been withdrawn from the leased territory and from a neutral zone adjacent, but Chinese jurisdiction is continued in the neutral territory, and in the leased territory Chinamen accused of crime must be handed over to the nearest Chinese official to be dealt with according to Chinese law. Port Arthur has been made a naval port for the Russian fleet, closed to the merchant and warvessels of foreign nations, but not to Chinese war

vessels. The harbor is being enlarged and naval docks are being constructed. A fortified naval port has been established also at Talienwan in a reserved corner of the harbor, the rest of which is an open commercial port. The new Russian town of Dalny at the southern extremity of the port is the terminus of the Manchurian Railroad to Mukden and Bedune, and is connected with Niuchuang by railroad.

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SALVADOR, a republic of Central America. The legislative power is vested in the National Assembly, a single chamber of 42 members, elected for each annual session by universal adult male suffrage. The President is elected by the direct popular vote for four years. Gen. Tomas Regalado was elected President for the term beginning March 1, 1899, and Dr. Prudencio Alfaro was elected Vice-President. The Cabinet at the beginning of 1901 was composed of the following members: Minister of Foreign Affairs and Justice, Dr. Francisco A. Reyes; Minister of the Interior, War, and Marine, Dr. Ruben Rivera; Minister of Public Charity and Education, Dr. J. Trigueros; Minister of Finance, Public Credit, and Public Works, Dr. F. A. Novoa.

Area and Population.-The republic has an area of 7,225 square miles and a population officially estimated in 1894 at 803,534, all of Indian or mixed race except about 20,000 whites descended from Spanish settlers and recent immigrants.

Finances. The duties on imports and exports provide the bulk of the revenue. Excise duties, stamps, the gunpowder monopoly, the road tax, and registration fees are other sources. In 1898 the revenue was $4,609,630, and the expenditure $5,266,638.

The foreign debt, amounting to £726,420, was assumed in 1899 by the Salvador Railroad Company, which exchanged its securities for the Government bonds and undertook to complete the railroad to San Salvador, the capital, receiving from the Government a subsidy of £24,000 a year. The internal debt, on which the interest is 4 per cent., exceeds $9,000,000.

Commerce and Production. The cultivation of the soil is the main occupation of the people. Coffee is the most valuable product. The growing of cotton is encouraged by a bounty from the Government of $1 on every centner exported. Indigo, sugar, rubber, balsam of Peru, and tobacco are other products. There are 180 mines and quarries, and the mineral resources include gold, silver, copper, iron, and mercury. Commercial statistics were not published by the Government after 1896, but in 1900 a decree was issued for the reestablishment of the statistical bureau. The coffee-crop in 1901 was unusually large. The indigo-crop was also abundant.

Railroads and Telegraphs.-The railroad from the port of Acajutla to Santa Anna and Ateos was extended to San Salvador by the English company that assumed the old railroad debt, which completed the work in May, 1900. Other lines are under construction.

There are 1.850 miles of telegraph-wires. SALVATION ARMY. This organization, now world-wide, for religious and philanthropic work among the classes which are not reached by the churches, was begun by the Rev. William Booth, a Methodist local preacher, in 1865, as the East London Mission among the poor of the

