Stevens on the Hudson River in 1804, the little steamer attaining a speed of eight miles an hour at times. With these are the twin screws used by that great engineer in 1805. In the lecture-room we find the patent issued from the English patent-office for this tubular boiler in 1805, to John Cox Stevens, the oldest son of its inventor; and in the model-case is a model of the same boiler, which exhibits a strong resemblance to some of the safety tubular boilers of the present day, and was evidently quite as efficient.* Here is to be seen a drawing of the engine of Fulton's first boat, the Clermont, drawn by Fulton's own hand, an autograph letter from Robert Fulton to Mr. Stevens, an autograph letter from Robert Stephenson, the distinguished son of the even more distinguished George Stephenson, which contains the assurance that then, 1835, the tendency in Great Britain was toward heavier rails and more powerful locomotives, and that the latest of his own design weighed nine tons, and could draw one hundred tons at the rate of sixteen or eighteen miles an hour on a level. A sketch accompanies the description.

There are other things of interest to be seen here, but space will not allow of further description of this, to us, most interesting of the many interesting departments of the Stevens Institute of Technology.

We would like, had we space, to describe the collections of physical apparatus, the apartments, with their apparatus and fittings, belonging to the department of chemistry, to which is devoted all available space in the whole west wing, the pleasant drawing-rooms and recitation-rooms and the work-shops of Hawkins and Wales, the instrument-makers to the Institute.

Instruction, during the first two years of the course, which is four years in length, is similar to that pursued in other colleges, except that the classics are not taught, all the available time being spent upon mathematics, English and foreign languages and literature, and the usual courses in science, and this constitutes a course preparatory to entering upon the technical and professional work of the last two years.

During the last two years the student enters the laboratories and work-rooms and pursues his professional studies with the intention of securing a practical and immediately useful knowledge of the several branches. In the physical laboratory he makes for himself, and with his own hands, the experiments that the student usually in our college courses merely witnesses from his seat at a distance from the lecturetable, and when he has acquired some familiarity with the adjustments and uses of the apparatus, he enters upon a final course of independent research, the results of which, when new and valuable, are at once published.

In mechanical engineering, the course commences with the study of the nature of materials used by the engineer, the methods adopted in obtaining them and preparing them for the market and for use, and the best methods of preserving them from decay. The course is illustrated by specimens which, thanks to the great interest taken in the school by all who have visited it, are continually coming in.

The course continues with the investigation of the facts and laws governing the strength of materials, by means of the apparatus of the Institute. In investigating tensile strengths, the use of the excellent and powerful testing-machine of the Camden and Amboy repair-shops is generously allowed by Mr. Francis B. Stevens.

Instruction in the use of tools and in designing machinery follows, partly in this course and partly in that of the professor of drawing, which is really almost as much a department of engineering as that which is so called. The course closes with the study from text-book and lecture of the principal prime movers.

The departments of engineering and drawing work together from beginning to end, and the time given them is in the aggregate fully commensurate with their importance as leading departments.

Occasionally, in response to the many invitations received, the students are given opportunity to do useful work outside the regular course, and to visit manufacturing establishments and places of interest.

During the past year students of the Institute attended the competitive trial of steam-boilers at the fair of the American Institute, keeping the logs with commendable accuracy, and exhibiting a professional interest in the work. They have engaged in at least one test of the performance of a newly-designed steam-engine, have visited, among other places of interest, the Allen Engine-Works, the Chrome-Steel Works, the caissons of the East River bridge, the machine-department of the Brooklyn navy-yard, and the iron-clad Dictator.

The cost of tuition is fixed at a minimum figure, and, in special cases, is remitted entirely if the student, proving pecuniarily deficient, exhibits unusual attention to duties. The number admitted is, however, limited, and when the number of applicants capable of passing the preliminary examination exceeds this limit, the requisite number is obtained by selecting the most worthy.

Students who, after studying two years, exhibit special fondness for science, are

*A sketch of this boiler is given in the Journal of the Franklin Institute for September, 1871, and in London Engineering, January 5, 1872.

allowed to devote themselves to science during the remainder of the course, and are given, at graduation, the degree of doctor of philosophy, but the students are usually expected to take the course in engineering and to graduate as mechanical engineers, and students who have a special fondness for that branch are the class most desired. Lectures on scientific subjects are delivered during the winter and spring in the great hall of the Institute.

