performed is to determine the meaning of words of the tariff, which were used in their ordinary sense, and to apply that meaning to the undisputed facts." See also Gimbel Bros. v. Barrett (D. C.) 215 F. 1004.

There were through rates established and effective, filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission, applicable to shipments of grain from points of origin in this case to Bridgton. Where a through rate is in effect between two points, that is the only legal rate between those points under the Commerce Act.

There were 27 shipments in question, all grain in carload lots, and all finally delivered in Bridgton and there handled by the plaintiff in his business. He had no place of business at Bridgton Junction and there was no grain elevator there. In eighteen of the shipments the destination named in the original bill of lading was Bridgton Junction. In the other nine it was Bridgton. The grain was all purchased by the plaintiff f. o. b. Bridgton Junction, and was all waybilled to Bridgton Junction. In fact, it had to be, by the provisions of the published through tariffs. All shipments were "order notify" shipments, and in all cases the bills of lading were either canceled at Bridgton Junction, or, if at Bridgton, for and on account of the agent at Bridgton Junction, and were filed and remained with him.

New straight shipments were then made at the request of the plaintiff over the narrow gauge railroad to Bridgton. The grain is transferred by the latter railroad to its own cars at its own expense and at that time the owner has a privilege of inspection, which is valuable to him, because, as he explained, if the grain in a car has heated, for instance, it is easier to send it back while in the large cars before transfer to the smaller cars of the narrow gauge railroad. The practice and requirements of the railroads met the wishes of the plaintiff in all respects. In fact, the whole proceeding of canceling the bills of lading at the junction and sending on the grain by new straight shipments at local rates over a local road appear to have been satisfactory to the plaintiff, desired by him and to have been his custom for some eighteen years, nor would this suit apparently have been brought if some commercial agency, experienced in this kind of business, had not taken a probably not altogether altruistic interest in the possible rights and obligations of the parties under the Commerce Act. All the details of shipments and handling of this grain from start to finish were in accordance with the contracts of transportation with the plaintiff.

[2] However, it is clear that the parties are not free to contract, as they were before the passage of the Commerce Act. "The contract between carrier and shipper is no longer a contract as to rates; it is merely a contract that the carrier will render transportation service when the shipper pays the legal rate. When the transportation is interstate, the interstate rate is the legal rate, and that rate must be demanded and paid, for both the carrier and shipper are charged with notice of it." McFadden v. Alabama Great Southern Ry. Co. (C. C. A.) 241 F. 562. [3] All the grain involved in these shipments was actually moved from Western points to Bridgton and physically delivered to the plaintiff there. It was intended by the plaintiff to have it come to Bridgton, where he had his only place of business for that purpose, and that fact that the plaintiff did business solely at Bridgton, and had done so for many years-was known to the agents of both railroads. The custom seems to have been for one railroad company to pay the freight charges of the other, charge them as "advances," and present the entire bill to the plaintiff at Bridgton when it was paid.

The essential character of this transaction, being the same whether the bill of lading read Bridgton or Bridgton Junction, and being typical of similar transactions for years between the same parties, it seems to me must be held to be a through movement of freight to Bridgton, under the decisions of the Supreme Court. Among other points. urged by the defendants is that the ultimate destination of these cars was not certainbeyond Bridgton Junction. They might be sold en route, and they might be sent back, which is true. But it was never more than a possibility that the interstate journey would end at Bridgton Junction. All these 27 cars during the period in question went to Bridgton. See the Settle Case, below mentioned. The criterion can be applied in this case that was applied by the Supreme Court in the case of Baltimore, etc., Co. v. Settle, 260 U. S. 166, 43 S. Ct. 28, 67 L. Ed. 189, a recent and authoritative case on the question:

"The rights of shipper against carrier are determined by law through the provisions of the tariff which are embodied in the applicable published rate and whether the interstate or the intrastate tariff is applicable depends upon the essential character of the movement. That the contract between shipper and carrier does not necessarily determine the character was settled by a series of cases in which the subject received much consideration. Southern Pacific Terminal Co. v. Interstate Commerce

their election to make joint or separate returns, the right of choice terminates on expiration of the time for filing returns.