English metropolis. The name was soon changed to Christian Mission," and in 1878 the designation "Salvation Army" was adopted, and a military form of organization was instituted, with military discipline and military titles. The Salvation Army was established in the United States in 1880, and its introduction into France in the same year was the beginning of its operation in other than English lands. In 1890 Mr. Booth published his book In Darkest England and the Way Out, a study of the conditions of the poor in England, and of possible remedies for its evils, and sketched an extensive and comprehensive scheme for the relief of the suffering he had found to exist. The publication was followed by the contribution of liberal sums for carrying out the plans proposed, and a considerable number of them have been put into successful operation. Forty-six countries are now occupied by the Salvation Army, while its officers preach in 31 languages and its periodicals are published in 20 languages. By a decision recently given by the highest German courts, it has been placed among the religious societies recognized as such by the state and entitled to protection. The Salvation Army is most important in Great Britain, and next in America. It had in the United States, in October, 1901, 735 corps or posts, with 3,025 offi'cers and other laborers, and 207 social institutions for the working classes, giving daily accommodation to more than 8,000 persons; while between 30,000 and 60,000 persons were recorded annually as publicly professing conversion. The receipts reported through the national headquarters in New York city for the year ending Sept. 30, 1901, were: For the General fund, $82,634; for social and relief branches (dealing only with institutions in Greater New York and departmental expenses for national oversight), $76,070; for the property section, $29,177; for the Harvest Festival of 1900, $22,536; on account of the Self-Denial fund, $42,836; for the National Funeral fund, $5,195; for the Disabled Officers' fund, $17,707; for the Indian Mission and Famine fund, $2,407; for the Winter Relief fund, $12,878. The assets and liabilities were balanced at $1,249,345, and the accounts of the trade department at $80,548. The social institutions and agencies for the benefit of working people, the poor, and the unfortunate include, in the principal cities, shelters for homeless men in 24 cities; shelters for homeless women in New York, Chicago, Boston, and San Francisco; homes for clerks and artisans; homes for girls working in stores and offices; homes for children in New York and San Francisco and on the farm colony in Colorado; rescue homes for fallen women in New York, St. Louis, St. Paul, Grand Rapids, Detroit, and other cities; maternity homes in Philadelphia and Chicago; slum posts for visitation and meetings in New York (where 20 officers are set apart for work of this character), Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, Providence, Cincinnati, Cleveland, and St. Louis; slum.

crèches or day nurseries for children in New York, Cincinnati, and Chicago; cheap-food depots and cent meals; cheap clothing and second-hand stores, which are operated in Chicago, Philadelphia, Newark, N. J., Jersey City, Brooklyn, Boston, and other cities, have been very successful; salvage brigades for the collection of household and office wash; wood-yards; employment bureaus; Knights of Hope for prison visitation and excriminals; winter relief; medical relief, including free dispensaries; summer outings for the poor; Christmas and Thanksgiving dinners; Missing Friends and Inquiry Department; and farm colonies. Three of these farm colonies have been established at Fort Amity, Col., where the tract consists of 25,000 acres and great success has been attained in raising cantaloups, sugar-beets, and other crops; Fort Romie, in California; and Fort Herrick, in Ohio.

The report of similar benevolent work in England for the twelve months ending with December, 1900, mentions 188 food depots and shelters for men and women, providing 14,041 sleeping accommodations, at which 3,946,000 beds and 6,137,000 meals were supplied during the year; 60 workshops and salvage brigades for temporary employment of persons out of work, where 48,512 persons were given work; 36 labor bureaus, at which 6,367 persons found situations; 17 children's homes and day nurseries, sheltering 23,425 children; 12 farm colonies, occupying 25,562 acres of land and having 650 colonists, including men, women, and children; 132 slum posts; 11 homes for ex-criminals, supplying 382 accommodations, and through which 1,626 ex-criminals passed during the year, with 1,393 "satisfactory cases; 94 rescue homes for fallen women, with accommodations for 1,937, sought during the year by 5,158 girls, 3,449 of whom proved satisfactory cases; 1,604 missing persons found during the year; and 59 other social institutions. These 609 institutions were cared for by 2,294 officers and other laborers. It is represented that at least 20 per cent. should be added to these figures on account of recently opened institutions from which returns were not complete. The total income of the Salvation Army is represented to be considerably more than £1,000,000 sterling a year, and its voluntary workers to number several hundred thousand persons.

SAMOA, a group of islands in the Pacific, formerly a kingdom under the joint protection and control of Germany, the United States, and Great Britain, divided by treaty in 1900 between Germany and the United States. Islands lying west of the meridian of longitude 171° east of Greenwich belong to Germany and islands lying east of that meridian to the United States. The Samoan act guaranteeing the independence and neutrality of the islands was signed at a conference at Berlin in 1889. The arrangement, though attended with much friction and general dissatisfaction, endured till after the death of King Malietoa Laupepa, in 1898. Trouble arose over the succession, and a joint commission recommended the abolition of the kingship. In November, 1899, Great Britain made an agreement with Germany renouncing all political rights over the islands of Savaii and Upolu in favor of Germany and over the island of Tutuila in favor of the United States. This was subject to its acceptance by the United States, which was signified in January, 1900.

