Hindostan, are now learned and spoken by all the company's officers, both civil and military, and by all who are desirous to recommend themselves to appointments. cr 4. A fourth cause is the frequent change of persons who fill the chief appointments in the company's service. 5. A fifth cause is the extreme slowness with which the proceedings of the governing councils are carried on. 6. A sixth cause is the great difference between the English way of giving public audience to suitors, and the Hindostan mode of receiving them in open durbar.-This cause of complaint was first removed by Mr. Hastings; who revived the custom of holding public durbars, which has been continued by his successors. "7. A seventh cause is, that the English company engross the whole commerce of the country, and the natives have been thereby deprived of many advantages which they formerly enjoyed.-In speaking upon this article the writer does honour to Mr. Hastings, for the means used by him to prevent abuses in this department. "8. The eighth cause is the overgrown power of the zemindars, and the mistaken confidence placed in them by government.* It is an undeniable truth that the zemindars are a refractory, faithless class of people, whom nothing but present interest can bind, and who always require to be superintended in the exercise of their duties with the most unremitted strictness. 9. A ninth cause exists in that custom of the English of appointing men to offices according to rank and seniority, instead of talents and merit. "10. A tenth cause is the partiality which the English shew to their own countrymen, and even to the meanest of their native dependants. The eleventh cause is the establishment of what is called the SUPREME COURT OF JUDICATURE.-This grievance was removed by the regulating act of 1793. * 11. 12. The "Among the lands assessed to the revenue," says the writer on proprietary right, &c. " the "condition of large zemindaries is more deplorable than that of estates of moderate extent. The "zemindary of one individual comprehended 13,000 square miles. The estate we allude to has "been considerably reduced, but yet continues a wide property; and several others are very "extensive."-Asiatic Register. 67 of Miscellanies. "12. The twelfth cause is discoverable in that custom of the English executive government, of deciding in private such matters as our princes used to adjust or decide on in open court." * The translator of this work from the Persic language satisfactorily controverts the idea entertained by some that it is spurious; adducing, among other testimonies of its being genuine, the encomium passed on the author by sir William Jones, in his discourse to the Asiatic society, in the following words: " for modern Indian history we have ample materials in Persian, from Ali of Yezd, to Gholaun Hussein, whom many of us personally know, and whose impartiality deserves the highest applause. Those who are desirous of further information on the subjects of the preceding abstracts may be gratified by the perusal of the original works. What is here given is intended only for the satisfaction of such as have not an opportunity of recurring to them. ARMY. The author of the Life of Hyder Ali, which was published in 1784, states the forces of the English in India to be 90,000 men; viz. eight regiments of English infantry of 1,000 men each; three on the establishment of Madras, three on that of Bengal, and two on that of Bombay; besides 1,200 men forming the artillery companies on the several establishments, and about 1,200 invalids in garrison.-About 4,000 cavalry; 1,200 of which were on the Madras establishment; but the greater part of these were Indian. The remainder consisted of sepoys,* and other native troops. EXTENT, POPULATION AND REVENUE OF THE SOUTHERN COUNTRIES OF INDIA. Captain Mackenzie cites an approved work, published a short time before his History of the War with Tippoo Sultan, which gives the following account of these countries. "That part of the Decan, or peninsula of India, south of the river Kistnah, in latitude 16 degrees north, and "extending Asiatic Ann. Regist. 1802. 111 of third part. ▾ Idem. * Life of Hyder Ali. 2. 17. extending in a triangular form to Cape Comorin, between the two coasts "of Malabar and Coromandel, comprehends in all an area of one hundred "and forty thousand square geographical miles; of which the British "dominions, including the circar of Guntour, the Carnatic payengaut, and "its dependencies of Tanjore, Trichinopoly, Tinevelly, Travancore, &c. comprise about 50,000; the districts of Carnoul, Raichore, &c. under "the protection of the nizam, 4,000; and the nabobship of Sanore, with "the independent rajahships of Bari, or Bounselo, of Koork and others "in the Balagaut hills of Malabar, at least 6,000 more; leaving 80,000 "for the square dimensions of all the actual possessions of Tippoo."As this calculation is confirmed by major Rennell, whose abilities as a "geographer are universally known, it is fair to admit that no truth 6c can be better established." FORCE AND REVENUE OF TIPPOO SULTAN. Captain Mackenzie assents to the statement before mentioned respecting the extent of Tippoo's dominions before the war commenced in 1790. He supposes that his revenue was about £.3,000,000, after deducting for expences of collecting. He states the population of his states at 6,000,000 of inhabitants; and his army at 135,000 regular, well-disciplined troops, together with a standing militia of 180,000 of various denominations." AMERICAN Y Mackenzie's Sketch, p. 2. 2 Idem. 1. p. 2. VOL. IV. 3 M AMERICAN STATES. THE history of the establishment of the American States, their subsequent institutions, and the principal articles of the present constitution, having been already given, all that remains which is compatible with the nature and design of these miscellanies, is to give the reader a general idea of their extent and population, their financial system, their products, their trade, their literary institutions, and their military establishment. EXTENT. The following calculations, we are informed by an historian of the United States, were made from actual measurement, by I. Hutchins, geographer to the States. The territory of the United States contains, by computation, a million Acres of land, ACRES. 640,000,000 51,000,000 589,000,000 DIVISION AND POPULATION. The American republic consists of three grand divisions, denominated the NORTHERN, MIDDLE, and SOUTHERN:-we cannot have a better idea of the relative weight of the states which constitute it than from the following following statement of its population, and the subsequent statement of their exports and imports, "The natural tax of moderate governments," Montesquieu observes, " is the duty laid on merchandise. As this is really paid by the consumer, though advanced by the merchant, it is a loan which the merchant has already made to the consumer." "It is therefore obvious," he says, that in proportion to the moderation of the government, to the pre"valence of the spirit of liberty, and to the security of private fortunes, "the merchant's power is increased to advance money to the state and "to pay considerable duties to individuals. In England a merchant lends really |