night, let a rocket, a blue light, or a gun be fired, or let a light be displayed over the side of the ship and be again concealed, as a signal to those on shore.

2. When you see one of the men on shore separated from the rest, wave a RED flag, or, (if at night) show a RED light and then conceal it; you are to haul upon the rocket line until you get a tailed block with an endless fall rove through it.

3. Make the tail of the block fast to the mast about 15 feet above the deck, or if your masts are gone, to the best place that can be found, bearing in mind that the lines should be kept clear from chafing the wreck, and that space is left above for the hawser (see par. 5). When the tail block is made fast, and the Rocket line unbent from the Whip, let one of the crew, separated from the rest, make the signal required by Article 1. above.

4. As soon as the signal is seen on shore a hawser will be bent to the whip line, and will be hauled off to the ship by those on shore.

5. When the hawser is got on board, the crew should at once make it fast to the same part of the ship as the tailed block is made fast to, only about 18 inches higher, taking care that there are no turns of the whip line round the hawser.

6. When the hawser has been made fast on board, the signal directed to be made in Article 1. above is repeated.

7. The men on shore will then pull the hawser taut, and by means of the whip line will haul off to the ship a sling life-buoy, into which the person to be hauled ashore is to get and be made fast. When he is in, and secure, one of the crew must be separated from the rest, and again signal to the shore as directed in Article 1. above. The people on shore will then haul the person in the sling to the shore, and when he has landed will haul back the empty sling to the ship for others. This operation will be repeated until all persons are hauled ashore from the wrecked vessel.

8. It may sometimes happen that the state of the weather and the condition of the ship will not admit of a hawser being set up; in such cases a sling life-buoy will be hauled off instead, and the shipwrecked persons will be hauled through the surf, instead of along a hawser.

Masters and crews of stranded vessels should bear in mind that SUCCESS in landing them in a great measure DEPENDS UPON THEIR COOLNESS AND ATTENTION TO THE RULES HERE LAID DOWN; and that by attending to them many lives are annually saved by the rocket apparatus on the coasts of the United Kingdom.

The system of signalling must be strictly adhered to; and all women, children, passengers, and helpless persons should be landed before the crew of the ship.

NOTE. When shipwrecked men are hauled through the surf, there is a great risk of them being drowned, or seriously hurt; it is therefore only in an extreme case that it should be done.

Q.

You join a ship either as second or only, or first mate. What are the first things you do?

A. Report myself, ask for orders, if none given take an account of everything that will be under my charge. Examine the ship outside and inside, below and aloft, and note the order that everything is in.

Rotation No.

Exn. 4a.

Port of..........

EXAMINATION PAPER TO BE USED BY ALL CANDIDATES WHEN APPEARING FOR EXAMINATION FOR THE FIRST TIME ONLY.

The Applicant is to write a short definition against so many of the following terms as may be marked with a cross by the Examiner. The writing should be clear, and the spelling should not be disregarded.

1. The Equator is that great circle which is equidistant from both poles of the earth.

2.-The Poles are the ends of the axis of the earth, or those of the axis of the heavens.

3.-A Meridian is a great circle passing through the poles of either the earth or the heavens.

4. The Ecliptic is that great circle which is the sun's apparent yearly path in the heavens.

5.-The Tropics are two parallels of latitude about 23° 28′ from the equator, one on each side of it.

6.-Latitude of a place is the arc of the meridian between it and the equator.

7. Parallels of latitude are small circles parallel to the equator.

8.-Longitude of a place is the arc of the equator between its meridian and that of Greenwich.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE DEFINITIONS.

The following illustrations are in general drawn on the Stereographic Projection of the Sphere, in which a great circle is taken as the primitive, and the eye is supposed to be at its pole. For more information on this subject, see the Theory of Navigation and Nautical Astronomy.

Def. 3. Fig. 1. NESQN, NCS, NBS are Meridians.

Def. 6. Fig. 1.

Let G be Greenwich, D a place in south latitude. GB is the Latitude of Greenwich; DA is the Latitude of D.

Def. 7. Fig. 1. mn, rs, are Parallels of Latitude.

Def. 8. Fig. 1. AB is the Longitude of D.

Figure 2.

H

9.-The Visible Horizon is that circle which bounds the spectator's view at sea.

10.-The Sensible Horizon is the plane passing through the observer's place, and to which a plumb line is perpendicular.

11. The Rational Horizon is the plane passing through the centre of the earth, and parallel to the sensible horizon.

12.-Artificial Horizon and its use. A reflecting fluid at rest; its use is to obtain altitudes of celestial objects.

Or it is a vessel containing oil, tar, quicksilver, or other liquid; it is used on shore to obtain altitudes of celestial objects.

13.—True course of a Ship is the angle between the true meridian and the ship's track.

14. Magnetic course is the angle between the magnetic meridian and the ship's track.

15.-Compass course is the angle between the compass needle and the ship's track.

16. Variation of the compass is the angle between the true and magnetic meridians.

17.-Deviation of the Compass is the angle between the compass needle and the magnetic meridian.

18.-The Error of the Compass is the angle between the true North and the North point of the compass.

Def. 9. Fig. 2. The circle of which BD is the radius is the Visible Horizon.

Def. 10. HO is the Sensible Horizon.

Def. 11. Fig. 2. The plane through C parallel to the Sensible

Horizon is the Rational Horizon.

Def. 12. Fig. 3. Let AB be the surface of the fluid, E the eye, S the sun, S' its reflected image. Then altitude ACS ECB-ACS'= SCS'.

Def 13. Fig. 4. Let NCS be the true meridian, N.S. the North and South points of the true compass, E. W. its East and West points and C its centre. Let MP, M' P' be magnetic meridians; CE', CE", CW', CW" directions of the compass needle; and RL the rhumb line, or ship's track. Then the angle NCL is the True Course.

Def. 14. Fig. 4. The angle MCL or M'CL is the Magnetic Course.

Def. 15. Fig. 4. The angle E'CL W'CL, E′′CL, or W"CL, is the Compass Course.

Def. 16. Fig 4. The angle NCM is East Variation of the Compass, and NCM' is West Variation.

Def. 17. Fig. 4. The angles MCE', M'CE" are East Deviations of the Compass; and MCW', and M'CW" are West Deviations.

Def. 18.

Fig. 4. The angles NCE', NCW' are East Errors of the Compass; and NČE", NCW" are West Errors.