Orleans, August 29th.

HERING, Dr. CONSTANTINE, President of the American Institute of Homœopathy, was born in Oschatz, Germany, January 1, 1800. He was educated at the University of Leipsic and at the Surgical Academy of Dresden. He was engaged to write a book confuting homoopathy. In order to do this, he read Hahnemann's works, and he finally became a convert to the doctrine "similia similibus curantur." He sought out Hahnemann, studied under him, and became his personal friend. He had filled the position of Instructor in Mathematics and Natural Sciences in Berckmann's Institute, Dresden, and the King sent him to Surinam to make a zoological collection. He practiced medicine for a time in Paramaribo, and then sailed to Philadelphia, arriving there in January, 1833. He was head of the Homœopathic School, the first of its kind established anywhere. From 1845 to 1869 he was Professor of Institutes and Materia Medica in the Philadelphia College of Homœopathy. He edited the "American Journal of Homœopathic Materia Medica." He published many works, including "Condensed Materia Medica," "Guiding Symptoms and Analytical Therapeutics," and "Hering's Domestic Physician." He developed many of Hahnemann's theories, and ranks only second to him with the members of his school. He died in Philadelphia, July 23d.

HOME HYGIENE. Baths and Bathing.— The use of the bath in some form has been common to all races, in all ages. Homer, in the 66 Odyssey," ," has left a vivid description of the several baths taken by Ulysses at his principal halting-places, while pursuing his zigzag journey from the grotto of Calypso to his native Ithaca, and from those descriptions we may conclude that the method in use by the ancient Greeks was not materially different from that in use at the present day. The water was heated in a brass basin, upon a tripod over a fire, and thence poured into a larger basin or vase of brass or marble to temper the water therein contained. Cold water was rarely used, although sea-bathing was common, not only as a means of cleansing and refreshing the body after fatigue, but as a remedy in disease, and persons who lived at a distance from the sea were frequently removed thither for the sake of recovering their health, mainly to "the most pleasant city Ostia, to enjoy the benefit of bathing in the sea, which is an easy and expeditious method of drying up the superfluous humors of the body." Hot baths were long known, but were indulged in only after great fatigue; the tepid bath, prepared as indicated above, being that usually employed, the Greeks considering the hot bath effeminate. During the last illness of Alexander the Great, he was bathed very frequently, having a greater reliance upon the curative virtue of the bath than in that of medicine, and finally he caused his bed to be brought near the bath, that it might be more easy of access. The knowledge of the hot springs, or therma,

is not confined to the moderns, as Homer commends the fountains of Scamander for their hot water; Pindar mentions "the hot baths of the nymphs"; and Minerva or Vulcan is said to have discovered to Hercules a hot spring, in which to refresh himself after one of his labors; the famous pass of Thermopyla derives its name from the warm springs in its vicinity; the Therma of Sicily, near Selinus, have been known for a long period, and the grammarian Solinus in his "Polyhistor" has given a description of Bath, England. Traditionary legends and mythological lore weaved a potent spell about the old therma, and doubtless added to their other beneficial effects upon invalids, that of powerfully stimulating the imagination. Thus it is said that the curative powers of the waters of Bath were discovered by accident, during the reign of Hudibras the son of Liel, who is alleged to have been contemporaneous with Solomon. It is related, with superabundance of detail, that the Prince Bladud, the son of Hudibras, having been driven in disgrace from the court in consequence of his leprosy, engaged himself to a swineherd, and communicated the disease to his swine. The amateur swineherd and his herd wandered about until by accident one of the animals wallowed in the warm spring at Bath and was healed, whereupon the example was followed by Prince Bladud, and the resulting cure established the efficacy of the waters for all succeeding time.

The

The Romans, as might be expected from the perfection of the water-supply of the city, brought the practice of bathing to its highest perfection; indeed, no modern essay upon balneology is deemed complete without a description of the Roman baths. By the term Roman baths, the public baths are meant, although bath-rooms in all grades of magnificence were common in the houses of the wealthy. (A description of the public baths of ancient Rome and Pompeii may be seen in the "American Cyclopædia," vol. ii, pages 382-384.) balnea pensilia (hanging-baths) introduced by Sergius Orata, about which there has been much dispute, appear, from the directions given for their construction by the architect Vitruvius, to have been nothing more than baths supported upon pillars or arches. All Roman baths, of which there were upward of eight hundred, included the cella frigidaria, the cold bath-room; the frigidarium (the cold bath); the cella caldaria (the hot bath-room); the caldarium (the hot bath); the cella tepidaria, the tepidarium; the sudatoria, or sweating-rooms; apoditeria, or undressing-room; and the unctua ria, or perfuming-rooms. The bath-keeper (balneator) had slaves under his command (capsarii), who took care of the garments of the bathers, and other slaves (aliptæ or unctores) whose duty it was to rub the body of the bather with the strigilis, a sort of curry-comb made of horn, brass, silver, or gold, and at the conclusion of the bath to apply the oil. Air-baths were in most cases attached, statuary and bril