The German Islands. Savaii has an area of about 660 square miles and an estimated population of about 14,000; Upolu an area of 340 square miles and a population of 18,000. Both

islands are mountainous and have a fertile volcanic soil well supplied with water, as are the small islands adjacent. About 200 New Zealanders and British and 150 Germans, besides many Americans, Frenchmen, and other foreigners, resided on the islands when the Germans took possession. Apia, the seaport and trading center, had a municipality with a German at its head under the condominium. This official, Dr. Solf, was appointed Governor when the German protectorate was established. The inhabitants are a branch of the Polynesian race. They profess Christianity, part of them the Catholic and part the Protestant faith, and some are Mormons, but they are still influenced by heathen superstitions. The expenditures of the administration were estimated in 1900 at 252,000 marks and the local receipts at 200,000 marks, the Imperial Government contributing 52,000 marks.

Tutuila. The island of Tutuila, which came into the possession of the United States in accordance with the Anglo-German agreement, has an area of 54 square miles and about 3,800 inhabitants. Manua and the other small islands in the American part of the group have an area of 25 square miles and probably 2,000 inhabitants. Tutuila is mountainous, exceedingly fertile, well wooded, and in its scenery and vegetation, its natural resources, and the character of its people, it is the most interesting, attractive, and promising island of the Samoan group. American traders and missionaries have long been active in the islands. American interests were relatively more important before the commercial expansion of New Zealand and the development of the copra trade by the Germans. The political interest of the United States Government in the islands began when the King was induced in 1872 to cede to the United States the harbor of Pago Pago for a naval and coaling station, less with a view to its immediate utilization than with that of preventing an impregnable natural stronghold within cruising distance of the American coasts from falling into the hands of another naval power. Under the joint protectorate it was provided that an American citizen should fill the office of chief justice in Samoa. The decision of Chief-Justice William Chambers in favor of the claim of Malietoa Tanu to the throne and against that of the ex-rebel Mataafa, although the latter had the strongest party among the natives, precipitated the civil strife of 1898. It was then that the American naval authorities first occupied Pago Pago. This landlocked harbor on the southern side of the island is the only safe one in Samoa, the best and most capacious in the Pacific, and one of the most defensible and suitable for a naval base in all the world. Commandant B. F. Tilley was appointed administrator of the American islands. Civil government was established in every part, but the native customs were not disturbed, nor the authority of the native chiefs.

All cases tried by native magistrates are reviewed by the High Court, and the native governors and other officials make careful reports to the administrator. A census taken of the popu lation of the American islands in March, 1901, showed a total population of 5,800, a slight increase over the population in 1871. Infant mortality is excessive owing to the ignorance of the people, who since the American occupation have received medical advice and treatment for the first time and are subject to sanitary laws which are likely to lessen mortality. No intoxicating liquors are allowed to be sold to either natives. or whites in Tutuila and Manua.

SANTO DOMINGO, a republic in the West Indies, occupying the eastern part of the island of Haiti. The Congress is a single chamber of 24 members, elected by direct qualified suffrage for two years. The President is chosen by an electoral college and serves four years. Gen. Juan I. Jiminez was elected President of the republic and Horacio Vasquez Vice-President for the term ending in 1903. The Cabinet at the beginning of 1901 consisted of the following secretaries of state: Interior and Police, Gen. J. Pichardo; Foreign Affairs, Enrique Henriquez; Justice and Public Instruction, S. E. Valverde; Fomento and Public Works, Gen. T. Cordero; Finance and Commerce, J. de J. Alvarez; War and Marine, Gen. T. D. Morales; Posts and Telegraphs, Gen. J. R. Vidal.

Area and Population.-The area is estimated at 18,045 square miles, and the population at 610,000, mostly of mixed white, Indian, and negro blood. Spanish is the language of the country, but in the towns many speak French or English. There are about 300 elementary schools, with 10,000 pupils in attendance.

