Zimmermann states the Turkish army at the beginning of the last Russian war as follows:

Beside these, the garrison of Constantinople and other fortresses amount to 120,000 men.-The officers of the artillery corps, according to Zimmermann, are in general, supplied by France.

NAVY.

In any extraordinary exigency, we are informed by the writer before mentioned, the sultan can send out

The states under the protection of the Porte, viz. Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli are obliged to furnish ten ships of the line, when called upon.

In the year 1786 the sultan's actual force consisted of thirty ships of the line of 800 men each, and forty galleys of 140 men.*

Zimmermann. 355.

EAST

EAST INDIES.

SOME account of the inhabitants of the peninsula of India, of the powers which enjoy the sovereignty of the different countries, either as subordinate to the mogul or as independent princes, and of the religion of the Gentoos, has been already given as a preparative to the history of India during this period.-To these matters are here added some particulars relative to these countries which appeared interesting to the writer.

EXTENT AND POPULATION OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE.

"that

Colonel Fullarton, who takes the estimate of major Rennell, says "the territories of hither India, or what has inaccurately been called the empire of the great mogul, extends 1,680 miles in length, 1,440 in "breadth; that it contains an area of 1,138,400 square miles, and main"tains 110,000,000 inhabitants.

The same writer says, "that, if we divide the whole region into 114 "geographical parts, we shall find, that of these something less than one part belongs to the mogul and his immediate adherents; to the Affgans, Kashmirians, Pitans, Candahars, Seets, Abdallahs, and various other nor"thern hordes, twenty-five parts; to the Maratta states, including Berar, forty-eight; to the nizam, including Adoni, five and a half; to the "circar of Tippoo Sultan, including Cudapah, eight a half; to the rajah " of Travancore, one; to the English and their adherents twenty-eight and "an half. The remainder may be assigned to the petty rajahs, polygars, " and

"and other classes of aboriginal Gentoos, who have hitherto defied the

powers of the crescent and the cross, and, under cover of woods, "mountains, and inaccessible retreats, have maintained their independence."

PROPERTY IN SOIL.

This subject is discussed with much information in Mr. Colebrook's translation of the digest of Hindoo law, by Jagannatha Tercapanchanana.We there find that, agreeably with the spirit of the Eastern governments, the property of the soil is vested in the sovereign; and, in order to lay a solid foundation for absolute power, the sovereign's right is supposed to be derived from conquest.

"Thrice seven times exterminating the military tribe," says the digest, "Parasu Ráma gave the earth to Casyapa as a gratuity for the sacrifice of a horse."

By conquest," the commentator observes, "the earth became the property of the holy Parasu Ráma; by gift the property of the sage Casyapa; and, committed by him to Cshatriyas for the sake of protection, "became their protective property successively held by powerful conque"rors, and not by subjects cultivating the soil."

"But annual property is acquired by subjects on payment of annual "revenue: and the king cannot lawfully give, sell, or dispose of the land "to another for that year. But if the agreement be in this form, you "shall enjoy it for years; for as many years as the property is granted, during so many years the king should never give, sell, or dispose of it "to another. Yet if the subject pay not the revenue, the grant, being conditional, is annulled by the breach of the condition; and the king

66

may grant it to another.-But if no special agreement be made, and "another person, desirous of obtaining the land, stipulate a greater re"venue, it may be granted to him on his application."

Fullarton. 51.

After

After treating of other circumstances attending on property, particularly the rights of the king and those of the bráhmana, the author comes to that part of the digest which treats of taxation.

"1. Having ascertained the rates of purchase and sale, the length of "the way, the expences of food and of condiments, the charges of securing "the goods carried, and the net profits of trade, let the king oblige "traders to pay taxes on their saleable commodities:

CC 2.

After full consideration, let a king so levy those taxes continually "in his dominions, that both he and the merchant may receive a just "compensation for their several acts.

3.

As the leech, the sucking calf, and the bee, take their natural "food by little and little, thus must a king draw from his dominions an "annual revenue.

4. Of cattle, of gems, of gold and silver, added each year to the

capital stock, a fiftieth part may be taken by the king; of grain, an eighth part, a sixth, or a twelfth.

5. He may also take a sixth part of the clear annual increase of trees, "flesh-meat, honey, clarified butter, perfumes, medical substances, liquids, "flowers, roots, and fruit.

"6. Of gathered leaves, pot-herbs, grass, utensils made with leather or cane, earthen pots, and all things made of stone.

7.

A king, even though dying with want, must not receive any tax "from a bráhmana learned in the védas, nor suffer such a bráhmana, resid"ing in his territories, to be afflicted with hunger.

66 8. Of that king in whose dominion a learned bráhmana is afflicted "with hunger, the whole kingdom will in a short time be afflicted with famine.

9.

The king, having ascertained his knowledge of scripture and good morals, must allot him a suitable maintenance, and protect him on all sides, as a father protects his own son.

10. By that religious duty which such a bráhmana performs each day, "under the full protection of the sovereign, the life, wealth, and domi"nions of his protector shall be greatly increased.

66 11. Let the king order a mere trifle to be paid, in the name of the "annual tax, by the meaner inhabitants of his realm, who subsist by petty "traffick. "12. By