liant frescoes met the eye of the bather, and libraries were commonly in the same building. Scholars composed or dictated, and poets read their compositions to the concourse gathered at the baths in the hot season. In our day, there is no civilized nation that attaches the same importance to public baths as the Romans did, and the baths are nowhere constructed with a tithe of the ancient splendor. The Turkish baths, perhaps, approach more nearly those of ancient Roine, and the process of bathing according to the Turkish method is simply a modification of that of the Romans. Turkish baths are now quite common in European and American cities, but they are little frequented here except by invalids.* Among all Mohammedans the bath forms an important religious ceremony, as also among the Hindoos. Bayard Taylor thus described the ceremony as practiced at Allahabad:

Several boats, containing flower-decked shrines with images of the gods, were moored on the Jumna side, the current of the Gauges being exceedingly rapid. The natives objected to our getting upon the platforms, as they were kana, or purified, and our touch would defile them; so we stood in the mud for a short time and witnessed the ceremony of bathing. The Hindoos always bathe with a cloth around the loins, out of respect for the goddess Gungajee.† There were about a dozen in the water, bobbing up and down, bowing their heads to the four points of the compass, and muttering invocations; others, standing on the bank, threw wreaths of yellow flowers upon the water.

Dr. Dudgeon informs us that there are numerous public baths in Peking. They are known by a lantern lighted at night and raised on a lofty pole. The buildings are damp, dirty, and filled with a rank, steamy atmosphere; there are three apartments, viz.: 1. Undressing-room. 2. Bathing-room. 3. Lounging or smoking room. The same water is used for several bathers; at any rate, it is changed but once daily, except during the hottest weather, when it is changed twice. As the Chinese dread the effect of water applied to the surface of the of the better classes usually body, the "bath consists of "a teacupful of warm water applied with a silk handkerchief"; the public baths, therefore, are mainly used by the lower orders of people. "An ordinary bath costs a penny, but during the last month of the Chinese year, the price is raised to about three pence." bathing, 'many wash the upper half of the body who refuse to wash the lower, being afraid of the lower vapor ascending and injuring the upper." The Chinese dread of water is somewhat embarrassing to foreign practitioners of medicine, resident in China, as it is said that when called to attend Chinese patients they are obliged to eschew water-dressings, baths, fomentations, and the like, if they desire to retain the confidence of their patrons. There are several hot springs in China, much used as a resort for invalids; those near Chefoo, according to Dr. Myers, supply the baths at a

แ

Vide" American Cyclopædia,” vol ii. + The river deity.

In

temperature of 112° to 120° Fahr. These baths are at a village (Loong - Chuen - Tang) about thirty-three miles east from Yentai. There are also hot sulphur-baths at I San Tang, fifty miles from Chefoo. The temperature of these baths is higher, being 124° Fahr., and Dr. Myers suggests that as foreigners are not well treated there, persons visiting them should take their tubs with them. There are two celebrated baths near Peking; one at Piyünze, a Buddhist temple, twelve miles from Peking. There are two springs near each other, which have been built round with marble, and inclosed in a park. The southern spring is the warmest, standing at a temperature of 120° Fahr. These baths, however, are not open to the public, being held as an imperial reservation. The public baths of Japan have been described in the "American Cyclopædia," vol. ii, page 385. The private bath is thus described by Dr. G. Henderson: "In the bottom of an ordinary wooden or metal bath-tub, a hole is cut six inches in diameter, and about an inch distant from the side; into this hole is fitted a copper cylinder closed at the bottom by a very open grating; the cylinder is contracted at the top so as to resemble somewhat a large beer-bottle; this shape increases the draught.

"The bath-tub being ready and filled with cold water, in order to heat it we have only to drop into the copper cylinder from one to two pounds of hot coals, and in half an hour the water will be raised in temperature forty or fifty degrees."

have resorted to vapor-baths from time immeThe North American Indians, when sick, the warm season, and then in the rivers and morial, but in health they bathe only during lakes. The vapor-bath is made by placing some hot stones in a small lodge or tent, previously made air-tight by covering the lodge with skins or blankets: then water is poured upon the stones, and a hot steam is the result. A similar practice prevails in Lapland. American resorts for persons desiring the beneAn account of the different European and fit of baths in natural mineral waters, as well

as the effect of the various medicated baths as purpose of this paper; indeed, the mere enua remedial measure in disease, is foreign to the meration of the treatises upon the subject of entire space assigned to this article. It may medical balneology would occupy nearly the not be out of place, however, to say that no person in the United States need go beyond its borders to find mineral springs of any desired and that the remedial effect of any particular composition and of any required temperature, Waters can not be obtained anywhere else than cal chemical composition and temperature do at the spring, since waters prepared of identilows, therefore, that there are other elements not produce the same effect elsewhere. It folentering into the causation of the curative effect, such as the atmosphere of the place, its elevation and consequent barometric pressure,

the careful regulation of diet, the relaxation from business, and change of scene.

