(e.) A ship which has the wind aft shall keep out of the way of the other ship.

Art. 15. If two ships under steam are meeting end on, or nearly end on, so as to involve risk of collision, each shall alter her course to starboard, so that each may pass on the port side of the other.

This Article only applies to cases where ships are meeting end on, or nearly end on, in such a manner as to involve risk of collision, and does not apply to two ships which must, if both keep on their respective courses, pass clear of each other.

The only cases to which it does apply are, when each of the two ships is end on, or nearly end on, to the other; in other words, to cases in which, by day, each ship sees the masts of the other in a line, or nearly in a line, with her own; and by night, to cases in which each ship is in such a position as to see both the side lights of the other.

It does not apply by day, to cases in which a ship sees another ahead crossing her own course; or by night, to cases where the red light of one ship is opposed to the red light of the other, or where the green light of one ship is opposed to the green light of the other, or where a red light without a green light, or a green light without a red light, is seen ahead, or where both green and red lights are seen anywhere but ahead.

Art. 16. If two ships under steam are crossing, so as to involve risk of collision, the ship which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way of the other.

Art. 17. If two ships, one of which is a sailing ship, and the other a steam ship, are proceeding in such directions as to involve risk of collision, the steam ship shall keep out of the way of the sailing ship.

Art. 18. Every steam ship, when approaching another ship, so as to involve risk of collision, shall slacken her speed, or stop and reverse, if

necessary.

Art. 19. In taking any course authorised or required by these Regu lations, a steam ship under way may indicate that course to any other. ship which she has in sight by the following signals on her steam whistle, viz.:~

One short blast to mean "I am directing my course to starboard:" Two short blasts to mean "I am directing my course to port:" Three short blasts to mean "I am going full speed astern."

The use of these signals is optional; but if they are used, the course of the ship must be in accordance with the signal made.

Art. 20. Notwithstanding anything contained in any preceding Article, every ship, whether a sailing ship or a steam ship, overtaking any other, shall keep out of the way of the overtaken ship.

Art. 21. In narrow channels every steam ship shall, when it is safe and practicable, keep to that side of the fairway or mid-channel which lies on the starboard side of such ship.

Art. 22. Where by the above rules one of two ships is to keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course.

Art. 23. In obeying and construing these rules, due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation; and to any special circumstances which may render a departure from the above rules necessary in order to avoid immediate danger.

No Ship, under any Circumstances, to neglect proper Precautions.

Art. 24. Nothing in these rules shall exonerate any ship, or the owner, or master, or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to carry lights or signals, or of any neglect to keep a proper look-out, or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.

Reservation of Rules for Harbour and Inland Navigation.

Art. 25. Nothing in these rules shall interfere with the operation of a special rule, duly made by local authority, relative to the navigation of any harbour, river, or inland navigation.

Special Lights for Squadrons and Convoys.

Art 26. Nothing in these rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Government of any nation with respect to additional station and signal lights for two or more ships of war or for ships sailing under convoy.

EXERCISES IN THE RULE OF THE ROAD.

Q. When, by the Rules, one of two ships has to keep out of the way, what has the other to do?

A. Keep her course.

Q. Any qualification or exception to this?

A. Due regard must be had to all dangers of navigation, and to any special circumstances which may exist in any particular case.

Q. What general direction is there in the steering and sailing rules? A. Nothing in the rules shall exonerate any ship, owner, master, or crew, from the consequences of any neglect to carry lights or signals, or neglect to keep a proper look-out, or neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.

Q. What does the Act of Parliament provide as the obligation of owners and masters in obeying the regulations respecting lights, fog signals, and steering and sailing rules?

A. It provides that they shall obey the regulations. And also in case of default, they shall be guilty of a misdemeanour.

Q. What do breaches of the regulations imply?

A. Wilful default of the person in charge of the deck, unless special circumstances made the breaches necessary.

Q. If collisions ensue from a breach of the regulations, who is to be deemed in fault?

A. The person by whom the breach of the regulation is made.

Q. In case of collision what would you do?

A. Get clear as soon as possible, ascertain what damage I had received, and whether the ship was making water.

Q. What next?

Give her my

Ask

A. Give what assistance I could to the other ship. ship's name and port of registry. Have all the crew as witnesses. her name and port of registry.

Q. Is one ship bound to assist another in case of collision ?

A. Yes; without there is a reasonable excuse.

Q. What is the penalty you will suffer for default when you have charge of the deck?

A. The collision is to be deemed to be caused by me.

Q. Is there any other penalty attaches to not rendering assistance? A. My certificate may be suspended, or cancelled.

Q. Should you understand the regulations before you take charge of the deck of a ship?

A. I should; for if I do not, and am guilty of default, the consequences may be very serious both to me and other people.

Q. Do the regulations apply to sea-going ships in harbours and in rivers ?

A. Yes; unless there is a rule to the contrary made by a competent authority.

Q. Do they apply to British ships only?

A. They apply to foreign ships also.

REMARKS.-The Examiner has models of sailing ships, steamers, and lights, which he places in different positions, and asks the Candidate how he would act if he were in one of those ships?