5. Internal revenue 38 (9)-Parties on joint return may properly join in action to recover overassessment of taxes.

Where taxes are overassessed on a joint re

and in whatever form paid. Does not include the following items, which shall be exempt under this title:

The value of property acquired by gift, bequest, devise, or descent. Comp.

an action for their recovery.

SIBLEY, District Judge. J. T. Rose, as Collector of Internal Revenue, demurs to two suits against him for recovery of income taxes, one brought by John W. Grant for taxes exacted for the years 1920, 1921, and 1922, and one brought by John W. Grant and his wife, Mrs. Annie I. Grant, for taxes exacted on a joint return for the year 1923. The cases arise out of similar facts, and will be dealt with in one opinion.

The decisive questions are: (1) Is $25,000 received in 1920 by John W. Grant under the will of his mother taxable as income? (2) Is he entitled to an allowance each year for depreciation of an office building in Atlanta, he being tenant for his life only? (3) Is a life tenant entitled to depreciation on elevators placed in the building during the life estate? (4) Had a husband and wife who, in 1923, made a joint return, a right to substitute separate returns after taxes had been assessed on the former? (5) Is Mrs. Grant a proper party to the suit in which she joins? [1] 1. In September, 1920, the mother of John W. Grant left a will, the ninth item in which is: "For his compensation as executor and trustee under this will, I give and bequeath to my son, John William Grant the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars, which shall be in full for all services as executor and trustee for his minor children." This sum was returned by him as income for taxes, but by amendment claimed to be exempt. The tax paid under protest in respect of it is now sought to be recovered. The important portions of the governing Act of February 24, 1919, are: "Section 213. The term 'gross income'

• derived from

includes gains, ⚫ compensation for

The naked question is whether this $25,000 is compensation for personal services as an executor and trustee paid through a will, or is the value of property acquired by a bequest. I do not regard the case of United States v. Merriam, 263 U. S. 179, 44 S. Ct. 69, 68 L. Ed. 240, 29 A. L. R. 1547, as set

tling this question. The court did not therethrough a will was a bequest and untaxable, in hold that all personal property received but at page 185 (44 S. Ct. 69) refused so to hold, and on page 187 (44 S. Ct. 71) said: "The distinction to be drawn is between compensation fixed by will for services to be rendered by the executor and a legacy to one upon the implied condition that he shall clothe himself with the character of executor. In the former case he must perform the service to earn the compensation. In the latter case he need do no more than in good faith comply with the condition in order to receive the bequest." The case was so interpreted and applied in Ream v. Bowers (C. C. A.) 22 F. (2d) 465, where the compensation fixed for executors by a will was held taxable. In the Merriam Case the will made, in one item, complete bequests of money to several persons not there referred to as executors. In a later item some of these were named executors, and it was declared: "The bequests herein made to my executors are in lieu of compensation or commissions to which they would otherwise be entitled as executors or trustees." The bequests first made were still called "bequests," and an express condition was added that the legatees should not in addition claim commissions, and the court held that there was also an implied condition that they should qualify in good faith as executors and trustees. In the Ream Case, after appointing executors and trustees, the will, without words of gift or bequest, directed that the executors "shall each be paid and shall each receive in full payment for acting as executors" fixed amounts.