Finances. The revenue in 1895 was $1,382,500, and expenditure $1,351,250. In 1896 the revenue was $1,545,450; in 1897, $1,601,294; in 1898, $1,550,294. In 1897 the foreign debt was converted into £2,736,750 of 21-per-cent. bonds and £1,500,000 of 4-per-cent. bonds, both classes secured on the customs duties and other revenues, the collection of which was placed under the control of the Santo Domingo Improvement Company of New York. The Government of Gen. Jiminez was dissatisfied with the arrangement made with this company, and on April 1, 1899, default was made in the payment of interest. In 1901 the Government took the collection of duties into its own hands. Other foreign debts amount to £107,310, and there are internal debts of which $2,845,550 are payable in gold and $10,126,629 in silver.

Commerce and Production.-The imports in 1897 were valued at $1,702,568 in gold, and exports at $4,675,939; in 1898 the imports at $1,696,280, and exports at $5,789,997; in 1899 the imports at $1,669,994, and exports at $4,166,617. The export of sugar in 1898 was 49,300 tons, and in 1899 it was 50,963 tons; the export of mahogany was 929,980 feet in 1898 and 833,273 in 1899; the export of logwood was 2,182 tons in 1898 and 972 tons in 1899; the export of tobacco was 7,535 tons in 1898 and 3,999 tons in 1899; the export of coffee was 2,616,908 pounds in 1898 and 3,386,886 pounds in 1899; the export of cacao 7,578,438 pounds in 1898 and 5,807,640 pounds in 1899. The export of bananas in 1898 was 469,000 bunches. The exports of hides, wax, honey, dividivi, and rum are less important. The chief imports are cotton goods, hardware, and provisions. The United States has the largest share in the trade, the other West India islands have a good part, and of the imports, Spain and France contribute a large portion, while of the exports Germany and Great Britain take a valuable share. The number of vessels that were entered at Puerta Plata in 1899 was 162, of 157,106 tons.

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Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs.-There are 116 miles of railroad in operation, and new lines and extensions have been begun.

The post-office in 1898 handled 396,941 pieces of internal and 238,897 pieces of foreign mailmatter.

The length of telegraph-lines completed is 430 miles, and others are under construction.

SERVIA, a monarchy in southeastern Europe. The legislative power is vested in a single cham

ber, called the Skupshtina, containing 1,898 members, elected by all adult male Servians who pay 15 dinars a year of direct taxes. The reigning King is Alexander 1, born Aug. 14, 1876, who succeeded on March 6, 1899, to the throne upon the abdication of his father, Milan I, and assumed the royal authority on April 13, 1893. On Aug. 5, 1900, he married Draga Maschin, born Sept. 23, 1867. The Cabinet in the beginning of 1901 was composed as follows: President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Alexa S. Yovanovich; Minister of the Interior, Laza Popovich; Minister of Justice, Nastas Antonovich; Minister of Finance, Dr. Mika M. Popovich; Minister of War. Lieut.-Col. M. Vassich; Minister of Public Works, Lieut.-Col. Andreas Yovanovich; Minister of Commerce, Agriculture, and Industry, D. Spassich; Minister of Public Instruction and Worship, P. Marinkovich.

