upon.

The only record of its appearance is when the courts of common pleas were formally opened by Governor St. Clair on September 2 following his arrival. This was a great ceremony. The regulars and militia formed the escort to the officials. Immediately in front of the Governor, the two Judges and the Secretary, marched Colonel Ebenezer Sproat, sheriff, who was six feet and four inches tall and who carried in one hand a drawn sword and in the other the wand of his office. The procession solemnly marched to a blockhouse where the court was declared duly installed and formally opened. There was nothing on the docket and as no case was to be tried the court adjourned in equal state.

The Indians gave great trouble to the settlers, and the settlers gave great trouble to the Indians. Frequent aimless and ineffectual dashes were made against them by the regulars and some of the territory militia, but these served only to exasperate and harass both parties to it. Campaigns were made against the Wabash and Illinois Indians. For the two campaigns of General Harmer and Major Hamtramck, and of Governor St. Clair himself, against the Miamis, levies of 1,500 men were made from the militias of Pennsylvania and of Virginia. The disastrous and dismal defeats of these expeditions were followed by Congress promptly increasing the regular army to 5,000 men and appointing "Mad Anthony" Wayne to the command. Just previous to Governor St. Clair's campaign, Congress added another regiment to the regular army and Major Hamtramck was given the command of it with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. For Wayne's campaign, Pennsylvania and Virginia were called on to furnish 2,500 men from the militia, and it was with these men that the militia of the territory served. The vigorous campaign by Wayne and the treaty of 1795 gave some relief to the settlers.

When the Northwest Territory passed to the second grade of territorial government in 1799, the militia was given prompt attention. In his address to the First General Assembly of the Northwest Territory at Cincinnati, Governor St. Clair stated that the militia law as enacted by the Governor and Judges was of doubtful obligation, and he urged that it be re-enacted by the General Assembly. This was done on October 28, 1799, but on the December 13 following a complete re-organization of the militia was made which went into effect on March 1, 1800.

The organization as provided for in that law is strikingly similar to that of the present day. Those who were between 18 and 45 years old, except Judges of the Supreme Court, the

Attorney-General, the Clerk of the Supreme Court, ministers of the gospel who were licensed to preach, jail keepers and all others exempted by the United States laws, were subject to militia duty. Sixty-four privates, or, in case of necessity, from forty to eighty, rank and file, constituted a company. The equipment which each man was required to provide for himself consisted of "a good musket, a sufficient bayonet and belt, or fusee, two spare flints, a knapsack and a pouch with a box therein to contain not less than twenty-four cartridges suited to the bore of his musket or fusee, each cartridge to contain a proper quantity of powder and ball; or a good rifle, knapsack, pouch and powder horn, with twenty balls suited to the bore of his rifle, and a quarter of a pound of powder." The commissioned officers were severally armed with "a sword or hanger and esponton."

A regiment consisted of two battalions of four companies each, while from two to four regiments constituted a brigade, and two brigades a division. To the commanding officer of each regiment was given the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and the commissioned and non-commissioned staffs consisted of an adjutant, clerk, quartermaster, paymaster, surgeon, surgeon's mate, sergeant-major, quartermaster-sergeant, drummajor and fife-major. Each battalion was commanded by a major, and no changes were made in the company officers as previously prescribed. A brigadier-general was provided for each brigade, and to him was given a brigade inspector with the rank of major. Each major-general, commanding a division, was allowed two aides-de-camp, who had the rank of major.

This law also provided for the first uniformed bodies of troops. One battery of artillery and one troop of horse was assigned to each brigade, the members of which were to be uniformed at their own expense as the brigade commander might prescribe. Each regiment was also required to include one company of young men between 18 and 28 years old who should be known as grenadiers, light infantrymen or riflemen, as might be selected by the brigade commander. The members of these companies were required to meet frequently for drill and to wear such uniform as might be prescribed by the regimental officers. Each member was required to pay for his own uniform, and when a member of the company reached the age of 28 years he was to be transferred to one of the companies not uniformed. It was believed such organi zations would raise the esprit de corps among the men and

would give the government the advantage of an unusually well drilled body of men as well.

The officers prescribed for each battery were a captain and two lieutenants. The other members were to be four sergeants, four corporals, six gunners, six bombardiers, one drummer, one fifer and from twenty to thirty matrosses. The non-commisisoned officers were armed with swords hangers, and each private or matross, with a "fusee, bayonet and belt and cartridge box to hold twelve cartridges."

or

Each troop of horse consisted of from thirty to sixty privates and was commanded by a captain. The other officers were two lieutenants, a cornet, four sergeants, four corporals, a saddler, farrier and trumpeter. The commissioned officers were armed with a sword and pair of pistols, while each dragoon was required to provide a horse, saddle and holsters, bridle, mail pillion, "vallise," a breastplate and crupper, pair of boots and spurs, a sabre, a pistol or pair of pistols, cartridge box and twelve cartridges for his pistols.