In the present will there are the usual words of bequest, "I give and bequeath." The item in controversy immediately follows other money bequests, and precedes the residuary dispositions, and deals with a son who is within the range of the testamentary benevolences. On the other hand, the item omits words of absoluteness used in previous bequests, and begins with the words "for his

compensation as executor and trustee under this will," and ends with the words "which shall be in full for all services as executor and as trustee for his minor children." The plain meaning is that the money "given and bequeathed" is in consideration of the expected services. It cannot properly be received unless the services for which it is specifically offered are rendered. The figure, $25,000, approximates the amount that would be allowable under the laws of Georgia as commission on cash handled and compensation for the legacies delivered in kind in the execution of the will and of the trusts for his children. If the "bequest" had been to a stranger instead of to a son, the conclusion would be unescapable that compensation for services rendered rather than testamentary beneficence was intended. I do not think this single circumstance of kinship should alter the plain meaning of the words used. The allegations touching parole statements of the testatrix as to her intentions cannot alter it. Such evidence of intention is inadmissible. The argument about the balance maintained in the will between son and daughter is not impressive. Jewels and heirlooms of a mother would naturally be given to the daughter, and are fairly balanced by a sole executorship given to the son for a fixed compensation of $25,000. Mr. Grant's first impression that this sum was taxable income is correct, and his present claim to the contrary should be disallowed.

[2] 2. Prior to 1913 John W. Grant became invested, under his father's will, with an estate for life in a valuable office building in Atlanta, to follow a precedent estate in his mother for her life, and to be followed by a remainder in fee to others. All are legal estates without any trusts so far as appears. By his mother's death in September, 1920, he came into possession, having then a life expectancy of 19 years, the building being about 20 years old. He has since returned the income from the building for taxation, and claimed an annual allowance for obsolescence or depreciation, which has been disallowed from 1920 through 1923. The Tax Acts of February 24, 1919, and November 23, 1921, § 214(8); Comp. St. § 6336%g, allow deduction of "a reasonable allowance for the exhaustion, wear and tear of property used in the trade or business, including a reasonable allowance for obsolescence."

In Lynch v. Alworth-Stephens Co., 267 U. S. 364, 45 S. Ct. 274, 69 L. Ed. 660, exhaustion and depletion of a mine was held deductible by the lessee for a term of years. As against the contention that the owner of

the fee was the person entitled to the deduction, it was held that the interest of both were affected, and that the deduction should be allocated in proportion to the interest of each severally considered. It is here contended that the depletion of a mine differs from the exhaustion of other property, and that a lessee has a different kind of interest from a life tenant, so that the decision is not controlling here. But the ruling was made on broad reasons of statutory construction. On page 370 (45 S. Ct. 276) it is expressly said: "The deduction for depletion of mines is a special application of the general rule of the statute allowing a deduction for exhaustion of property." The case is authority for apportioning the deductions allowed on business property under the tax acts quoted between owners of successive interests therein. A legal life estate is not only an interest but a freehold estate. It has a market value ascertainable in various ways. 21 C. J. 943. It may be separately injured and compensated for.

Where, as here, an office building is involved, its desirability for rent, even though it be kept in ordinary repair, will decrease from year to year. It will become obsolete long before it falls to decay. The life tenant's interest in it thus becomes lessened by the depreciation of his building from age in addition to the lessening that happens to every limited estate in any sort of property by the mere running out of its time. Evidently the building depreciates and is exhausted equally whether it is owned in fee or by life estate and remainderman. The only question is how and to whom the deduction therefor shall be allowed. That question is answered by the Lynch Case-it is to be fairly apportioned. Congress, in considering the matter in enacting the Tax Act of 1926 (44 Stat. 26), made the same answer (section 214[a]): "In the case of improved real estate held by one person for life with remainder to another person, the deduction provided for in this paragraph shall be equitably apportioned between the life tenant and the remainderman under rules and regulations prescribed by the commissioner with the approval of the Secretary." 26 USCA § 955. The provision of section 215(b) of the Act of 1921 (Comp. St. § 6336%gg) does not control to the contrary for the years covered by it. It prohibits deduction from an income of a life or terminable interest for the loss of value "due to the lapse of time." As has been pointed out above, every such interest in any kind of property becomes less valuable due to the mere lapse of time, though the

property itself in which the interest exists be not subject to exhaustion or deterioration. Deduction on this account is prohibited. The deduction we are considering is not that arising from mere lapse of time which exhausts the estate, but that arising from the deterioration or obsolescence of the particular kind of property involved, which exhausts the property. Also beside the mark are cases like Baltzell v. Mitchell (C. C. A.) 3 F. (2d) 428, which refuse deductions for capital losses to the beneficiary of a fixed income from a trust, because the trustee, who owns the entire fee, is the taxpayer who suffers the loss and is entitled to the deduction.

