eruption of a new crisis somewhere in the world.

Mr. Theodore Achilles, Vice Chairman

of the Executive Committee of the Atlantic Council of the United States, has made an excellent analysis of the world situation in a speech to the Capitol Chapter and Dorcester Chapter of the Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs.

Mr. Achilles background and experience in international affairs are impressive. Following work as a newspaperman in California and Japan, he entered the U.S. Foreign Service in 1931 and served at Havana, Rome, Geneva, Washington, London, Brussels, Paris, and Lima.

His experience with international gatherings and conferences extends over a long period of years and a wide variety of occasions-from the ILO Conference in 1941 to heading the U.S. delegation to the Colombo Plan Conference in 1960. After his retirement from the Foreign Service in 1962, he became Director and Vice Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Atlantic Council of the United States.

Following are a few paragraphs from Mr. Achilles speech:

EXCERPTS FROM REMARKS OF THE HONORABLE

THEODORE C. ACHILLES AT THE CAPITAL AND DORCHESTER CLUBS OF THE FEDERATION OF BUSINESS & PROFESSIONAL WOMEN'S CLUBS, JANUARY 6, 1964.

Twenty-five years ago, in 1939, World War II burst upon us. Twenty-five years before that, in 1914, World War I broke out. Have we broken out of the cycle, or can we expect a nuclear holocaust before the end of this year?

These two wars were caused primarily, in Toynbee's phrase, by "trying to pour the new wine of industrialization into the old bottles of nationalism." Basically, they had three causes: nationalism, imperialism, and industrialization.

Today, nationalism has lost much of its force. Imperialism in the old sense is finished and the world is digesting industrialization through mass purchasing power and higher standards of living. A fourth favorable factor, which, had it existed in 1914 and 1939, might have prevented both World Wars, is the advance notice that the full power of the United States would be thrown into action immediately against aggression anywhere.

But there are new factors of unstability. One-third of the world's population is under Communist domination. We are witnessing an unparalleled population explosion. Some 60 new nations have been born since 1939. Nuclear power and the means of shooting it anywhere in the world hangs over

us.

There is, however, a strong new stabilizing factor in the movement toward wider than national unity, particularly in Europe and the Atlantic community.

In 1939, Clarence Streit propounded the revolutionary idea of a federal union of the free. This idea had four parts:

One was the need for greater unity of free men, greater than national unity. The idea is almost universally accepted.

Second was that this union must begin with the real democracies of Western Europe and North America. This idea is today widely accepted and has been successfully put in practice in Europe and to some extent in the wider Atlantic community.

Third was that it should be a federal union, patterned on the U.S. Constitution. The idea of a wider than national federation

still sounds radical to some but is being ploneered in Europe. It has a long and success

ful history in this country, and is the only peaceful method of extending political authority today. It represents the free decisions of free men to enhance their individual sovereignty. An increasing number of prominent Americans-Hoover, Nixon, Rockefeller, Herter, Senators Kefauver and Fulbright, and Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy-have advocated it in one form or another.

The fourth part was that such a federal

tional convention. The time for this is not yet ripe, simply because not enough people, including the right people, are yet prepared for the calling of such a convention.

But sooner or later, and, in my opinion, well within the next 25 years, there will be an Atlantic federal union of the free as a nucleus of a future orderly world.

And purposes:

The pride of Hudson's Citadel
West Point.

The enemy scarce reckoned with the skill
Of dread MacArthur;

Bataan was but the start,
And not the period,

To the sharp sentence that he wrote,
In this titanic clash.
He wound his way.

By devious twists and turns,
And Island-hopping,

While otherwheres the bulk of fighting force,
Defeated Hitler.

Time never overmastered shrewd MacArthur,
Nor did he wait for Time to play his game.
Distance delayed and hampered, but
Under his skilled hand and cunning,
Armies grew and the impossible attained.
Pacific islands that were lost to us,
Returned again,

Through conquest, loss and death;
The naval might of Uncle Sam,
Marines and sailing men,
And airmen, too,

Were part of the all-conquering pattern there
That led us back through wide Pacific wastes,
Through bloody shores,

Up mountain heights to plant the flag
On Suribachi,

And on to Tokyo.

Grim warfare and grim victory.

A victory of arms and statesmanship: Years in the field and years in governing The beaten foe.