Area and Population.-The area of Servia is 19,050 square miles. The population in 1895 was 2,312,484, mainly a farming people, only 13.3 per cent. of the total being dwellers in towns. There were 2,083,482 Serbs, 159,510 Roumanians, 46,212 gipsies, 6,437 Germans, 5,048 Jews, 3,731 Slavs of various races, 1,962 Magyars, and 6,102 others. Finances.-The revenue in 1901 was estimated at 74,018,070 dinars, or francs, of which 28,220,000 dinars were derived from direct taxes, 6,336,400 dinars from customs, 4,380,000 dinars from excise, 3,390,000 dinars from law courts, 20,148,970 dinars from monopolies, 9,496,500 dinars from public works, and 2,046,200 dinars from other sources. The expenditure was estimated at 73,992,543 dinars, of which 1,200,000 dinars were for the civil list, 20,095,150 dinars for interest on the public debt, 1,560,000 dinars for dotations, etc., 454,310 dinars for the Skupshtina, 406,500 dinars for general credits, 2,950,365 dinars for pensions and subventions, 1,792,228 dinars for the Ministry of Justice, 1,802,715 dinars for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 9,246,869 dinars for the Ministry of Finance, 17,602,700 dinars for the Ministry of War, 3,401,031 dinars for the Ministry of Instruction and Worship, 3,588,929 dinars for the Ministry of the Interior, 8,044,847 dinars for the Ministry of Public Works, 1,486,547 dinars for the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture, and 360,352 dinars for the court of accounts. The revenue collected in 1899 was 72,100,000 dinars, exceeding the estimates of 3,300,000 dinars. The budget for 1902 makes the revenue 72,820,000 dinars and the expenditures 72,815,000 dinars, a saving in expenditures of 1,175,542 dinars. The army budget, although containing a special appropriation of 1,700,000 dinars for armaments, is 3,000,000 dinars less than in 1901 and over 5,000,000 dinars less than in 1900.

The public debt on Jan. 1, 1900, amounted to 424,725,713 dinars, 351,551,993 dinars being the converted loan of 1895 paying 4 per cent. interest, 29,445,000 dinars the lottery loan of 1881, 9,795,500 dinars the loan of 1886, 3,750,000 dinars the Russian loan, 10,424,500 dinars loans secured on the tobacco and salt monopolies, 844,500 dinars a loan for a local railroad, 8,314,720 dinars a loan from the Bank of Servia, and 10,980,000 dinars a loan raised in 1899 at 5 per cent. There was in addition a floating debt formed by deficits year after year, which in 1901 amounted to 44,000,000 dinars.

The Army. The active army, according to the estimate for 1901, consists of 661 officers and 14,000 men in the infantry, 101 officers and 1,400 men in the cavalry, 270 officers and 4,000 men in the artillery, 65 officers and 1.000 men in the engineers, and 151 officers and 800 men in the

train, sanitary corps, etc.; total, 22,448 officers and men. By mobilizing the reserves the strength can be brought up to 110,245 men in the 5 divisions, 14,863 independent cavalry, mountain, siege, and fortress artillery, pioneers, railroad troops, etc., and 35,643 depot troops; total, 160,751 men. The first ban of the militia contains 126,610 men and the second 66,005, making the total fighting strength 353,366 men. A scheme of army reform approved by the Skupshtina in 1901 reduces the period of service with the colors to eighteen months for the infantry while retaining the two years' period for the cavalry and artillery. The army consists of the regular national army, divided into 3 bans and comprising all able-bodied Servians between the ages of twenty and fortyfive, and the Landsturm, comprising all between the ages of seventeen and twenty and the ages of forty-five and fifty. This Landsturm adds to the military strength of the nation a new reserve which in case of mobilization is destined for garrison duty. Students have to serve in the army only six months. A superior council of war was created by royal decree on Sept. 4, 1901, consisting of the Minister of War and 9 members, appointed for three years, whose duty it is to study and report on all matters concerning the organization, formations, and armament of the army, works of fortification, and schemes of mobilization which are laid before the council.

Commerce and Communications. The soil of Servia is divided into farms owned by the cultivators, most of them from 10 to 30 acres in size. There were 293,421 owners in 1897. Corn occupied 448,334 hectares, grass 355,051, wheat 279,743, oats 100,087, prunes 97,971, barley 14,940, vines 60,000, hemp 8,198, tobacco 1,500, and flax 956 in 1897. The export of wheat in 1899 was 355,559 quarters; of barley, 103,822 quarters; of corn, 121,150 quarters. The export of dried prunes was 40,529 tons, and nearly as great a quantity was consumed in the distillation of prune brandy. The fruit is also exported fresh and made into preserves. Sheep, pigs, and cattle are exported in large numbers. There are 481,213 acres of forest from which barrel staves are obtained for export to the wine districts of Hungary and France. Flour-mills, breweries, and a few other manufactories exist, and to encourage their multiplication the Skupshtina voted in 1898 to give for new industrial enterprises free sites, exemption from customs duties and taxation, facilities for the purchase of fuel, a 25 per cent. reduction in freight rates, and a preference in the allotment of public contracts. Coal, iron, lead, zinc, quicksilver, antimony, asbestos, and copper are found, and concessions have been granted for gold-mining.