But it is unnecessary to the ruling of these demurrers to now fix the exact basis of apportionment between life tenant and remainderman. Light on what has always been equitable may, on the trial, be got from the regulations adopted under the Act of 1926 and from experience with them.

[3] 3. The life tenant in Georgia is bound to keep the premises in repair, and is liable for waste, active or permissive. Roby v. Newton, 121 Ga. 684, 49 S. E. 694, 68 L. R. A. 601. These duties and liabilities, however, do not bind him to replace property that perishes without his fault, or to improve it, nor to keep it abreast of the time. 21 C. J. 953. If he does this without agreement with the remainderman, his representative is held to be entitled to no compensation on the falling in of the life estate. He loses the improvements. Dean v. Feely, 69 Ga. 805; Austell v. Swan, 74 Ga. 278. The elevators in dispute appear not to have been treated as repairs to the building deductible when made, but as an improvement, a capital investment. They are fixtures-a part of the building. Whether they were added by the life tenant, Mrs. Grant, or her succeeding life tenant, John W. Grant, the result is the same as concerns the remainderman. They belong to the present life tenant for his life, to use and to use up, or finally to lose. As to them I think he is clearly entitled either to a reasonable annual allowance for exhaustion, based upon the life of the particular property, and, if the aggregate deductions so allowed do not balance the capital investment by his death, his estate should then have further credit for the difference as a business loss then accruing; or else to a deduction arrived at on the basis of the life expectancy of the life tenant, if that is less than the life of the property, along the lines followed in Duffy v. Central R. Co. of New Jersey, 268 U. S. 55, 45 S. Ct. 429, 69 L. Ed. 846. Either would be a reasonable allowance.

[4] 4. The joint return of Mr. and Mrs. Grant was made under section 223 of the Act of 1921 (Comp. St. § 63361⁄4kk), providing: "If a husband and wife living together have an aggregate net income for the taxable year of two thousand dollars or over (1) each shall make such a return, or (2) the income of each shall be included in a single joint return, in which case the tax shall be computed on the aggregate income." Husband and wife living together frequently do not keep their affairs separate, and probably for this reason they are allowed to make returns as quasi partners. This may result on the one hand in disadvantage to them in increasing the rates of normal tax and surtaxes, or advantage in absorbing in the joint income losses which would exceed the separate income of the loser. There is nothing in the law to prohibit the choice of joint or separate returns according to the result on the taxes to be paid, although husband and wife actually have kept their affairs entirely separate. On the other hand, there is nothing in the act to extend the right of choice beyond the time for making the returns. It is not unreasonable to claim a right to substitute one form of return for the other up to the last day for making returns, but, after that, and especially after the returns have been reviewed and assessments made, there are strong administrative reasons for not permitting the upsetting of the whole basis of calculation. The statutes make no provision for amendment of returns, but, in order to correct mistakes and prevent inequities and injustices, they ought manifestly to be, and are, freely allowed. Prior to 1922 it was the practice under the guise of amendment to substitute a joint return of husband and wife for separate ones and vice versa, not because of any necessity or mistake, but because it turned out that something might be saved to the taxpayers by so doing. This practice was discontinued by the department, after public notice, long prior to the filing of the joint return in this case. I hold that the statutory right of choice is exhausted on expiration of the time for filing returns. There is no right, and it seems to me no propriety, in allowing any change later to the disadvantage of other classes of taxpayers. The contrary practice which was established by the department could be abolished by it. The expectation on the part of Mr. Grant that he would be allowed fire losses more than equal to his separate income which induced him to include them in a joint return is not such a mistake of fact when disappointed as calls loudly for relief.