OF CALIFORNIA

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 7, 1964

Mr. BURKHALTER. Mr. Speaker, more than 400 new vehicles add to the traffic jam and smog each 24 hours in the city of Los Angeles. This startling fact is emphasized in a communication I have just received from the Los Angeles City Council which meets daily throughout the year in the task of governing a city of nearly 4 million people. In view of the fact that the Senate version (S. 6) of the Urban Mass Transportation Act (H.R. 3881) was passed by the Senate over 1 year ago, and is now with the House version referred to by the councilmanic resolution before the House Rules Committee, I would like to insert this resolution in the RECORD as an expression of my strong support for H.R. 3881. I am sure that most of the Los Angeles County delegation shares my corncern for these measures. view of the need for this legislation for all of the urban areas of our Nation, I would urge that the chairman and members of the Rules Committee recognize the hope and desire of we Representatives of urban areas to have these measures brought to the floor of the House for consideration and, hopefully, passage. I would commend the reading of this Los Angeles City Council resolution to each Member of this House as a demonstration of the need for this legislation by only 1 of 320 urban communities with a population of over 50,000 suffering with mass transportation problems: CITY OF LOS ANGELES, March 31, 1964.

In

"Whereas the need for mass rapid transit in the Greater Los Angeles area is well known; and

"Whereas a recent study shows that people coming into the Greater Los Angeles area put 2,500 more vehicles on the road every 6 days; and

"Whereas development of a practical, convenient mass transportation system is a pressing need of this community; and "Whereas urban areas throughout the United States are experiencing a similar pressing need for development of urban mass transportation: Now, therefore, be it "Resolved, That the City Council of the City of Los Angeles hereby urges the enactment of the urban mass transportation bill, H.R. 3881; and be it further

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 7, 1964

Mr. RIVERS of Alaska. Mr. Speaker, on April 3 Alaska's dedicated and overburdened Governor, William A. Egan, just returned to the State capitol at Juneau after viewing the carnage in Alaskan communities stricken by earthquake and tidal waves, rendered an eloquent and informative message to a joint session of the State house and senate. The message follows:

ALASKA'S GOVERNOR SPEAKS

Mr. President of the Senate, Mr. Speaker of the House, members of the third State legislature, fellow Alaskans, in the history of the United States as a nation, no Governor has had to make a report to a State legislature such as the one I shall deliver today.

In all of our history there never has been a natural disaster to equal the one Alaska suffered almost at this very hour exactly 1 week ago.

Many disasters have caused great loss of life. Many have resulted in hundreds of millions of dollars in damage to property.

But, the Alaska earthquake is unparalleled for its impact on a single State's population, homes, businesses, and commerce.

I say this not to emphasize the dramaticthere has been enough drama to last us all a lifetime-but I say it so the scope of the problem that has erupted upon us may be placed in its rightful perspective.

We all know the details. The immediate past is one that we shall never forget. It is the future that must now concern us.

But, at the outset I want to say a few words about a feature of this calamity that has captured imaginations throughout our Nation and around the world.

It has often been said that adversity makes the man. Today Alaska is a land of giant

men.

No one would have blamed the tens of thousands of persons who suffered most from expressing momentary panic at the sudden horrors they faced.

But from the first moment until now there has been no panic. There has been no despair.

The story of how Alaskans met this greatest of natural disasters is already a living legend. I hope it is one that is never forgotten by any of us.

Before first light last Saturday morningbefore anyone could even begin to guess at the total extent of damage or death-all communities affected were under control. Reconstruction committees had even been

formed.

What is it like to have your world turned upside down-to lose relatives and friendsto lose homes-to watch buildings crumble and familiar landmarks erased from the earth in an instant?

And then to bounce back, pick up the pieces and look to the future? That is what the majority of Alaskans have done since Friday.

The names of ordinary individuals turned heroes is far too long to be recorded here.

They include those in the State civil defense organization who instantly responded and effectively set in motion all necessary emergency functions.

They include those in the city administrations of Anchorage, Valdez, Seward, Kodiak, and elsewhere-village chieftains, radio station announcers and reporters, ham operators, doctors, nurses, firemen, policemen, CAP pilots, utility workmen, national guardsmen-the list is endless.

It includes the officers and men of the Alaskan Command and all its branches who have written new chapters in the annals of civilian-military partnership.

I only wish I could recognize everyone by name who has contributed so much.

The immediate past is one of tragedy. But, it is also one that makes everyone of us in this room today proud to be members of such a community.

In looking at the future we are immediately confronted with some harsh facts.

First, we know that there are still thousands of Alaskans without homes and without jobs, lost as a result of the earthquake and its aftermath of tidal wave and fire.