Free public baths are not as common either in Europe or America as they should be. In the city of New York there are only eight; in Brooklyn three; in Philadelphia two; in Boston twenty. There are none in Baltimore, New Orleans, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis, or San Francisco. These baths are floating bathis for men and boys in one compartment, and for women and girls in the other; they are usually_moored near some of the public docks; in Boston they are near the bridges, which are numerous in that city; in any event, they are necessarily near one or more of the sewer outlets. When intercepting sewers shall have been established for the better purification of our great harbors, this disadvantage will be obviated. It has been alleged, not without a show of reason, that the absorption of sewage matters, by reason of the immersion of the body in the waters of our harbors, was itself more harmful than the uncleanliness of the bather; but this is certainly an exaggeration; and, moreover, absorption by the skin is very slow, and the great reduction of the temperature of the body consequent upon the saline bath compensates in some measure for the evil. It is not, however, irremediable. Mr. Charles Slagg, C. E., of England, has proposed a very ingenious scheme for providing filtered-water swimming-baths in impure rivHe proposes to place floating baths in the current of a river, and by means of tidewheels to utilize the motive power of the current to pump water into the bath from a well into which the river-water enters through a filter in the bottom of the vessel." This scheme is doubtless practicable, but has not been tried in this country, and the writer has seen no account of its having been tried elsewhere. The public baths have not as yet been heated, nor have any been constructed except floating baths. Dr. Bell suggested some years ago that large manufacturing establishments could easily furnish the necessary facilities for heating the water for public baths. He estinated that the waste water of a five hundred horse-power steam-engine would be sufficient to "furnish baths for twenty-six hundred persons daily, at an average temperature of 70° to 75° Fahr." It is not probable that this plan could be made available. Since the city assumes the responsibility of providing free public baths at all, it would seem eminently proper that it should provide them with the necessary appliances for accomplishing their intended purpose. The furnishing of a suitable tank, and a steam-boiler for hot water, would not appear to present an insuperable obstacle. The greatest difficulty consists in obtaining the necessary appropriation from the city treasury.

ers.

Without special discussion of the physiology of the human skin, or particular mention of the details of its anatomy, it may be stated that all living animals cast off and renew their

cutaneous appendages in some way. Reptiles cast off the entire skin each year, quadrupeds shed their hair and portions of their epidermis, the "molting" process is more or less constant in birds, crustaceans cast off their shells in whole or in part, according to species, and fishes their scales. The epidermis of man, although more gradually thrown off, is yet as constantly undergoing that process. The blood circulating through the skin is cooled by indirect contact with the air, and it parts with certain of its salts and water by means of the sweat-glands, with which it is numerously supplied; if, then, from any cause the sweat-ducts (pores) become obstructed, local sore or a general disease is the result: a local sore if but few are obstructed, and general disease in exact and definite proportion to the number of glands involved. Numerous experiments have been made by physiologists tending to show the effect of closure of the sweat-ducts upon lower animals, by covering the skin with an impermeable coating, and death was the invariable result, the duration of life after the coating only varying according to the thoroughness of the application. Dr. Flint quotes from Laschkewitch the case of a child who was covered with gold-leaf in order to represent an angel in the ceremonies attending the coronation of Pope Leo X. This child died a few hours after the coating had been applied. The effect of the closure of a smaller number of sweat-ducts is, as before stated, to produce a local sore, which is manifested in the form of a cutaneous eruption. It follows, then, that the application of water has a general tendency to assist the natural process of throwing off the epidermis, and, by dissolving and carrying off the perspiration, assists in keeping open the pores of the body, which, although not the only drains, are yet highly important ones. So in all ages its use has been accounted a great benefit. There are, however, thousands of human beings who do not bathe, except, perhaps, the hands and face; such persons are usually of the laboring-classes, whose perspiration is very free, sufficient in quantity to enforce its passage through the ducts, and prevent obstruction. In towns and villages throughout the United States not furnished with a general water-supply, bath-rooms are the exception, and in winter the only bath taken is a sponge or towel bath. In summer the male inhabitants of such villages usually seek the nearest lake or watercourse.

Baths are divided first, according to the medium employed, as air, vapor, sand, mud, or chemicals, etc.; second, a subdivision of the media; but, as the water-bath only is within the scope of this article, the first need not engage our attention. Water-baths are classed as plunge-baths, foot-baths, hip-baths, showerbaths, and sponge-baths; they are divided into cold baths, 42° to 70° Fahr.; tepid baths, from 72° to 82° Fahr.; warm baths, from 83° to 98° Fahr.; hot baths, from 99° to 112° Fahr. and