The Candidate will find it very instructive to practise the following exercises with models, lights, and a compass.

SAILING SHIPS.

Q. You are free and have the wind on your starboard side, you see a sailing ship's red light on your starboard side; which ship keeps out of the way of the other?

A. The other ship keeps out of my way.

Q. Why.

A. The other ship may have the wind on the same side, and is therefore to windward, and she "shall heep out of the way," Art. 14, (d.) She may have the wind aft, and therefore she "she shall keep out of the way," Art. 14, (e.) Or, she may have the wind on her port side, and therefore she "shall keep out of the way," Art. 14, (c.)

Q. You are free, and have the wind on your starboard, and you see a sailing ship's green light on your port side; which ship keeps out of the way?

A. I keep out of the way of the other ship.

A. I may have the wind on the same side, and I "shall keep out of the way," Art. 14, (d.) I may have the wind aft, and I "shall keep out of the way," Art. 14, (e.) Or, I may have the wind on the port side, and I shall keep out of the way, Art. 14, (c.)

Q. You are close hauled and have the wind on your starboard side, you see a sailing ship's red light on your starboard side?

A. If the other ship be free, she "shall keep out of the way," Art. 14, (a.) I“ shall keep" my "course," Art. 22.

If the other ship be close hauled; the new rules are silent as to this particular case, except so far as Articles 23 and 24 may bear on it; but by the old rule, Art. 12, "if they have the wind on the same side the ship which is to windward shall keep out of the way."

Q. You are close hauled on the starboard tack, you see a sailing. ship's green light on your port bow?

A. The other ship is on the port tack, either close hauled or free, and "shall keep out of the way," Art. 14, (a), (b).

Q. You have the wind on your starboard beam, you see the red and green lights of a sailing ship right a-head; which ship keeps out of the way?

A. The other ship "shall keep out of the way," Art. 14, (c.).

Q. What was the old rule in this case?

A. By the old Art. 11, both ships port.

Q. You are free, and have the wind on your port side, you see a sailing ship's green light on your port side; which ship keeps out of the way ?

A. The other ship may have the wind on the same side, and she "shall keep out of the way," Art. 14, (d). She may have the wind aft, and she "shall keep out of the way," Art. 14, (e). Or, she may have the wind on a different side, and I "shall keep out of the way," Art. 14,.(c.)

Q. You have the wind on your port beam, you see the red and green lights of a sailing ship right ahead; what will you do?

A. I shall keep out of the way," Art. 14, (c).

Q. You are close hauled on the starboard tack, it is a fog, mist, or falling snow, so that you see no other ship; you have been sounding one blast on your fog horn at intervals of not more than two minutes, you do not hear any other fog horn, or other signal, you tack ship; when you come nearly head to wind, you suddenly see a sailing ship's red light on your starboard bow; what will you do?

A. Haul all my yards a-back. Arts. 23 and 25.

Q. You are similarly situated on the port tack, and suddenly see a green light on your port bow?

A. Haul all my yards a-back.

STEAMERS AND SAILING SHIPS.

Q. You are in a Steamer, you see a sailing ship's red light on your port bow?

A. Keep my course. See Gray's rhyme.

Q. You see a sailing ship's green light on your starboard bow?
A. Keep my course. See Gray's rhyme.

Q. You see a sailing ship's red light on your starboard bow?

A. I"keep out of the way." Art. 17.

Q. You see a sailing ship's green light on your port bow?

A. I"keep out of the way." Art. 17.

Q. You see both side lights of a sailing ship right a-head?
A. I"keep out of the way." Art. 17.

Q. You see a ship's regulation lights right astern, she is overtaking you?

A. I show a white light, or a flare-up light, from my stern. Art. 11.

STEAMERS.

Q. You are in a Steamer. You see a steamer's red light on your port bow?

A. I keep my course. Repeat Gray's rhyme for the case.
Q. You see a steamer's green light on your starboard bow?
A. I keep my course. Repeat Gray's rhyme.

Q. You see a steamer's red light on your starboard bow?
A. I" keep out of the way. Art. 16.

Q. You see a steamer's green light on

A. I "keep my course" with caution. rhyme.

Repeat the proper rhyme. your port bow?

Art. 22. Repeat the proper

Q. You see all three lights of a steamer right a-head, or nearly so? A. I "alter" my 66 course to starboard." Art. 15. proper rhyme.

Repeat the

Q. It is a fog, mist, or falling snow, you suddenly see another ship in such a position, that there is danger of a collision; what would you do?

A. I would do whatever was most likely to avoid collision. If I directed my course to starboard, I would give one short blast on my steam whistle; if to port, two short blasts; and if to full speed astern, three short blasts.

Q. You suddenly see a steamer's red light on your starboard bow, and another steamer's green light on your port bow; what would you do?

A. Ease, stop, and reverse; give three short blasts on my steam whistle.