Second, we know that the property loss will total hundreds of millions of dollars. Losses that take many forms-private homes, places of business, streets and highways; public utilities such as water, sewage, telephone and power systems; fishing vessels and shore-based facilities; public buildings such as schools, the Anchorage International Airport terminal building, Harborview Nursing Home, district highway buildings; and a great number of other areas.

We are working on a factual compilation of total restoration costs that will be completed within a few days.

Following his visit to Alaska, the Director of the Office of Emergency Planning, Mr. McDermott, estimated the loss at a half billion dollars. Our present totals give us no reason to doubt the accuracy of Mr. McDermott's estimate.

This means that the loss will likely be about seven times greater than the total general fund budget the legislature was considering at the time of the disaster. gives you some idea of the staggering loss in relation to regular State financing.

This

Third, we know that State revenues will be affected. But, it is simply impossible at this time for anyone to know what that effect will be. It may be 90 days before we may make a reasonable and meaningful

estimate based on known conditions.

Fourth, we know that our resource-based industries survived virtually intact, except for certain area segments of the fisheries industry. Petroleum, hard rock minerals, timber and pulp were affected hardly at all. Our fisheries industry suffered a blow, but our analysis indicates it was not as great as originally feared.

Tourism will not decline because of the earthquake. The major tourist agent and operator dealing in the Alaska travel business said just yesterday that he felt this would be our greatest year yet for tourism.

The resource sector of the economy came through almost unscathed.

Finally, we know that despite our heavy losses there is almost unanimous confidence in Alaska's future. There have been many such expressions by some of the most important members of the Nation's financial community.

The Nation's commercial leaders have expressed confidence in many ways-offers have been made to restock lost product inventories at no cost to the Alaska wholesaler. Many having service contracts with Alaksa businesses have advised those businesses

that regular payments would not be expected for an indefinite period. In some cases, they will be forgiven entirely.

This is the type of confidence and good will the private business community of America is demonstrating toward Alaska.

And the American people-individually with wires and letters by the thousands—— and collectively through the Federal Government-have left no doubt of their concern and their confidence in our future progress.

The immediate tasks were twofold: To care for casualties and provide for the protection of health and property.

And to restore vital community functions-water and power and telephone service-reopening closed transportation linksstreets, highways, and ocean transportation. With this machinery now established, we have devoted our attention to the reconstruction itself.

This has taken many forms:

First, an assessment of total damages. This will be completed before we leave for Washington.

Second, a determination of which channels to funnel assistance through to keep the economy strong, to protect homeowners, businessmen and all other aspects of the private sector of our community life.

And third, a determination of necessary legislation-both on the Federal and State level, including plans for making reconstruction money available.

On Sunday, I plan to go to Washington to meet with President Johnson and the committee he has created to speed the reconstruction effort. Senator CLINTON ANDERSON, of New Mexico, chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee and a longtime friend of Alaska, has been appointed chairman of that committee.

With me will be representatives of the State government, the municipalities involved, key members of the State's financial and business community, and others who will provide valuable assistance in working out a firm program for reconstruction.

Since last Friday, I have spoken a number of times to President Johnson and other high-level members of the Federal Government regarding our situation. There is no question that the President is behind us 1,000 percent and shares our desire to get down to work immediately on a crash program to rebuild Alaska's stricken areas.

This knowledge has been a constant source of strength to all of us who have been coordinating efforts with the Federal Government.

Because Alaska is an integral part of the national life, its loss is a national loss. But, primarily it is ours.

The spirit and will to rebuild here is unquestioned. And I have no doubt that all Alaskans-from Ketchikan to Barrow-share a common desire to contribute every penny we can possibly muster in our own behalf.

As you know, I said Wednesday in Anchorage that I will ask this legislature to enact a proposal authorizing the sale of $50 million in general obligation bonds for reconstruction purposes.

For Alaska, such a program is large-far, far larger than anything we have ever before attempted as a State or Territory. In my view, it represents the full extent of the State's ability to finance its own future in the wake of our common disaster.

Sale of this amount of bonds would, depending upon interest rates received, mean an additional $2.7 to $3 million a year in payments for principal and interest.

We all want to help ourselves financially. And in my view, this proposal is the only realistic means for doing so.

While $50 million is a large sum in relation to anything we have attempted before, it will leave us far short of solving the entire financing problem.