THE PARDEE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF

EASTON, PENNSYLVANIA.

LAFAYETTE COLLEGE,

Officers of instruction.-Rev. William C. Cattell, D. D., President and Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy; Traill Green, M. D., LL.D., Adamson Professor of General and Applied Chemistry; James Henry Coffin, LL.D., Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy; Rev. John Leaman, A. M., M. D., Professor of Human Physiology and Anatomy; Rev. Lyman Coleman, D. D., Professor of Latin and of Biblical and Physical Geography; Rev. Thomas C. Porter, D. D., Professor of Botany and Zoology; Augustus A. Bloombergh, A. M., Professor of Modern Languages; Henry Francis Walling, C. E., Professor of Civil and Topographical Engineering; Frederick Prime, jr., A. M., Professor of Metallurgy and Mineralogy; E. Hubbard Barlow, A. M., Professor of Rhetoric, Elocution, and of Physical Culture; Rossiter W. Raymond, Ph. D., Lecturer on Mining Geology; Selden Jennings Coffin, A. M., Adjunct Professor of Mathematics; James W. Moore, A. M., M. D., Adjunct Professor of Mechanics and Experimental Philosophy; Edward S. Moffat, A. M., M. E., Lecturer in the Department of Mining; Justus M. Silliman, M. E., Adjunct Professor of Mining Engineering and Graphics; Theodore F. Tillinghast, C. E., Adjunct Professor of Civil Engineering; Charles McIntire, A. M., Assistant in Chemistry; John B. Grier, A. M., Tutor in Modern Languages; Joseph Johnston Hardy, A. B., Tutor in Mathematics; Alexander Hamilton Sherrerd, B. S., Assistant in Chemistry.

This list does not include those members of the college faculty of instruction who are exclusively occupied with the classical and literary courses.

History and plan.-This department was added to the classical course of the college, 1866, to carry into effect the conditions of a donation from Mr. A. Pardee, of Hazleton, Pennsylvania. In July, 1867, in response to the growing wants of the department, the original donation was increased to $200,000, on condition that other friends of the college should add the same sum to its general endowment. The donations for that purpose (completing more than half a million of dollars lately added to the college funds) having been completed in 1868, Mr. Pardee made an additional donation of $200,000 for the erection of a building designed for the departments of engineering, metallurgy, and chemistry. This building is now in course of erection, and will be finished in 1873. Meanwhile the technical studies of the department are carried on in the other buildings of the college, the laboratories of Jenks Hall and West College offering special facilities for applied chemistry and the metallurgical processes.

The situation of Lafayette College in the great manufacturing and mining region of the Middle States offers peculiar advantages for combining theoretical studies with actual practice. Every process used in the mining and working of the various ores of iron, and in the manufacture of iron into the thousand forms in which it is used, is going on almost within sight. Near by are the coal mines which supply the markets of Philadelphia and New York. Mineral wealth abounds on all sides. The expert is continually called on to examine new tracts of land, to analyze new ores, and to devise new ways of working and handling them. Here every resource of engineering is displayed in the works connected with the preparation and transport of lumber, and the carrying of railroads and canals through the mountains and over the rivers. Those who wish to prepare themselves to be working engineers in any of these departments, come from all parts of the country to observe and study these works, and it is most desirable that adequate means should be provided for the prosecution of scientific studies in the midst of them.

In addition, therefore, to the classical and the general scientific courses, which are designed to lay a substantial basis of knowledge and scholarly culture, courses of four years each have been arranged for studies essentially practical and technical, viz:

I. Engineering, civil and mechanical.-This course is designed to give professional preparation for the location, construction, and superintendence of railways, canals, and other public works; chemical works and pneumatic works; the design and construction of bridges; the trigonometrical and topographical survey of States, counties, &c., the survey of rivers, lakes, harbors, &c., and the direction of their improvement; the design, construction, and use of steam-engines and other motors, and of machines in general; and the construction of geometrical, topographical, and machine drawings. II. Mining engineering and metallurgy. This course offers the means of special preparation for exploring undeveloped mineral resources, and for taking charge of mining or metallurgical works. It includes instruction in engineering as connected with the survey, exploitation, and construction of mines, with the construction and adjustment of

furnaces and machines, and with machine drawings; also, instruction in chemistry and assaying, as applied to the manipulation of minerals.