Political Events.-The Skupshtina met on Jan. 12, 1901, and listened to a speech from the throne, in which the King's marriage, an expected heir, the Czar's friendship, good relations with Austria, Turkey, and other states, and riddance from the former Government which had brought the country to the verge of anarchy, and from ex-King Milan, who had quit Servia forever, were described as omens of a better future, and the budget of 1901 was praised as clearing the way by serious and important economies for the restoration of the equilibrium of the public finances. A bill was passed for the reform of the judiciary, making judges irremovable and entrusting their selection to a board composed of the supreme court judges, the Minister of Justice, and the dean of the juristic faculty of the university, which shall propose their names to the King for appointment. The southwestern part

of the state copper-mines at Majdanpek were granted to King Alexander as a token of the devotion of his people. When King Milan died he was buried in Austrian ground, according to his last wish, although King Alexander begged to have his father's remains brought to Belgrade. A Metropolitan named by Servia, Nicephorus, was accepted by the Porte and consecrated in Constantinople on Feb. 3. On Feb. 18 the Cabinet was reconstructed. The Prime Minister took the portfolio of Justice, relinquishing that of Foreign Affairs to Dr. Michael Vuich. Nicola Stefanovich became Minister of the Interior. Mika Popovich was appointed Minister of Commerce ad interim. Of the new ministers one was a Radical and one a Progressist. The change facilitated the transition to a Radical Cabinet with a distinctly Russophil policy, and was viewed therefore with displeasure in Vienna. The Austro-Russian entente for the maintenance of the status quo in the Balkan peninsula was not involved in any change of Government in Servia or the other Slav states. Whatever racial bonds and political gratitude and sympathy are felt in Servia for Russia, the country must remain on good terms with AustriaHungary, on which it is economically dependent. The King and his ministers consulted with the leading men of all parties about a new Constitution to be framed on liberal lines, guaranteeing complete freedom of elections, liberty of the press, freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, and the right of assembly and of association. The security of officials in the tenure of their offices, as well as the life tenure of judges, was one of the proposals of the Yovanovich Cabinet. The reorganization of the army was another. A revision of the income tax and a new administrative partition of Servia were also in the program.

On April 3 a further transformation of the Cabinet took place. Dr. Michael Vuich was made Minister-President; Peter Velimirovich, Minister of Public Works; Dragutin Stamenkovich, Minister of Justice. The Cabinet was now composed of 4 Radicals, 4 Progressists, and 2 neutral members. The new Constitution was promulgated on April 19. A Grand Skupshtina was not summoned to construct the new Constitution, as the existing Constitution prescribed, because such an assembly would waste valuable time. The King preferred to grant the Constitution to the people, and considered that in so doing he was the more bound to respect it scrupulously forever. The ministers formally tendered their resignations and were reappointed. The King in a proclamation said he was resolved that the new Constitution should establish regular relations between the legislative and the executive power and secure a permanent system of government based on strict legality and civil liberty. The Constitution settles the form of government, the powers of the King and of the state, the rights of subjects, and the working of the national representation, but it leaves details to be arranged by legis lation. The power of the executive is far more extensive than under the last Constitution, that of 1888, yet it can not be exercised summarily by the method of decrees, as the Constitution of 1869 allowed, but only by regular legislation accepted and approved by the King, the Senate, and the Chamber of Deputies. In the Chamber the intelligent classes have a greater proportional representation than the Constitution of 1888 gave them. The Senate, which is a new institution in Servia, consists of the Crown Prince, if of full age, the Metropolitan of Servia, the Bishop of Nish, 30 members nominated for life by the King, and 18 members elected by the people, 1 in each rural