In Washington, therefore, we shall ask the President and his Committee and the Con

gress to approve the expenditure of large sums of Federal money for Alaska's reconstruction. The amount, of course, to be determined by the final accurate assessment of replacement costs.

We will also ask for a relaxation of many of the procedures that are required under Federal programs in ordinary times but which are simply not adequate to cope with a disaster of this magnitude.

Finally, we will ask for many rearrangements of past relationships established between Alaska and the Federal Government. Because of the earthquake, our relationship with the Federal Government today is one that no other State has had. These new conditions must be recognized.

Some of our requests will be in the area of administrative rulings. Some must be resolved by congressional action. When we return from Washington, we should have definite requests to make for changes in State law to comply with the new situation.

In addition to asking for prompt action on the bonding proposal, I believe two additional actions are immediately necessary.

First is passage of the bond anticipation note bill now before you. This would provide us with a head start on many projects that must be initiated to take the greatest advantage of the coming construction season.

Second is passage of the revenue anticipation note measure that is also before you. With the flexibility this act would provide, we could retain a maximum amount of State deposits in Alaska banks to keep their reserves strong at this time. Without this authority, there could be need for withdrawal of substantial sums from Alaska banks just when these moneys are most needed to rebuild our State.

Also, I want to say that under the emergency powers granted me before last week's recess, I have assured all those holding bonds for Alaska municipalities, school districts, and other subdivisions that the State will guarantee bond payments. The State will not permit the default of any bond now held.

There is a tremendous amount of work to

be done. Passage of the measures I have recommended will be only the beginning. The State budget for the year beginning July 1 also remains to be considered when we have enough information to make realistic estimates on revenue.

It is fortunate that the legislature was in session at this time of crisis and prepared to move swiftly into action. I will need more than ever before your advice and support in the weeks and months ahead.

In closing, I want to say, since we last met, a united and determined people has been welded together from the heat and shock of disaster.

Today, we share a common pride. We share a common goal-healing the scars and wounds and going forward to build a better Alaska than the one we have known.

We are a young State. We are a young people. But we are mature.

Along with so many thousands of others, I shed tears unashamed at what my eyes saw in a land I love. But, from our sorrow has come strength. And, from our strength and unity, a greater tomorrow.

General MacArthur

SPEECH OF

HON. GEORGE M. RHODES

OF PENNSYLVANIA

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, April 6, 1964

Mr. RHODES of Pennsylvania. Mr. Speaker, the people of the Sixth District

of Pennsylvania join their fellow Americans and citizens throughout the free world in mourning the death of one of America's great soldiers, Gen. Douglas MacArthur.

General MacArthur's life was dedicated to the service of his country and to the defense of freedom. As a World War I frontline commander, as liberator of the Philippines, as commander of the Allied Powers in Japan and an architect of the free political system of that great and friendly country, and as commander of the United Nations forces in Korea, he was one of America's great heroes.

I know of no more fitting words to serve as his epitaph than those contained in President Johnson's proclamation of April 5:

We will forever be indebted to him for his integrity, his courage, and his brilliant accomplishments as a soldier and citizen; we will never forget that his ultimate goal was peace among men.

My deepest sympathies go to Mrs. MacArthur and their son.

Fair Trade Law Is Ruled Illegal

EXTENSION OF REMARKS

OF

HON. JOHN D. DINGELL

OF MICHIGAN

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 7, 1964

Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, pursuant to permission granted I insert into the Appendix of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an article appearing in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette chronicling how another State fair trade act was held unconstitutional by a State supreme court. The article follows:

HIGH STATE COURT OK'S CUT PRICES IN RETAIL STORES-PENNSYLVANIA FAIR TRADE ACT RULED

UNCONSTITUTIONAL-MARK-DOWNS

EFFECTIVE TODAY

The Pennsylvania Fair Trade Act, which allows manufacturers of consumer goods to fix minimum retail prices for their products, was struck down yesterday by the State supreme court.

In a divided 5-to-2 decision, the court declared the law violates the Pennsylvania constitution.

In so ruling, the court upheld the right of White Cross Stores, a discount chain with seven stores in Allegheny County, to set its own prices for Squibb drug and pharmaceutical products manufactured by the Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp.

The effect of the decision will be to free discount stores and other retail outlets from minimum price restrictions which are applied to many consumer items, but especially to drugs and health and beauty aids.

CUTS EFFECTIVE TODAY

In fact, the court's decision had hardly been handed down before the first effect was felt.