The Governor was designated as commander in chief, and he was authorized to appoint an Adjutant-General. The commissioned and non-commissioned officers were required to meet six days in each year and to devote five hours daily to instruction in military affairs. The precedent for the modern camp of instruction in Indiana is over a century old. Company muster was required every two months except during December, January, February and March of each year, while battalion muster was fixed for each April, and October was named for regimental muster. The counties were divided into regimental, brigade and division districts in the following May.

The General Assembly seems to have devoted the greater part of its time to laws relating to the militia and to provide for the encouragement of the killing of wolves, and under the pressing necessities of these two branches to have overlooked the fact that in the passage of the new militia law all former laws relating to the militia were repealed. After the General Assembly adjourned it was found there were no officers to carry out the provisions of the new law and no authority to appoint any. Attention was called to this state of affairs at the meeting of the General Assembly held at Chillicothe on December 8, 1800, and the Governor was authorized to appoint the general officers after duly inquiring in each locality as to the fitness of the man under consideration.

The history of the militia of Indiana Territory is difficult to trace. The territory was carved out of the Northwest

Territory by an act of Congress which was approved May 7, 1800. At that time it embraced within its limits most of the territory now included within the State of Indiana, all of Illinois and Wisconsin, the western half of Michigan, and a part of Minnesota. There were, at that time, but three counties in the territory, and they had been formed before Indiana Territory was set off. St. Clair County was formed in 1790 and included all of what is now Illinois, south of the Illinois River and west of a line drawn from Fort Massac to the mouth of Mackinaw Creek. Knox County was formed the same year and embraced nearly all of the present Indiana and Michigan. Randolph County was formed in 1795 out of the southern part of St. Clair County.

Wayne County was not a part of Indiana when the territory was first set apart. It was established in 1796, and was cut off, to a great extent, from Knox County. It included about one-third of the present State of Ohio, one-eighth of Indiana, the northeast corner of Illinois, including the present site of Chicago, the eastern part of Wisconsin, and all of Michigan. Detroit was the county seat, but almost all the white population was left in the Northwest Territory when Indiana Territory was set apart, and it so remained until Ohio was formed on April 30, 1802, when the greater part of it was put into Indiana Territory. The boundaries of Wayne County, after it had become a part of Indiana, were fixed January 24, 1803, and they so remained until 1805, when it became a part of Michigan Territory.

Thus, by the division of Indiana when Michigan was formed, June 30, 1805, and later when Illinois was formed, March 1, 1809, the history of the militia of Indiana is interwoven with that of the neighboring states.

The form of the government and the organization of Indiana Territory was the same as had been provided for the Northwest Territory. In 1798 it was estimated there were 5,000 white males in the territory and at once steps were taken to organize the first grade of territorial government. This was done successfully, and on July 4, 1800, the government was formally begun at Saint Vincennes.

At that time Saint Vincennes was the seat of government for Knox County, Kaskaskias for Randolph County, and Kahokia for St. Clair County. The total population of the territory, including slaves, was 5,641, and of this number 2,517 were in what is now Indiana. By 1810, the white population in what is now Indiana alone had increased to 24,520.

The officers who instituted the first government were John Gibson, a native of Pennsylvania, who was secretary, and William Clarke, Henry Vanderburgh, and John Griffin, who were the first Judges. William Henry Harrison, the Governor, did not arrive until January 10, 1801. The same laws that had been provided for the Northwest Territory were accepted as the laws for Indiana Territory, and it was under the militia laws of the Northwest Territory that the militia of Indiana Territory was organized.

The Executive Council, composed of the officers appointed, did not wait for the arrival of Governor Harrison, to issue commissions in the militia. The total number in the territory at that time subject to militia duty was 1,111, but from that small beginning the militia was developed. The officers were men of importance and standing in their communities and a commission was coveted. It was regarded as a signal honor and was held to be the surest channel through which civil positions could be secured.

Under the first plan of organization, battalions and regiments were organized according to counties, and the regi ments were so designated. Randolph County was the first to organize, so far as existing records show, and commissions were issued to the officers before the arrival of Governor Harrison. On August 1, 1800, the Executive Council, then in session at Vincennes, commissioned John Edgar as lieutenant-colonel and Antoine Pierre Menard as major for Randolph County. Colonel Edgar was a native of Ireland and had borne a commission in the British navy, but this he resigned in order to ally himself with the Americans in their struggle for independence. He was also probate judge, county treasurer, justice of the court of quarter sessions of the peace and justice of the court of common pleas for Randolph County. Major Menard was a brother jurist in both courts and afterwards became lieutenant-governor of Illinois. A handsome monument now stands to his memory in Springfield, Illinois, and the statue which surmounts it was made by an Indianapolis sculptor, John H. Mahoney.

Those in the county who were of militia age numbered 252, and four companies were organized. The officers, nearly all of whom had served in the war of 1776, were:

First Company-Captain Jean Baptust Barbant, Lieutenant Jacques Barblitt and Ensign Andrie Barbant.

Second Company-Captain Nathaniel Hull, Lieutenant John Morney and Ensign Ralph Drury.

Third Company-Captain James Edgar and Ensign William Dunn.