III. Chemistry.-This course includes text-book study, lectures, and laboratory practice, every facility for which is found in the laboratories of Jenks Chemical Hall. Particular attention is given to the chemistry of agriculture, medicine, metallurgy, and the manufacturing processes. Provision is made for students who may wish to make original researches, or to fit themselves to take charge of mines or manufactories, or to explore and work up the mineral resources of our own and other countries.

Resident graduates, and others having suitable preparation, may pursue the special studies of these departments in a post-graduate course, under the direction and instruction of the professors, and have the use of the laboratories, apparatus, collections, libraries, &c., while prosecuting researches in any department.

Students who have completed the studies in the full course of four years, and have passed satisfactory examinations upon the same, receive the degree usually given to graduates in these departments. Those who have gone over a part of the course, or who have pursued special studies to the satisfaction of the faculty, receive a certificate to that effect.

This department is still young, (though Lafayette is one of the old, established American colleges,) but its fine endowment, judicious plan, and excellent location, will. rapidly give it a high position among the schools of mining and metallurgy.

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA.

Officers of instruction.-Henry Coppee, LL.D., President and Professor of History and English Literature; Hiero B. Herr, esq., Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy; Major Lorenzo Lorain, U. S. A., Professor of Physics and Mechanics; Charles McMillan, C. E., Professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering; William H. Chandler, Professor of Chemistry; Benjamin W. Frazier, A. M., Professor of Mining and Metallurgy; Richard P. Rothwell, C. E., Demonstrator of Mining and Metallurgy; Waldron Shapleigh, A. C., Instructor and Assistant in Chemistry; William A. Lamberton, A. M., Instructor in Latin and Greek; Frank Laurent Clerc, C. E., Instructor in Mathematics; S. Ringer, esq., Instructor in French and German; Spencer V. Rice, C. E., Instructor in Graphics and Field-work.

History. During the year 1865 the Hon. Asa Packer, of Mauch Chunk, announced, unsolicited, to the bishop of the diocese, the Right Reverend William B. Stevens, D. D., LL.D., his intention to appropriate the sum of $500,000, and an eligible spot in South Bethlehem, containing fifty-six acres, (since enlarged by the donation of seven acres by Charles Brodhead, esq.,) for the purpose of founding an educational institution in the beautiful valley of the Lehigh, which should bear the name of the Lehigh University. The bishop was appointed president of the board of trustees.

The purpose of the founder in making this munificent endowment was to provide the means for imparting to young men of the valley, of the State, and of the country, a complete professional education, which should not only supply their general wants, but also fit them to take an immediate and active part in the practical and professional duties of the time. The system determined upon proposes to discard only what has been proved to be useless in the former systems, and to introduce those important branches which have been heretofore more or less neglected in what purports to be a liberal education, and especially those industrial pursuits which tend to develop the resources of the country-pursuits, the paramount claims and inter-relations of which natural science is daily displaying, such as engineering, civil, mechanical, and mining; chemistry, metallurgy, architecture and construction.

Courses of study are devoted by all regular students to the study of those elementary branches in which every young man should be instructed, for whatever profession or business in life he may be intended, viz, mathematics, languages, elementary physics, chemistry, drawing, history, rhetoric, logic, declamation, and composition.

At the end of two years, having acquired this necessary knowledge, the student, following the bent of his own mind, and aided by his parents and professors, will be ready to select some special professional course, to which all his studies and efforts will be directed. To enable him to do this there are several technical schools, which branch off from the end of the common course. In each, the term of study is two additional years, and the student, at his graduation in any one of them, receives a special degree. By this means a young man is relieved from the overpowering and confusing study of those branches for which he has no taste, and pursues with cheerfulness the special course which he has selected, and for which he is suited by inclination and intelligence. The students in the first two classes are called First and Second Classmen. Those in the schools are called Junior and Senior Schoolmen.

The schools at present provided for are: 1. General literature; 2. Civil engineering; 3. Mechanical engineering; 4. Mining and metallurgy; 5. Analytical chemistry. In the studies of the school of mining and metallurgy are included mineralogy and geology; metallurgy, with the modes of extracting all metals from ores; the methods of mining for various ores, with special instructions as to iron, coal, zinc, lead, copper,