Donald Robinson, president of White Cross Stores, said a 25-percent reduction in the price of Squibb products would go into effect today in the 22 White Cross outlets in Pennsylvania.

"This is a tremendous victory for the consumer in Pennsylvania," said Robinson. "It means that the consumer will have the opportunity to buy many former price-fixed items at competitive prices."

The State supreme court, in a majority opinion written by Justice Michael J. Eagen, took aim at a provision of the Fair Trade

Act which binds all retailers in the State to any minimum-price contract signed by a manufacturer with a single retailer.

EXCESSIVE POWER RULED

manufacturer the power to regulate prices— Justice Eagen held this clause gives to any a power which constitutionally belongs only to the legislature. Wrote Justice Eagen:

"The producer enjoys the unbridled power to stipulate the price he pleases and at that price the retailer must sell and the buyer must buy. In this respect, the producer is the unrestrained sovereign."

Assumption of such power by private interests, said Justice Eagen, "violates the essential concept of a democratic society and is constitutionally invalid."

Justice Eagen did not venture a judgment on the argument of Olin Mathieson that fair trade legislation protects manufacturers, retailers and consumers from cutthroat competition.

He observed, however, that recent studies have shown that, "rather than being benefited by such laws, the consumer has actually been harmed, and that the whole scheme of fair trade acts is one for private, rather than public gain."

In striking down the Fair Trade Act, the court reversed a prior decision in 1955 when it found the act constitutional. This reversal of an earlier opinion drew opposition from Chief Justice John C. Bell, who urged adherence to judicial precedent.

BELL VIEWS WITH ALARM

In a dissenting opinion, Justice Bell wrote that, while he opposed the Fair Trade Act, he believes the court should leave the changing of it to the legislature. He wrote:

"The frequency and the ofttimes strained reasoning with which supreme courts are now overruling prior well-settled law-with no justifiable reason except that judges think they are improving the public weal-is alarming."

Justice Benjamin R. Jones also dissented, agreeing with Justice Bell that the Fair Trade Act should be left to the legislature.

The fair trade case reached the State supreme court on this occasion as an appeal by White Cross from Allegheny County Common Pleas Court, which last September granted an injunction to Olin Mathieson against White Cross.

The case was argued before the supreme court by Attorneys James P. McArdle, representing White Cross, and Clyde P. Bailey, representing Olin Mathieson.

VINDICATION FOR WEISS

Although the high court's decision reversed Common Pleas Judge Samuel A. Weiss, the decision represented a victory for Judge Weiss, who in granting the injunction said he opposed the Fair Trade Act but was bound to uphold it until the State supreme court set it aside.

Judge Weiss recalled yesterday that when the act was passed in 1935, he himself was majority whip in the State house of representatives and State supreme court Justice Herbert B. Cohen was majority leader.

"It was an emergency measure," Judge Weiss said. "We never thought it would withstand a constitutional test, but we felt it was needed during the time of the depression."

At that time, said Judge Weiss, the act was urged primarily by small retail druggists who were hit by plunging prices. By 1941 similar acts had been passed by 45 States. The reaction against fair trade legislation began in 1949 and Pennsylvania is the 24th State whose supreme court has invalidated the legislation.

I also insert into the Appendix of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an excellent editorial appearing in the New York World

Telegram and Sun of Monday, March 30, 1964, pointing out how much in the public interest was this determination of unconstitutionality of the outrageous price-fixing statute of Pennsylvania, its "so-called fair trade law."

It is outrageous indeed that while States are striking down price-fixing legislation so destructive to the interests of business and consumers alike, and so detrimental to the free competitive economy we enjoy in this Nation, that we should see legislation like the so-called quality stabilization bill, which is nothing more or less than price fixing, receiving so much attention from the Congress. FAIR TRADE BOUNCED AGAIN

In spite of everything, the price-fixing lobby keeps pushing Congress to pass the socalled quality stabilization bill, thusly named after efforts to enact the measure under other names failed.

The latest development on this front was in Pennsylvania.

The supreme court in that State has just declared unconstitutional a fair trade law passed in 1935. A drug manufacturer tried to compel a retailer to charge his customers the prices fixed by the manufacturer. The retailer fought back, and the court decided in his favor-or, more aptly, in favor of his customers.

Either by repeal or court action, some 20 States now have abandoned fair trade laws. Fair trade was the original alias of price-fixing by law. Quality stabilization is the newest disguise.

The Pennsylvania court's decision, however, is not likely to deter the price fixers. It will stimulate them, since the more they lose in the States the harder they push Congress to enact a national price-fixing law.

This bill is opposed by President Johnson, by the Justice Department, by the Federal Trade Commission, and by anyone else friendly to the principle of competition. It is exactly contrary to the book of laws now vigorously enforced by the Government against trusts and monopolies and price fixers. But the push is still on-so let buyers beware.

Gen. Douglas MacArthur

SPEECH

OF

HON. JOHN M. MURPHY

OF NEW YORK

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Monday, April 6, 1964

Mr. MURPHY of New York. Mr. Speaker, one of the great captains has died but has left a memory in history that will long be remembered, revered, and studied by students of not only military history but of the chronicles of all time.

General MacArthur was an inspiration not only to those who knew him but to those whom he led and served and to those who knew and studied his accomplishments.

Gen. Douglas MacArthur was a soldier's soldier. His early life left no doubt of the illustrious future he would enjoy. He is the proof of the greatness of America because our system must produce General MacArthurs in order to maintain our leadership of the world. We must build leaders and to this end General MacArthur devoted an ever in

creasing amount of time in his last years. He was dedicated to West Point and to the military leadership that our free society demands.

He wrote a prayer, which might be called a father's prayer, during the trying battle for the Philippines in 1942. It is not only a message to his son but it is a message to all sons of America. I quote it here as one of the great contributions of one of the great captains:

Build me a son, O Lord, who will be strong enough to know when he is weak, and brave enough to face himself when he is afraid; one who will be proud and unbending in honest defeat, and humble and gentle in victory.

Build me a son whose wishes will not take the place of deeds; a son who will know Thee and that to know himself is the foundation stone of knowledge.

Lead him, I pray, not in the path of ease and comfort, but under the stress and spur of difficulties and challenge. Here let him learn to stand up in the storm; here let him learn compassion for those who fail.

Build me a son whose heart will be clear, whose goal will be high, a son who will master himself before he seeks to master other men, one who will reach into the future, yet never forget the past.

And after all these things are his, add, I pray, enough of a sense of humor, so that he may always be serious, yet never take himself too seriously. Give him humility, so that he may always remember the simplicity or true greatness, the open mind of true wisdom, and the meekness of true strength.

Then I, his father, will dare to whisper, "I have not lived in vain."

Why Better Libraries Are Needed

EXTENSION OF REMARKS

OF

HON. COMPTON I. WHITE, JR.

OF IDAHO

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Tuesday, April 7, 1964

Mr. WHITE. Mr. Speaker, this coming Sunday will mark a weeklong observance of National Library Week. This year's theme is "Reading Is the Key to New Worlds."

The National Library Week program is a voluntary citizens' movement dedicated to the long-range goal of encouraging lifetime reading habits, increasing people's use of libraries, and expanding and improving the total reading and library resources of the Nation.

Each April, nationally and in some 5,000 communities throughout the several States, Library Week is both the climax and the starting point of many year-round activities that spur Americans to read more and to accept the responsibility for making reading opportunities more available to others.

Notable in my congressional district will be the presentation of a $1,000 Book of the Month Club Award for 1964 to the Nez Perce County Library at Lewiston, Idaho. The awards are given in memory of Dorothy Canfield Fisher and is open to libraries in towns of 25,000 or less, in every State of the Union. It was established in 1959 to encourage interest in

and support of small-community libraries.

The statistics on public libraries on the national level is shocking. Eighteen million Americans do not have ready access to a public library and for another 110 million it is not sufficient or adequate. The median age of public library buildings in this country is 52 years; 85 percent built before 1920.

At our colleges and universities, the situation is equally alarming. More than 75 percent of our 4-year colleges and more than 90 percent of our 2-year institutions fail to meet minimum recommended standards for academic libraries.

In Idaho, the libraries are also generally inadequate to meet the present and future needs of their readers. Under leave to extend my remarks, I would like to insert in today's RECORD a statement prepared by the Idaho National Library Week Committee of which Mr. Richard J. Beck, of the University of Idaho, is chairman, entitled "Why Better Libraries Are Needed," the statement follows:

WHY BETTER LIBRARIES ARE NEEDED The exploding population, the expanding body of knowledge, changes in educational methods, increased leisure time, job and skill obsolescence, and retraining for new jobsthese are just a few of the social, educational, and economic developments which have increased our need for better libraries at all levels.

PUBLIC LIBRARIES

Your public library should be an information and cultural center for education, utility, enjoyment, and inspiration, enabling every member of a community to have access to a wide range of books and other library materials on any subject.

Idaho ranks 50th of the 50 States in the percentage of people served by a public library. Of the State's 667,191 people, 41 percent or 275,853 live in areas where there is no public library. The remaining 59 percent do have access to a public library, but none of these existing libraries is completely adequate in bookstock, staff, building, and services. In 1962-63, only 18 of the 90 public libraries reported an income of more than $10,000.

SCHOOL LIBRARIES

Each school, whether elementary, Junior high or senior high, should have a central

library of printed and audiovisual materials to meet the needs of the school curriculum. The scope of knowledge has become too vast to be covered by classroom instruction alone, and the school library must provide additional information for each student. Teacher, librarian, and parent should cooperate in developing the child's reading ability, by supplying not only adequate materials but guidance and encouragement in their use, and a room conducive to quiet study.

With a few notable exceptions, Idaho school libraries are far below minimum levels.

COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

In the college, even more than in the high school, the library is the center of the instructional program. Both professor and student need current materials, plus the significant publications of the past. The student is expected to read widely, and compare the writing of authorities in each field of study. The college book collection must be supplemented by periodicals, pamphlets, Government documents and audiovisual materials.

Idaho's college age children are expected to increase from 8,722 in 1962 to 14,000 in

1975, and a 50-percent increase in the number of those attending college within Idaho is expected. Idaho has four junior colleges and five 4-year colleges, but less than half of them have libraries, meeting minimum standards of bookstock and budget.

SPECIAL LIBRARIES

Corporations, banks, trade associations, churches, and governmental agencies also maintain libraries.

In Idaho, the Mountain Home Air Force Base Library supplies materials for the technical reference, educational and recreational needs of its personnel. The National Reactor Testing Station Technical Library at Idaho Falls has materials on nuclear science and engineering. The library at the Veterans' Administration Center in Boise serves patients through a library collection designed for its therapeutic value, maintains a medical library for doctors on its staff, and extends its services to the adjacent communities.

STATE LIBRARIES

The Supreme Court Law Library and the Idaho Historical Society Library are part of State government serving special functions. The Idaho State Library has a more general function-serving all members of State government, including the legislature when it is in session, and working closely with local public libraries throughout the State. Advice and assistance, as well as book loans, are freely given to all public libraries insofar as the State library's resources permit. Materials not available within Idaho are borrowed from other libraries outside the State when borrowers request this service. The State library also strives to establish new libraries and to strengthen the total library services of Idaho. The State spends less than 11 cents per person annually to finance the Idaho State Library.

CONCLUSION

Idaho's libraries are generally inadequate to meet the present and future needs of their users. Financial support for public, State, school, and academic libraries is insufficient. More books and new or expanded buildings are needed. Additional profes

sional libraries are needed in libraries of all types. Accredited college courses leading to a professional degree in librarianship are not available in Idaho-thus young people interested in librarianship as a career must leave the State for training and seldom return to Idaho to work.

One Idahoan sums it up this way: "The general attitude of public apathy toward Nbrarians and library needs in Idaho is shameful. The entire citizenry needs to be alerted to our State's needs and present low status. Surely State pride should inspire us all to do everything in our power to educate and legislate toward something as vital and absolutely necessary as better library service at every level."

Senator Frank Church Explains Foreign Policymaking Problems at Moscow, Idaho, Meeting

EXTENSION OF REMARKS

OF

HON. COMPTON I. WHITE, JR.

OF IDAHO

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 7, 1964

Mr. WHITE. Mr. Speaker, in these times when foreign affairs are of such great importance to our country, my State of Idaho is proud to have its senior Senator, FRANK CHURCH, filling an

important part in the foreign policymaking process as a member of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.

Unlike any other age in the history of organized man, has there been a relationship between countries and cultures as we witness today.

For now, through improved communication methods, one nation's action takes on a swift reaction throughout the globe and within minutes entire national policies drastically change.

In such a convulsive period, our foreign policy must continue to be that of conviction and firmness, but also flexible enough to meet these changing flexibility, disaster Without times. would follow.

Two weeks ago, Senator CHURCH had an opportunity to speak in my congressional district to members of the Chamber of Commerce of Moscow, Idaho, relative to America's role in foreign affairs. In answering questions from that group, he explained the difficulties and frustrations that are so much a part of today's foreign policymaking.

Next morning, in an editorial in the Lewiston (Idaho) Morning Tribune, Bill Johnston made some interesting observations. Under leave to extend my remarks, I would like to insert in the RECORD this fine editorial published on Thursday, March 26, 1964, entitled:

THE ILLUSION OF FINAL SOLUTIONS

The universal illusion of simple, permanent solutions and the natural human yearning for fixed and final positions always have frustrated the architects and managers of American foreign policy.

"What is our foreign policy?" the political campaigner or the baffled ordinary citizen may demand. What shall the Government answer? Secretary of State Dean Rusk reminded recently that the United States is dealing continually with 120 other foreign policies in the world. But no simple answer can really communicate to the governed the government's complex and elusive problems in dealing with a world in transition-a world in which change is the only constant.

Senator FRANK CHURCH, Democrat, of Idaho, an exceptionally lucid and thoughtful member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, seemed to be grappling with this frustrating problem yesterday in answering questions at a Moscow Chamber of Commerce meeting. The questions were solid. The answers were illuminating. Yet, there was an inevitable reluctance to fully accept the fundamental, crucial fact that today's best answers may be worthless tomorrow.

One example may illustrate in part: What might the United States do, CHURCH was asked, to counteract the favorable impressions created by French President Charles de Gaulle during his recent visits in Latin

America?

"I think," CHURCH replied, "that

we

nant, almost exclusive, role in Latin America, the developing nations in the Western Hemisphere will tend to demand more aid and attention than this country can supply, blame their frustrations and failures upon the United States, and nurse from generation to generation the resentments against the "colossus of the north."

If other nations in the Western Alliance would establish stronger ties with Latin America, Mr. Kennedy believed, the contest for "influence" there would not be confined to the United States on one side and the Communist bloc nations on the other. America's allies in Europe could help share the burden (and the blame) for development of Latin America.

So Mr. Kennedy suggested to De Gaulle and other Western European nations, CHURCH said, that they reestablish stronger ties with other countries in this hemisphere. De Gaulle accepted the invitation, and his recent preliminary visit to the Caribbean area was a first step toward that objective. "In the long run," CHURCH said, "I believe this approach may best serve the interests of the United States."

But is De Gaulle, a frequent opponent of U.S. foreign policy in many parts of the world, a trustworthy ally for such a mission? "In October 1962 during the Cuban confrontation," CHURCH said, "it appeared that nuclear war between the United States and Russia was likely-even imminent. I well recall that the first European leader to step forward and announce that he supported President Kennedy and would be on our side in any showdown was De Gaulle. I think that was significant evidence, when the chips were down, that he means what he says in declaring he will stand with us in a showdown."

Many Americans obviously do not share these views. Doubtless some other members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee do not. Nor can there be any proof, until years later, whether such views represented the best judgment that the U.S. Government could make from the best facts available. Even in the perspective of the future these judgments cannot be confirmed or repudiated in any fixed and final fashion. The world does not permit fixed and final judgments. The only constant is change.

"In the 20th century," CHURCH said, "the United States has taken over the role in world affairs which Great Britain exercised in the 19th century as the greatest power on earth. We are the richest nation in the world by far. We are the most powerful nation by far. We are now both the leading power and the leading creditor in the world. We know that nobody loves his banker."

So the United States must expect, he said, that this country will be blamed, abused and even vilified in other parts of the world. Political leaders of small, frustrated nations will find it convenient to blame their failures upon intervention or lack of intervention by the United States. "No President, no party and no administration is going to escape this. We must be mature enough to understand the reasons for these resentments by other nations. We must be firm and perthe presiding nation of the world. The king has to be very generous."

in our thinking about De Gaulle. He is so independent and so inclined to oppose some of our own policies that we react more strongly to certain actions he might take than we would to the same actions by some other Western leader."

CHURCH went on to cite an interesting and significant chapter in diplomatic history.

The late President John F. Kennedy, he said, was concerned about the cultural, economic, and political isolation of Latin America from Western Europe. Mr. Kennedy believed it was an unhealthy situation for the United States to be virtually the only great power in the Western Alliance to maintain close ties with Latin American countries.

As long as the United States has a domi

And the king-even though he never wanted to be king-must especially be wise enough to recognize that patience, tolerance and acceptance of the inevitability of change are essential ingredients of world leadership.

Dogmatism and rigid adherence to formulas that used to be sufficient for a simpler world are worthless to a world leader in a time of ferment in every corner of the globe. Foreign policy must change by the hour in the Department of State, because events change by the hour. Foreign policy must change more rapidly than it often does in the understanding of American citizens.B.J.